CE-3221

ENGINEERING
HYDROLOGY
 Course Overview
• Course Title: Engineering Hydrology
• Course Code: CE-3221
• Pre-Req: Nil
• Co-Req: Engineering Hydrology Lab (CE-3222)
• Credit Hours: Theory = 2
Lab = 1
Class Hours: Lecture = Wednesday: 11:00 – 12:40 Hrs

• Syllabus: a. Hydrometeorology
b. Runoff and Hydrograph
c. Flood routing
d. Groundwater Hydrology
 Course Objective

1. To enable students to learn broad areas of hydrological

engineering and principles of water management particularly
in irrigated agriculture.
 Course Learning Outcomes
S. Taxonomy
CLO Domain PLO
No Level
Explain the basic principles of hydrology,
1 Cognitive 2 1
flood routing and groundwater hydrology
Analyze various hydrological parameters
2 Cognitive 4 2
for surface and groundwater flow

PLO 1 : Engineering Knowledge

PLO 2 : Problem Analysis
 Books
Textbook/ Reference Books:

• Engineering Hydrology. By: K. Subramanya

• Hydrology (Principles, Analysis & Design) . By: H.M Raghunath
• Applied hydrology By :Ven Te Chow, David R. Maidment and
Larry W. Mays
• Water Resources Engineering. By: Larry W. Mays
 Assessment System

Class Case Design Sem.

Assessment Assignments Quizzes PBL CEP MSE ESE
Present. Studies Projects Project

Nos 2 4 1 - - 1 - - 1 1
% Weightage
7 10 8 5 30 45
 Class Rules
• Attendance will be marked during first 5 minutes of lecture.

• Minimum 75% attendance will be mandatory.

• Strictly adhere the deadlines for PBL and Assignments submissions.

• Be quiet during the lecture

 Detailed Course Plan
Reading
Week Topic Covered Assignment/ and
Reference Material
Introduction
 Hydrology Ref (1) – Chp. 1
1  Hydrological cycle and the water balance equation Ref (2) – Chp. 1
 Practical uses of Hydrology Lecture Notes
 Importance of Hydrology
Water Resources
 Planning and development of water resources projects
o Domestic
o Industrial Lecture Notes
2
o Agricultural and other water usages
 Water resources in Pakistan
 Water management practices at basin level, canal level and farm level
Assignment 1 CLO-1
Hydrometeorology
Ref (1) – Chp. 2
 The atmosphere and its composition, dew point, and its measurement devices
3 Ref (3) – Chp. 2,3
 Balance of solar radiation and earth energy
Lecture Notes
 Earth-atmosphere system
Hydrometeorology
 Saturation deficit Ref (1) – Chp. 2
 The general circulation of wind system, the monsoon, and western disturbances Ref (3) – Chp. 2,3
4
 Measurement of air temperature, relative humidity, radiation, sunshine, atmospheric Lecture Notes
pressure, soil moisture, and wind velocity and direction
Quiz 1 CLO-2
 Detailed Course Plan
Precipitation
 Forms and types of precipitation
Ref (1) – Chp. 3
 Factors necessary for the formation of precipitation
5 Ref (2) – Chp. 2
 Measurement of precipitation
Lecture Notes
 Interpretation of precipitation data
 Computation of average rainfall over a basin

Evaporation and Transpiration

Ref (1) – Chp. 4
 Factors affecting evaporation
Ref (2) – Chp. 3
6  Measurement of evaporation
Lecture Notes
 Evapo-transpiration
Assignment 2 CLO-1
Stream Flow
Ref (1) – Chp. 5
 Water Stage and its measurement
7 Ref (2) – Chp. 4
 Stage Gauges and its types
Lecture Notes
 Selection of control and metering section

Stream Flow
Ref (1) – Chp. 5
 Methods of measurement of stream flow
Ref (2) – Chp. 4
8  Current meter
Lecture Notes
 Interpretation of stream flow data
Midterm Exam (schedule will be shared by exam office) CLO-1, CLO-2
 Detailed Course Plan
Runoff & Hydrographs
 Factors affecting runoff Ref (1) – Chp. 6
 Estimating the volume of storm runoff Ref (2) – Chp. 5,6
9  Characteristics of Hydrograph Lecture Notes
 Components of a hydrograph
Quiz 2 CLO-2
Runoff & Hydrographs Ref (1) – Chp. 6
10  Hydrograph separation Ref (2) – Chp. 5,6
 Estimating the volume of direct runoff Lecture Notes

