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Maths Module 3 Note 8

This document discusses the summation of series using binomial series, providing various forms and special cases of binomial expansions. It includes problems and solutions related to trigonometric series, demonstrating methods to sum series involving sine and cosine functions. The document is intended for B.Sc. Mathematics students at M.G. University, specifically for the second semester module on trigonometry.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
6 views16 pages

Maths Module 3 Note 8

This document discusses the summation of series using binomial series, providing various forms and special cases of binomial expansions. It includes problems and solutions related to trigonometric series, demonstrating methods to sum series involving sine and cosine functions. The document is intended for B.Sc. Mathematics students at M.G. University, specifically for the second semester module on trigonometry.

Uploaded by

itoxsukses
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

B. Sc MATHEMATICS II-SEM (M. G.

UNIVERSITY)
MODULE 3-TRIGONOMETRY(8-Summation of Series
using Binomial Series ).

Tijo James
Department of Mathematics
PAVANATMA COLLEGE MURICKASSERY

March 10, 2021

1/16
Summation of Series using Binomial Sreies(C+iS method)

Binomial Series

A binomial series is of the form


n(n − 1) n−1 n(n − 1)(n − 2) n−2 2
(a + b)n = an + a b+ a b + ...
2! 3!
n(n − 1) n−1 n(n − 1)(n − 2) n−2 2
(a − b)n = an − a b+ a b − ...
2! 3!
Special cases
(1 + x)−1 = 1 − x + x 2 − x 3 + . . . |x| < 1
(1 − x)−1 =1+x + x2 + x3 + ... |x| < 1
(1 + x)−2 = 1 − 2x + 3x 2 − 4x 3 + . . . |x| < 1
(1 − x)−2 = 1 + 2x + 3x 2 + 4x 3 + ... |x| < 1
(1 + x)−3 = 1 − 3x + 6x 2 − 10x 3 + ... |x| < 1
(1 − x)−3 = 1 + 3x + 6x 2 + 10x 3 + ... |x| < 1
2/16
Summation of Series using Binomial Sreies(C+iS method)

Binomial Series

−1
(1 + x) 2 = 1 − 12 x + 1·3 2
2·4 x − 1·3·5 3
2·4·6 x + ... |x| < 1
−1
(1 − x) 2 = 1 + 12 x + 1·3 2
2·4 x + 1·3·5 3
2·4·6 x + ... |x| < 1
1
(1 + x) 2 = 1 + 12 x − 1 2
2·4 x + 1·3 3
2·4·6 x − ... |x| < 1
1
(1 − x) 2 = 1 − 21 x − 1 2
2·4 x − 1·3 3
2·4·6 x − ... |x| < 1

Problems

1. Sum the series 12 sinα + 1·3


2·4 sin2α + 1·3·5
2·4·6 sin3α + ...
Solutions
Let C = 1 + 21 cosα + 2·4
1·3
cos2α + 1·3·5
2·4·6 cos3α + . . . &
1 1·3 1·3·5
S = 2 sinα + 2·4 sin2α + 2·4·6 sin3α + . . .
3/16
Summation of Series using Binomial Sreies(C+iS method)

Problems

Therefore
1 1·3 1·3·5
C + iS = (cosα + isinα) + (cos2α + isin2α) + (cos3α + isin3α) + . . .
2 2·4 2·4·6
1 1 · 3 i2α 1 · 3 · 5 i3α
= 1 + e iα + e + e + ...
2 2·4 2·4·6
1 1 · 3 iα 2 1 · 3 · 5 iα 3
= 1 + e iα + (e ) + (e ) + . . .
2 2·4 2·4·6
−1
= (1 − e iα ) 2
−1
= (1 − (cosα + isinα)) 2

−1
= (1 − cosα − isinα) 2
α α α −1
= (1 − (1 − 2sin2 ) − i2sin cos ) 2
2 2 2
Note that cos2 α2 = 1 − 2sin2 α2 &
sin2 α2 = 2sin α2 cos α2

