B. Sc MATHEMATICS II-SEM (M. G.
UNIVERSITY)
MODULE 3-TRIGONOMETRY(8-Summation of Series
using Binomial Series ).
Tijo James
Department of Mathematics
PAVANATMA COLLEGE MURICKASSERY
March 10, 2021
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Summation of Series using Binomial Sreies(C+iS method)
Binomial Series
A binomial series is of the form
n(n − 1) n−1 n(n − 1)(n − 2) n−2 2
(a + b)n = an + a b+ a b + ...
2! 3!
n(n − 1) n−1 n(n − 1)(n − 2) n−2 2
(a − b)n = an − a b+ a b − ...
2! 3!
Special cases
(1 + x)−1 = 1 − x + x 2 − x 3 + . . . |x| < 1
(1 − x)−1 =1+x + x2 + x3 + ... |x| < 1
(1 + x)−2 = 1 − 2x + 3x 2 − 4x 3 + . . . |x| < 1
(1 − x)−2 = 1 + 2x + 3x 2 + 4x 3 + ... |x| < 1
(1 + x)−3 = 1 − 3x + 6x 2 − 10x 3 + ... |x| < 1
(1 − x)−3 = 1 + 3x + 6x 2 + 10x 3 + ... |x| < 1
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Summation of Series using Binomial Sreies(C+iS method)
Binomial Series
−1
(1 + x) 2 = 1 − 12 x + 1·3 2
2·4 x − 1·3·5 3
2·4·6 x + ... |x| < 1
−1
(1 − x) 2 = 1 + 12 x + 1·3 2
2·4 x + 1·3·5 3
2·4·6 x + ... |x| < 1
1
(1 + x) 2 = 1 + 12 x − 1 2
2·4 x + 1·3 3
2·4·6 x − ... |x| < 1
1
(1 − x) 2 = 1 − 21 x − 1 2
2·4 x − 1·3 3
2·4·6 x − ... |x| < 1
Problems
1. Sum the series 12 sinα + 1·3
2·4 sin2α + 1·3·5
2·4·6 sin3α + ...
Solutions
Let C = 1 + 21 cosα + 2·4
1·3
cos2α + 1·3·5
2·4·6 cos3α + . . . &
1 1·3 1·3·5
S = 2 sinα + 2·4 sin2α + 2·4·6 sin3α + . . .
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Summation of Series using Binomial Sreies(C+iS method)
Problems
Therefore
1 1·3 1·3·5
C + iS = (cosα + isinα) + (cos2α + isin2α) + (cos3α + isin3α) + . . .
2 2·4 2·4·6
1 1 · 3 i2α 1 · 3 · 5 i3α
= 1 + e iα + e + e + ...
2 2·4 2·4·6
1 1 · 3 iα 2 1 · 3 · 5 iα 3
= 1 + e iα + (e ) + (e ) + . . .
2 2·4 2·4·6
−1
= (1 − e iα ) 2
−1
= (1 − (cosα + isinα)) 2
−1
= (1 − cosα − isinα) 2
α α α −1
= (1 − (1 − 2sin2 ) − i2sin cos ) 2
2 2 2
Note that cos2 α2 = 1 − 2sin2 α2 &
sin2 α2 = 2sin α2 cos α2
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Summation of Series using Binomial Sreies(C+iS method)
Problems
Therefore
α α α −1
= (2sin2− i2sin cos ) 2
2 2 2
α α α −1
= (2sin (sin − icos )) 2
2 2 2
α −1 π α π α −1
= (2sin ) 2 (cos( − ) − isin( − ) 2
2 2 2 2 2
α −1 π−α −1
= (2sin ) 2 (e −i( 2 ) ) 2
2
α −1 i( π−α )
= (2sin ) 2 (e 4 )
2
α −1 π−α
= (2sin ) 2 (e i( 4 ) )
2
α −1 π−α α−π
= (2sin ) 2 (cos( ) + isin( ))
2 4 4
α −1 π−α α −1 π−α
= (2sin ) 2 cos( ) + i(2sin ) 2 sin( )
2 4 2 4
Here the given series is S and hence equating the imaginary parts we get
α −1
S = 12 sinα + 1·3 1·3·5
2·4 sin2α + 2·4·6 sin3α + . . . = (2sin 2 )
2 sin(
π−α
4 ).
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Summation of Series using Binomial Sreies(C+iS method)
Problems
2. Sum the series sinα + 12 sin3α + 1·3
2·4 sin5α + . . .
Solutions
1·3
Let C = cosα + 21 cos3α + 2·4 cos5α + . . . &
1 1·3
S = sinα + 2 sin3α + 2·4 sin5α + . . .
Therefore
1 1·3
C + iS = (cosα + isinα) + (cos3α + isin3α) + (cos5α + isin5α) + . . .
2 2·4
1 1 · 3 i5α
= e iα + e i3α + e + ...
2 2·4
1 1 · 3 i4α
= e iα (1 + e i2α + e + . . .)