Runoff & Hydrographs Ref (1) – Chp. 6

 Introduction to unit hydrograph concept Ref (2) – Chp. 5,6
11  S-curve Lecture Notes
Assignment 3 CLO-2

Application of probability in determining maxima/minima of discharge

Floods and their estimates
Ref (1) – Chp. 9
 Introduction to floods and its causes
Ref (2) – Chp. 7
12  Methods to estimate floods
Lecture Notes
 Return period and its estimation
 Flood Frequency analysis

Quiz 3 CLO-2
 Detailed Course Plan
Stream Flow Routing Ref (1) – Chp. 8
13  Reservoir routing Ref (2) – Chp. 8
 Channel routing Lecture Notes
Stream Flow Routing Ref (1) – Chp. 8
 Flood Control Ref (4) – Chp. 21
14  Introduction to Hydrological Modelling Lecture Notes
Assignment 4, PBL CLO-2
Groundwater
Ref (1) – Chp. 7
 Introduction
15 Ref (2) – Chp. 9
 Sources and discharge of groundwater
Lecture Notes
 Water table and artesian aquifer

Groundwater
Ref (1) – Chp. 7
 Ground water hydraulics
Ref (2) – Chp. 9
16  Pumping test
Lecture Notes
 Tube well technology
Quiz 4 CLO-2
Computer Application
17
Development of design worksheets and use of software (Revision)
18 End Semester Exam (schedule will be shared by exam office)
CONTENTS

 Introduction to Hydrology
 Hydrological Cycle
 Engineering Hydrology and its Domain
 Scope and Significance
 Hydrologic Equation and its Applications
Introduction to Hydrology
▣ What is Hydrology?
• U.S. National Research Council (1991) : Hydrology is the science that treats the
waters of the Earth, their occurrence, circulation, and distribution, their chemical and
physical properties, and their reaction with the environment, including the relation
to living things. The domain of hydrology embraces the full life history of water on
Earth.
※ Hydraulics is a topic in applied science and engineering dealing with the
mechanical properties of liquids. Fluid mechanics provides the theoretical
foundation for hydraulics, which focuses on the engineering uses of fluid
properties. (Wikipedia)

• Domains of hydrology include hydrometeorology, surface hydrology, hydrogeology,

drainage basin management and water quality, where water plays the central role.
(Wikipedia)

▣ Engineering Hydrology?
• We are mainly concerned with quantifying amounts of water at various locations
(spatially) as a function of time (temporally) for surface water applications.

• We are concerned with solving engineering problems using hydrologic principles.

HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

 A continuous Process by which water is transported from the oceans to the

atmosphere to the land and back to the sea
 The driving force for the global water transport system is provided by sun
 Water quality also changes during the cycle

Precipitation
under proper
Evaporation conditions

Transport Distribution of
through air rain water in
masses several ways
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
 Hydrologic Cycle
 Atmospheric Phase of Hydrologic Cycle
 Atmospheric phase of hydrologic cycle starts with the formation of
clouds after vaporization from water bodies and ends after the
occurrence of precipitation.
 Land Phase of Hydrologic Cycle
 After occurrence of precipitation, water comes in contact with the earth
surface and hydrologic cycle enters the land phase. Part of precipitation
is infiltrated and a part of it, depending upon circumstances, is
intercepted by trees and vegetation. If there are depressions in the
surface upon which precipitation falls, a part of precipitation will be
stored in the depressions in the form of depression storage. All of these
parts are liable to vaporization. Rainwater stands on the surface of earth
where it falls, after various losses, depending upon the rate of rainfall
when the depth of standing water becomes sufficient it starts flowing
over the ground surface in the form of surface runoff.