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Summation of Series using Binomial Sreies(C+iS method)

Problems
Therefore
α α α −1
= (2sin2− i2sin cos ) 2
2 2 2
α α α −1
= (2sin (sin − icos )) 2
2 2 2
α −1 π α π α −1
= (2sin ) 2 (cos( − ) − isin( − ) 2
2 2 2 2 2
α −1 π−α −1
= (2sin ) 2 (e −i( 2 ) ) 2
2
α −1 i( π−α )
= (2sin ) 2 (e 4 )
2
α −1 π−α
= (2sin ) 2 (e i( 4 ) )
2
α −1 π−α α−π
= (2sin ) 2 (cos( ) + isin( ))
2 4 4
α −1 π−α α −1 π−α
= (2sin ) 2 cos( ) + i(2sin ) 2 sin( )
2 4 2 4
Here the given series is S and hence equating the imaginary parts we get
α −1
S = 12 sinα + 1·3 1·3·5
2·4 sin2α + 2·4·6 sin3α + . . . = (2sin 2 )
2 sin(
π−α
4 ).
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Summation of Series using Binomial Sreies(C+iS method)

Problems
2. Sum the series sinα + 12 sin3α + 1·3
2·4 sin5α + . . .
Solutions
1·3
Let C = cosα + 21 cos3α + 2·4 cos5α + . . . &
1 1·3
S = sinα + 2 sin3α + 2·4 sin5α + . . .
Therefore
1 1·3
C + iS = (cosα + isinα) + (cos3α + isin3α) + (cos5α + isin5α) + . . .
2 2·4
1 1 · 3 i5α
= e iα + e i3α + e + ...
2 2·4
1 1 · 3 i4α
= e iα (1 + e i2α + e + . . .)
2 2·4
1 1 · 3 i2α 2
= e iα (1 + e i2α + (e ) + . . .)
2 2·4
−1
= e iα (1 − e i2α ) 2
−1
= e iα (1 − (cos2α + isin2α)) 2

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Summation of Series using Binomial Sreies(C+iS method)

Problems

−1
= e iα (1 − cos2α − isin2α) 2

−1
= e iα (1 − (1 − 2sin2 α) − i2sinαcosα) 2

−1
= e iα (2sin2 α − i2sinαcosα) 2

−1
= e iα (2sinα(sinα − icosα)) 2
−1 π π −1
= e iα (2sinα) 2 (cos( − α) − isin( − α) 2
2 2
−1
iα −i( π2 −α) −1
= e (2sinα) (e 2 ) 2

−1 π α
= e iα (2sinα) 2 (e i( 4 − 2 ) )
−1 π α
= e iα (2sinα) 2 (e i( 4 − 2 ) )
−1 π α
= (2sinα) (e i( 4 + 2 ) )
2

−1 π α π α
= (2sinα) 2 (cos( + ) + isin( + ))
4 2 4 2
α −1 π α α −1 π α
= (2sin ) 2 cos( + ) + i(2sin ) 2 sin( + )
2 4 27/16 2 4 2
Summation of Series using Binomial Sreies(C+iS method)

Problems
Here the given series is S and hence equating the imaginary parts we get
α −1
S = sinα + 12 sin3α + 1·3 π α
2·4 sin5α + . . . = (2sin 2 ) sin( 4 + 2 ).
2

3. Sum the series 1 + 12 cos2θ − 2·4 1 1·3


cos4θ + 2·4·6 cos6θ + . . .
Solutions
Let C = 1 + 12 cos2θ − 2·41 1·3
cos4θ + 2·4·6 cos6θ − . . . &
1
S = 21 sin2θ − 2·4 1·3
sin4θ + 2·4·6 sin6θ − . . .
Therefore
1 1 1·3
C + iS = 1 + (cos2θ + isin2θ) − (cos4θ + isin4θ) + (cos6θ + isin6θ) −
2 2·4 2·4·6
1 1 i4θ 1 · 3 i6θ
= 1 + e i2θ − e + e − ...
2 2·4 2·4·6
1 1 1·3
= 1 + e i2θ − (e i2θ )2 + (e i2θ )3 − . . .
2 2·4 2·4·6
1
= (1 + e i2θ ) 2