2 2·4
1 1 · 3 i2α 2
= e iα (1 + e i2α + (e ) + . . .)
2 2·4
−1
= e iα (1 − e i2α ) 2
−1
= e iα (1 − (cos2α + isin2α)) 2
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Summation of Series using Binomial Sreies(C+iS method)
Problems
−1
= e iα (1 − cos2α − isin2α) 2
−1
= e iα (1 − (1 − 2sin2 α) − i2sinαcosα) 2
−1
= e iα (2sin2 α − i2sinαcosα) 2
−1
= e iα (2sinα(sinα − icosα)) 2
−1 π π −1
= e iα (2sinα) 2 (cos( − α) − isin( − α) 2
2 2
−1
iα −i( π2 −α) −1
= e (2sinα) (e 2 ) 2
−1 π α
= e iα (2sinα) 2 (e i( 4 − 2 ) )
−1 π α
= e iα (2sinα) 2 (e i( 4 − 2 ) )
−1 π α
= (2sinα) (e i( 4 + 2 ) )
2
−1 π α π α
= (2sinα) 2 (cos( + ) + isin( + ))
4 2 4 2
α −1 π α α −1 π α
= (2sin ) 2 cos( + ) + i(2sin ) 2 sin( + )
2 4 27/16 2 4 2
Summation of Series using Binomial Sreies(C+iS method)
Problems
Here the given series is S and hence equating the imaginary parts we get
α −1
S = sinα + 12 sin3α + 1·3 π α
2·4 sin5α + . . . = (2sin 2 ) sin( 4 + 2 ).
2
3. Sum the series 1 + 12 cos2θ − 2·4 1 1·3
cos4θ + 2·4·6 cos6θ + . . .
Solutions
Let C = 1 + 12 cos2θ − 2·41 1·3
cos4θ + 2·4·6 cos6θ − . . . &
1
S = 21 sin2θ − 2·4 1·3
sin4θ + 2·4·6 sin6θ − . . .
Therefore
1 1 1·3
C + iS = 1 + (cos2θ + isin2θ) − (cos4θ + isin4θ) + (cos6θ + isin6θ) −
2 2·4 2·4·6
1 1 i4θ 1 · 3 i6θ
= 1 + e i2θ − e + e − ...
2 2·4 2·4·6
1 1 1·3
= 1 + e i2θ − (e i2θ )2 + (e i2θ )3 − . . .
2 2·4 2·4·6
1
= (1 + e i2θ ) 2
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Summation of Series using Binomial Sreies(C+iS method)
Problems
1
= (1 + cos2θ + isin2θ) 2
1
= (2cos 2 θ + i2sinθcosθ) 2
1 1
= (2cosθ) 2 (cosθ + isinθ) 2
1 θ θ
= (2cosθ) 2 (cos + isin )
2 2
1 θ 1 θ
= (2cosθ) 2 cos + i(2cosθ) 2 sin .
2 2
Here the given series is C and hence equating the real parts we get
1
C = 1 + 12 cos2θ − 2·4
1 1·3
cos4θ + 2·4·6 cos6θ − . . . = (2cosθ) 2 cos θ2
n(n+1) n(n+1)(n+2)
4. Sum the series nsinα + 1·2 sin2α + 1·2·3 sin3α + ...
Solutions
Let C = ncosα + n(n+1)
1·2 cos2α +
n(n+1)(n+2)
1·2·3 cos3α + . . . &
n(n+1) n(n+1)(n+2)
S = nsinα + 1·2 sin2α + 1·2·3 sin3α + . . .
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Summation of Series using Binomial Sreies(C+iS method)
Problems
Therefore
n(n + 1) n(n + 1)(n + 2)
C + iS = 1 + n(cosα + isinα) + (cos2α + isin2α) + cos3α
1·2 1·2·3
n(n + 1) i2α n(n + 1)(n + 2) i3α
= 1 + ne iα + e + e + ...
1·2 1·2·3
= (1 − e iα )−n
= (1 − cosα − isinα)−n
α α α
= (2sin2 − i2sin cos )−n
2 2 2
α −n α α
= (2sin ) (sin − icos )−n
2 2 2
α −n π−α π − α −n
= (2sin ) (cos − isin )
2 2 2
α π−α π−α
= (2sin )−n (cos(−n ) − isin(−n ))
2 2 2
α nπ − nα nπ − nα
= (2sin )−n (cos + isin )
2 2 2
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Summation of Series using Binomial Sreies(C+iS method)
Problems
Here the given series is S and hence by equating imaginary parts we get
S = nsinα + n(n+1)
1·2 sin2α +
n(n+1)(n+2)
1·2·3 sin3α + . . . = (2cos α2 )−n sin nπ−nα
2 .