Continued….
ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY & ITS DOMAIN

 It includes those segments of the fields which are pertinent to planning,

design and operation of engineering projects for the control and use of water
 What flood flows can be expected over a spillway or highway culvert or in urban
storm drainage system ?
 What reservoir capacity is required for irrigation or municipal water supply during
droughts ?
 What effects will reservoirs, levees and other control works exert on flood flow in
stream ?
 What are reasonable boundaries for the floodplain ?
SCOPE & SIGNIFICANCE

 Water is the basic need for human life

 To cope with extreme hydrological conditions Floods and droughts
 Food habits of areas are governed by the hydrologic conditions
 Water resource management (Water available and water demand)
 Input data required for design of hydraulic structures
HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES

 Precipitation
 Canopy interception
 Evaporation
 Transpiration
 Infiltration
 Depression storage
 Surface runoff
 Ground water flow
 Subsurface water flow
 River flow
HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES

 Precipitation: A process in which the moisture reaches the surface of earth

from atmosphere. It is basic hydrological input. There are many forms of
precipitation e.g., rainfall, snow and many others to be discussed in coming
lectures
 Canopy interception: is the rainfall that is intercepted by the canopy of a
tree and successively evaporates from the leaves.
 Evaporation: transformation of water from the surface of earth to the
atmosphere. It is the reverse process of precipitation.
 Transpiration: Evaporation through plants. The water which is transpired is
below the surface of earth. Roots suck it and then through plants sent into
atmosphere.
 60% water of precipitation is lost into atmosphere by evapo-transpiration
HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES
 Infiltration: fraction of rain water penetrates into the ground is called
infiltrate and process is known as infiltration. Land cover should be
permeable.
 Depression Storage: water filled in depression is called depression storage.
It depends on unevenness of the surface.
 Surface runoff: Rest of water that moves on the ground surface is called
surface runoff. This depends on slope and amount of precipitation.
 Sub-surface Flow: Infiltrated water that moves in the unsaturated zone of
the soil is sub-surface flow. Also called as interflow. It moves towards the
rivers. It depends on the soil type and its stratification in the area.
 Ground water Flow: Flow of water in the saturated zone of soil, below
ground water table. Darcy’s equation is applicable.
 River Flow: Flow of water in the rivers
 Catchment Area, Watershed or Basin

 The area of land draining into a stream or water course at a given location is
known as Catchment Area. It is also known as Drainage Area or Drainage Basin
as well as the Watershed.
 A catchment area is separated from its neighboring areas by a ridge called a
divide.
WATER SHED
 Hydrologic Equation / Equation of Continuity
 The hydrologic equation states that for a given time interval, difference of inflow to
and outflow from a system is equal to change of storage of the system.
 Mathematically

I - O = ∆S/∆t
Where,
I = Rate of volume inflow (volume/time), measured in m3/sec, ft3/sec, etc.

O = Rate of volume outflow (volume/time) measured in m3/sec, ft3/sec, etc.

∆S/∆t = Rate of change of storage in time (‘S’ represents storage and ‘t’ represents
time i.e. Volume/time)

 The above equation is a storage equation which only approximates some hydrologic
processes.

Continued….
 Hydrologic Equation / Equation of Continuity

 It is used in many different ways. If, for example,

assuming inflow changes linearly from ‘I1’ to ‘I2’ in time
‘∆t’, the outflow changes linearly from ‘O1’ to ‘O2’ and
storage changes from ‘S1’ to ‘S2’ in this time, the equation
can be written as:

( I1 + I2 )/2 - ( O1 + O2 )/2 = ( S2 – S1 ) / ∆t

Continued….
Hydrologic Equation/Equation of Continuity

 Components of Inflow
 There are two components of inflow
 precipitation over the catchment and reservoir, and
 surface or groundwater flow from other catchment areas.

 Components of Outflow
 Three components of outflow are:
 surface evaporation
 groundwater seepage, and
 direct runoff i.e. water taken for irrigation or to spillways for producing power

Continued….
Hydrologic Equation/Equation of Continuity

 Example 1.1
 A precipitation measuring 125 mm
occurred over a catchment. If the
infiltration, interception, depression
storage and other losses are 50 mm,
find direct runoff and total runoff.
Solution
Precipitation P = 125 mm
Losses L = 50 mm
Direct runoff (DRO) = P – L = 125 – 50 = 75 mm
Total runoff = DRO + L = 75+50 = 125 mm

 Note that ‘x’ mm of runoff means that water is spread

uniformly over the catchment having ‘x’ mm depth. Runoff
in volume units can be obtained by multiplying the depth
with the area of the catchment.
Hydrologic Equation / Equation of Continuity

 If we fix the time and take the volume units, then

the hydrologic equation can be written as

Total volume inflow – The volume outflow =

Total change in volume of the system

Continued….
 Water Budget Equation
 If further, we fix the area of the system (for
example, we talk of a catchment) and assume
inflow as precipitation ‘P’, the Surface Runoff
‘R’, net ground water flow out of the catchment
‘G’; evaporation ‘E’, Transpiration ‘T’, and
Change in Storage ‘∆S’. Water Budget for a
catchment for a time interval of ‘∆t’ is written as
P-R-G-E-T = ∆S
All terms in the equation has dimensions of
volume.