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Summation of Series using Binomial Sreies(C+iS method)

Problems

1
= (1 + cos2θ + isin2θ) 2
1
= (2cos 2 θ + i2sinθcosθ) 2
1 1
= (2cosθ) 2 (cosθ + isinθ) 2
1 θ θ
= (2cosθ) 2 (cos + isin )
2 2
1 θ 1 θ
= (2cosθ) 2 cos + i(2cosθ) 2 sin .
2 2
Here the given series is C and hence equating the real parts we get
1
C = 1 + 12 cos2θ − 2·4
1 1·3
cos4θ + 2·4·6 cos6θ − . . . = (2cosθ) 2 cos θ2
n(n+1) n(n+1)(n+2)
4. Sum the series nsinα + 1·2 sin2α + 1·2·3 sin3α + ...
Solutions
Let C = ncosα + n(n+1)
1·2 cos2α +
n(n+1)(n+2)
1·2·3 cos3α + . . . &
n(n+1) n(n+1)(n+2)
S = nsinα + 1·2 sin2α + 1·2·3 sin3α + . . .
9/16
Summation of Series using Binomial Sreies(C+iS method)

Problems
Therefore
n(n + 1) n(n + 1)(n + 2)
C + iS = 1 + n(cosα + isinα) + (cos2α + isin2α) + cos3α
1·2 1·2·3
n(n + 1) i2α n(n + 1)(n + 2) i3α
= 1 + ne iα + e + e + ...
1·2 1·2·3
= (1 − e iα )−n
= (1 − cosα − isinα)−n
α α α
= (2sin2 − i2sin cos )−n
2 2 2
α −n α α
= (2sin ) (sin − icos )−n
2 2 2
α −n π−α π − α −n
= (2sin ) (cos − isin )
2 2 2
α π−α π−α
= (2sin )−n (cos(−n ) − isin(−n ))
2 2 2
α nπ − nα nπ − nα
= (2sin )−n (cos + isin )
2 2 2
10/16
Summation of Series using Binomial Sreies(C+iS method)

Problems
Here the given series is S and hence by equating imaginary parts we get
S = nsinα + n(n+1)
1·2 sin2α +
n(n+1)(n+2)
1·2·3 sin3α + . . . = (2cos α2 )−n sin nπ−nα
2 .
5. Sum the series
cos n α − ncos n−1 αcosα + n(n−1)
1·2 cos
n−2 αcos2α + · · · add to n + 1

terms
Solutions
Let C = cos n α − ncos n−1 αcosα + n(n−1)
1·2 cos
n−2 αcos2α + · · · &

S = cos n α − ncos n−1 αsinα + n(n−1)


1·2 cos
n−2 αsin2α + · · ·
Therefore
n(n − 1)
C + iS = cos n α − ncos n−1 α(e iα ) + cos n−2 α(e i2α ) + · · · + e inα
1·2
n(n − 1)
= cos n α − ncos n−1 α(e iα ) + cos n−2 α(e iα )2 + · · · + (e iα )n
1·2
= (cosα − e iα )n
= (cosα − (cosα + isinα)n
= (−isinα)n
= (−i)n sinn α 11/16
Summation of Series using Binomial Sreies(C+iS method)