5. Sum the series
cos n α − ncos n−1 αcosα + n(n−1)
1·2 cos
n−2 αcos2α + · · · add to n + 1
terms
Solutions
Let C = cos n α − ncos n−1 αcosα + n(n−1)
1·2 cos
n−2 αcos2α + · · · &
S = cos n α − ncos n−1 αsinα + n(n−1)
1·2 cos
n−2 αsin2α + · · ·
Therefore
n(n − 1)
C + iS = cos n α − ncos n−1 α(e iα ) + cos n−2 α(e i2α ) + · · · + e inα
1·2
n(n − 1)
= cos n α − ncos n−1 α(e iα ) + cos n−2 α(e iα )2 + · · · + (e iα )n
1·2
= (cosα − e iα )n
= (cosα − (cosα + isinα)n
= (−isinα)n
= (−i)n sinn α 11/16
Summation of Series using Binomial Sreies(C+iS method)
Problems
Here the given series is C , We know that (−i)n is real only when n is even.
So we conclude that C = 0 when n is odd and when n is even we have
1 n
C = (−i)n sinn α = i n sinn α = (−1 2 )n sinn α = (−1) 2 sinn α.
6. Sum the series sinα + nsin(α + β) + n(n−1) 2 sin(α + 2β) + · · · add
to n + 1 terms where n is a positive integer.
Solutions
Let C = cosα + ncos(α + β) + n(n−1) 2 cos(α + 2β) + · · · &
n(n−1)
S = sinα + nsin(α + β) + 2 sin(α + 2β) + · · ·
Therefore
n(n − 1)
C + iS = (cosα + isinα) + n(cos(α + β) + isin(α + β)) + (cos(α + 2β) + i
2
n(n − 1) i(α+2β)
= e iα + ne i(α+β) + (e ) + ···
2
n(n − 1) i2β
= e iα (1 + ne iβ + e + ···
2
n(n − 1) iβ 2
= e iα (1 + ne iβ + (e ) + · · · )
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Summation of Series using Binomial Sreies(C+iS method)
Problems
= e iα (1 + e iβ )n
= e iα (1 + cosβ + isinβ)n
β β β
= e iα (2cos 2 + i2sin cos )n
2 2 2
β β β
= e iα (2cos )n (cos + isin )n
2 2 2
β nβ nβ
= e iα (2cos )n (cos + isin )
2 2 2
β n nβ nβ
= (2cos ) (cosα + isinα)(cos + isin )
2 2 2
β n nβ nβ nβ nβ
= (2cos ) (cosαcos − sinαsin + i(sinαcos + cosαsin ))
2 2 2 2 2
β n nβ nβ
= (2cos ) (cos(α + ) + isin(α + ))
2 2 2
Here the given series is S. Equating the imaginary parts we get
S = sinα + nsin(α + β) + n(n−1) 2 sin(α + 2β) + · · · = (2cos β2 )n sin(α + nβ
2 )
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Summation of Series using Binomial Sreies(C+iS method)
Problems
7. Sum the series sinhu + nsinh2u + n(n−1)
2 sinh3u + · · · add to n
terms, where n is a positive integer.
Solutions
Let S = sinhu + nsinh2u + n(n−1)
2 sinh3u + · · · + sih(n + 1)u
Therefore
e u − e −u e 2u − e −2u n(n − 1) e 3u − e −3u e (n+1)u − e −(n+1)u
S= +n + + ··· + ( )
2 2 2 2 2
1
= [(e u + ne 2u + · · · e (n+1)u )
2
− (e −u + ne −2u + · · · e −(n+1)u )]
1
= [(e u + n(e u )2 + · · · (e u )( n + 1))
2
− (e −u + n(e −u )2 + · · · (e −u )( n + 1))]
1 u n(n − 1) u 2
= [(e (1 + n(e u ) + (e ) · · · (e u )n )
2 2
n(n − 1) −u 2
− (e −u (1 + n(e −u ) + (e ) · · · (e −u )n )]
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Summation of Series using Binomial Sreies(C+iS method)
Problems
Note that
u −u
u e2 +e 2
cosh =
2 2
u u 1
⇒ 2cosh = e 2 + u
2 e2
u eu + 1
⇒ 2cosh = u
2 e2
u u
⇒ e 2 2cosh = e u + 1
2
Similarly
u −u
u e2 +e 2
cosh =
2 2
u 1 −u
⇒ 2cosh = −u + e 2
2 e 2
u e −u + 1 −u u
⇒ 2cosh = −u ⇒e 2 2cosh = e −u + 1
2 e 2 2
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Summation of Series using Binomial Sreies(C+iS method)
Problems
Therefore
1 u
= [e (1 + e u )n − e −u (1 + e −u )n ]
2
1 u u −u u
= [e u (e 2 2cosh )n − e −u (e 2 2cosh )n ]
2 2 2
1 u n u u n −u
= [(2cosh ) (e (e 2 ) − e −u (e 2 )n ]
2 2
nu −nu
u n e u e 2 − e −u e 2
= (2cosh )
2 2
(n+2)u −(n+2)u
u ne 2 −e 2
= (2cosh )
2 2
u n (n + 2)u
= (2cosh ) sinh .
2 2
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