NOTE: All the terms can be expressed in terms of

depth over the catchment

Continued….
HYDROLOGIC BUDGET
HYDROLOGIC BUDGET
HYDROLOGIC BUDGET
(Region selection)

 A region is selected and budget is developed for that region. These regions
may be
 Topographically defined (e.g, watersheds and river basins)
 Politically specified (e.g., country or city limits)
 Or chosen on some other grounds

 Water Shed : an area or ridge of land which contribute its water to some
river, basins or seas
 Watershed Boundary: line or boundary that separates the water flowing to
different rivers, basins or seas
HYDROLOGIC BUDGET
(Inflows)

 Precipitation (P)
 Infiltration (I)
 From a water channel entering in
the area (R1)
 Ground water flowing into the
area from adjoining areas (G1)
 Ground water effluent to a
surface stream (Rg)
HYDROLOGIC BUDGET
(Outflows)

 Surface Runoff
 Export through water channel (R2)
 Evaporation
 From ground (Eg)
 From Surface(Es)
 Transpiration
 From ground (Tg)
 From Surface(Ts)
 Infiltration (I)
 Groundwater flowing out of the region (G2)
HYDROLOGICAL BUDGET
(Change in storage)

 Ground water
 Soil Moisture
 Surface reservoir water and depression
 Detention storage
 Example

 Flow of River Chenab at Marala Headworks varied

linearly from 34 cumec (m3/sec) to 283 cumec in 10-
hours during a flood. The flow variation at Khanki
Barrage, downstream of Marala was observed to be
from 28 to 255 cumec during the above mentioned
time. Assuming no lateral flow in or out of the reach,
find out the rate of change of storage of the river
reach between Marala and Khanki. What is total change
in storage of the reach in this period?

Continued….
Solution
I1 = 34 cumecs I2 = 283 cumecs
O1 = 28 cumecs O2 = 255 cumecs
I = ( I1 + I2 ) / 2 = ( 34 + 283 ) / 2 = 158.5 cumecs
O = ( O1 + O2 ) / 2 = ( 28 + 255 ) /2 = 141.5 cumecs
∆S/∆t = ?
According to hydrologic equation
( I1 + I2 ) /2 - ( O1 + O2 ) / 2 = ∆S/∆t
158.5 - 141.5 = ∆S/∆t = 17 cumecs
∆t = 10 hours = 10 x 60 x 60 = 36,000 sec
Total change in storage = ∆S = (∆S/∆t) x ∆t
= 17 x 36,000 = 612 x 10³ m3

Continued….
 Water Budget Equation
 Example
 Water at a constant rate of 370 cumecs was
observed to be entering into Tarbela Reservoir in a
certain season. If outflow from the reservoir
including infiltration and evaporation losses is 280
cumecs, find out the change in storage of reservoir
for 10 such days.

Continued….
Water Budget Equation
Solution
I = 370 cumec
O = 280 cumec
ΔS = ?
According to hydrologic equation,
I - O = ΔS / Δt
370 – 280 = ΔS / Δt =90 cumec
Δt=10 x 24 = 240 hours = 240 x 60 x 60 = 864x10³ sec
Total change in storage = ΔS = (ΔS / Δt) x Δt
=90 x 864x10³ = 777.6x104 m3
Water Budget Equation

 Example
A part of catchment area of Hub River measuring 78
km² received 100 mm of rainfall in 3 hours due to a
storm. A drainage stream joins this part of catchment
to the Hub River. The stream was dry before rainfall
and there was flow in the stream for a period of 2.5
days with an average discharge of 10 cumecs. After the
storm runoff, the stream again became dry. Find the
losses, direct runoff and total runoff in cumecs.

Continued….
Water Budget Equation
Solution
According to hydrologic equation,
Area of catchment A = 78 km2 =78x106 m2
P = 100 mm =0.1 m
Q = 10 m3/sec
t = 2.5 days = 2.5x24x60x60 sec
Total runoff = PxA = ( 0.1 ) x 78 x 106 = 7.8x106m3

DRO = 10x2.5x24x60x60=2.16x106 m3

L=P-R = 7.8x106 - 2.16x106 = 5.64x106m3

Continued….