1.
EXPRESSIONS AND DATA STRUCTURES IN R
AIM:
Write a program to find the expressions and data structures in R.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the R program and display the message "Expressions".
This indicates the beginning of the program.
Step2: Assign values 1 and 4 to variables a and b.
These variables are used for the arithmetic calculation.
Step 3: Compute the expression a^2 + 2*a*b + b^2.
Store the result in variable c.
Step 4: Print the message for the result and display c.
This shows the calculated value of ((a+b)^2).
Step 5: Display the message "Vector Operations".
This indicates the start of vector-related tasks.
Step 6: Create a numeric vector x using c(1,2,3,4,5).
Display the elements of the vector.
Step 7: Create character vectors y and z.
Display both vectors to show their values.
Step 8: Stop the program.
RESULT:
Thus the program expressions and data structures in R executed
successfully.
2. MANIPULATION OF VECTORS AND MATRIX
AIM:
Write a R program for manipulation of vectors and matrix.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the R program and display "Creating Vectors".
This indicates the beginning of vector creation.
Step 2: Create numeric vectors a and b using c().
These vectors store the values to form matrices.
Step 3: Display the vectors a and b.
This shows the elements of each vector.
Step 4: Create matrix A from vector a using matrix() with 3 rows
and 3 columns.
byrow=TRUE fills the matrix row-wise.
Step 5: Create matrix B from vector b using matrix() with 3
rows and 3 columns.
byrow=3 also fills the matrix by rows.
Step 6: Display matrices A and B.
This shows the 3×3 matrices created from the vectors.
Step 7: Perform matrix addition C = A + B and assign row and column names.
Display C to show the sum of corresponding elements.
Step 8: Stop the R program
RESULT:
Thus the program manipulation of vectors and matrix R executed
successfully.
3. OPERATIONS ON FACTORS IN R
AIM:
Write a program to implement operations on factors in R.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the R program and display "Creating a Vector".
Create a character vector news containing directions like North,
South, East, and West.
Step 2: Display the vector news.
This shows all elements stored in the vector.
Step 3: Convert the vector news into a factor using factor().
Store it in variable a to represent categorical data.
Step 4: Display the factor a.
This shows the factor values and their levels.
Step 5: Check whether a is a factor using [Link]().
Print the result as TRUE or FALSE.
Step 6: Access single elements of the factor using indexing (a[4], a[7], a[10]).
This retrieves specific values from the factor.
Step 7: Access multiple elements using a[c(4,6,8)].
This retrieves multiple factor values at once.
Step 8: Stop the R program.
RESULT:
Thus the program operations on factors in R executed successfully.
4. DATA FRAMES IN R
AIM:
Write a program create the data frames in R.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Create vectors Name, Maths, and Science.
These vectors store data for students.
Step 2: Combine vectors into a data frame a using [Link]().
Display a to show the tabular data.
Step 3: Find the dimension of the data frame using dim(a).
This shows the number of rows and columns.
Step 4: Access specific columns by name (a["Name"], a["Maths"]).
This retrieves data for individual subjects.
Step 5: Add a new column Tamil using cbind().
Display the updated data frame b.
Step 6: Summarize data frames using summary(a) and summary(b).
This gives statistical details like mean, min, max, etc.
Step 7: Remove rows/columns using negative indexing and display.
This shows selected portions of the data frame.
Step 8: Bind new rows to data frame using rbind(c,a).
Display the combined data frame d.
Step 9: Stop the program.
RESULT:
Thus the program data frames in R executed successfully.
5. LISTS AND OPERATORS
AIM:
Write a program using list and operators in R.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Create a list mylist with some elements.
Display the list to show its contents.
Step 2: Access elements of the list using indexing (mylist[2], mylist[4]).
Retrieve specific items from the list.
Step 3: Change an item in the list (mylist[1] <- "Orange").
Display the updated list.
Step 4: Find the length of the list using length(mylist).
This shows the number of elements in the list.
Step 5: Check if an item exists using %in%.
Returns TRUE or FALSE.
Step 6: Add an item using append().
Display the updated list with the new item.
Step 7: Remove an item using negative indexing and store in newlist.
Display the modified list.
Step 8: Combine two lists using c().
Display the final combined list.
Step 9: Stop the program.
RESULT:
Thus the program list and operators in R executed successfully.
6. WORKING WITH LOOPING STATEMENTS
AIM:
Write a program using with looping statements in R.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Read a number num using readline().
This will be used to compute factorial.
Step 2: Initialize fact = 1 and compute factorial using a for loop.
Multiply each number from 1 to num to get factorial.
Step 3: Display the factorial using print().
Shows the result of the for loop calculation.
Step 4: Read another number num for sum calculation.
Initialize x=1 and s=0.
Step 5: Use a while loop to sum numbers from 1 to num-1.
Increment x in each iteration.
Step 6: Display the sum using print().
Shows the sum of the first N numbers.
Step 7: Stop the program.
RESULT:
Thus the program working with looping statements in R executed
successfully.
7. GRAPHS IN R
AIM:
Write a program to create graphs in R.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Create data for a pie chart (rain and labels).
Calculate percentages using round(100*rain/sum(rain),1).
Step 2: Plot a pie chart using pie() with colors and labels.
Add a legend using legend().
Step 3: Create data for a bar chart (v matrix, student names, and series labels).
Use barplot() to plot marks for students.
Step 4: Add legend to the bar chart using legend().
Shows which color corresponds to which series.
Step 5: Stop the program.
RESULT:
Thus the program graphs in R executed successfully.
8. 3D PLOTS IN R
AIM:
Write a program using 3D plots in R.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Define a function cone(x,y) to calculate height.
Create sequences x and y and calculate z = outer(x,y,cone).
Step 2: Plot 3D surface using persp() with labels, colors, and angles.
This generates a 3D cone plot.
Step 3: Install and load plotrix library for 3D pie chart.
Create data and labels for the chart.
Step 4: Plot 3D pie chart using pie3D() with colors, explode, and labels.
Add title and visualize chocolate sales in 3D.
Step 5: Stop the program.
RESULT:
Thus the program 3D plots in R executed successfully.