Problems
Here the given series is C , We know that (−i)n is real only when n is even.
So we conclude that C = 0 when n is odd and when n is even we have
1 n
C = (−i)n sinn α = i n sinn α = (−1 2 )n sinn α = (−1) 2 sinn α.
6. Sum the series sinα + nsin(α + β) + n(n−1) 2 sin(α + 2β) + · · · add
to n + 1 terms where n is a positive integer.
Solutions
Let C = cosα + ncos(α + β) + n(n−1) 2 cos(α + 2β) + · · · &
n(n−1)
S = sinα + nsin(α + β) + 2 sin(α + 2β) + · · ·
Therefore
n(n − 1)
C + iS = (cosα + isinα) + n(cos(α + β) + isin(α + β)) + (cos(α + 2β) + i
2
n(n − 1) i(α+2β)
= e iα + ne i(α+β) + (e ) + ···
2
n(n − 1) i2β
= e iα (1 + ne iβ + e + ···
2
n(n − 1) iβ 2
= e iα (1 + ne iβ + (e ) + · · · )
2 12/16
Summation of Series using Binomial Sreies(C+iS method)

Problems

= e iα (1 + e iβ )n
= e iα (1 + cosβ + isinβ)n
β β β
= e iα (2cos 2 + i2sin cos )n
2 2 2
β β β
= e iα (2cos )n (cos + isin )n
2 2 2
β nβ nβ
= e iα (2cos )n (cos + isin )
2 2 2
β n nβ nβ
= (2cos ) (cosα + isinα)(cos + isin )
2 2 2
β n nβ nβ nβ nβ
= (2cos ) (cosαcos − sinαsin + i(sinαcos + cosαsin ))
2 2 2 2 2
β n nβ nβ
= (2cos ) (cos(α + ) + isin(α + ))
2 2 2
Here the given series is S. Equating the imaginary parts we get
S = sinα + nsin(α + β) + n(n−1) 2 sin(α + 2β) + · · · = (2cos β2 )n sin(α + nβ
2 )
13/16
Summation of Series using Binomial Sreies(C+iS method)

Problems
7. Sum the series sinhu + nsinh2u + n(n−1)
2 sinh3u + · · · add to n
terms, where n is a positive integer.
Solutions
Let S = sinhu + nsinh2u + n(n−1)
2 sinh3u + · · · + sih(n + 1)u
Therefore
e u − e −u e 2u − e −2u n(n − 1) e 3u − e −3u e (n+1)u − e −(n+1)u
S= +n + + ··· + ( )
2 2 2 2 2
1
= [(e u + ne 2u + · · · e (n+1)u )
2
− (e −u + ne −2u + · · · e −(n+1)u )]
1
= [(e u + n(e u )2 + · · · (e u )( n + 1))
2
− (e −u + n(e −u )2 + · · · (e −u )( n + 1))]
1 u n(n − 1) u 2
= [(e (1 + n(e u ) + (e ) · · · (e u )n )
2 2
n(n − 1) −u 2
− (e −u (1 + n(e −u ) + (e ) · · · (e −u )n )]
2 14/16
Summation of Series using Binomial Sreies(C+iS method)

Problems
Note that
u −u
u e2 +e 2
cosh =
2 2
u u 1
⇒ 2cosh = e 2 + u
2 e2
u eu + 1
⇒ 2cosh = u
2 e2
u u
⇒ e 2 2cosh = e u + 1
2
Similarly
u −u
u e2 +e 2
cosh =
2 2
u 1 −u
⇒ 2cosh = −u + e 2
2 e 2
u e −u + 1 −u u
⇒ 2cosh = −u ⇒e 2 2cosh = e −u + 1
2 e 2 2

15/16
Summation of Series using Binomial Sreies(C+iS method)

Problems

Therefore
1 u
= [e (1 + e u )n − e −u (1 + e −u )n ]
2
1 u u −u u
= [e u (e 2 2cosh )n − e −u (e 2 2cosh )n ]
2 2 2
1 u n u u n −u
= [(2cosh ) (e (e 2 ) − e −u (e 2 )n ]
2 2
nu −nu
u n e u e 2 − e −u e 2
= (2cosh )
2 2
(n+2)u −(n+2)u
u ne 2 −e 2
= (2cosh )
2 2
u n (n + 2)u
= (2cosh ) sinh .
2 2

16/16

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