We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
"The only way to learn a new programming language is
by writing programs in Peta
1 Python Character Set
2 Tokens
> Keywords
» Identifiers / Variable
> Literals / Values
»> Delimiters
»> Operators
> Variable
Concepts of L-Value and R-Value
Comments
Statement
Clarity and simplicity of expression
Blocks and Indentation
The input ( ) function
wlo si alu|alw
The print ( ) function
10 Program Testing and Debugging
11 Errors and Exceptions
12 A) Compile — Time errors
13 A) Syntax Error
14 B) Semantic Errors
Pages of 23 Unit Introduction to Python
OTR are Carat teen te tte tei
A character can represents any letter, digit, or any other sign. Following
are some of the python character set.
LETTERS AtoZandatoz
Dy
SPECIAL SYMBOLS 7 i 1 & #, under score(_} etc,
Blank space, horizontal tab (- > ), carriage return , Newline,
Ae es
Form feed.
Chita’ Python can process all ASCII and Unicode characters as part
rer T NT Nei tds) of data or literals.
The smallest individual unit in a program is known as token or lexical unit.
Keywords are special identifiers with predefined meanings that cannot
change. As these words have specific meaning for interpreter, they
cannot be used for any other purpose.
Page2 of 23, Unit Introduction to Python
OTR are Carat teen te tte tei
and | exec | not | continue if return | except| else
as_| finally | or | def | import | try | class | lambda
assert for_| Pass | del in| while | global | yield
break | from | print elif is with raise class
Identifiers are names given to identify something. Identifiers are
fundamental building blocks of a program and are used as general
terminology for the names given to different part of the program that is
variables, objects, classes, functions, lists, dictionaries etc.
INOTE: An ident
Te eon keke el
There are some rules you have to follow for naming identifiers:
> An identifier starts with a letter A to Z or a to z or an underscore (_)
followed by zero or more letters, underscores and digits (0 to 9).
> Python does not allow special characters
> Identifier must not be a keyword of Python.
> Python is a case sensitive programming language.
Thus, Sname and sname are two different identifiers in Python.
Page3 of 23, Unit Introduction to Python
OTR are Carat teen te tte tei
Some valid identifiers: Mybook, file123, z2td, date_2,_no
Some invalid variable name which produces syntax errors are as follows
>>> 98Sep_sco syntaxError: invalid syntax because variable start with a digit,
>>> Your Age ‘SyntaxError: invalid syntax because variable contains space
>>> while ‘SyntaxError: invalid syntax because variable is a reserve word
>>> myname@ _ syntaxError: invalid syntax because variable contains a special character
Literals in Python can be defined as number, text, or other data that
represent values to be stored in variables. The data items which never
change their value throughout the program run. There are several kinds
of literals:
> String Literals
> Numeric Literals
> Boolean Literals
> Special Literal None
> Literal Collections
Paged of 23, Unit Introduction to Python
OTR are Carat teen te tte tei
ls
fo
Numeric Literals : The numeric literals in Python can belong to any of the following
different numerical types:
int Used to integer value |Age = 20
float Used for real value Perc =98.5
‘complex Used to part of complex number [x= 1+0i
bool: It is logical literal |Used to logical /Boolean Result = True
Text Literals: is a sequence of letters surrounded by either by single or double or triple
quotes.
String Literal Used to Unicode/Text/String __ [Name = Johni, fram
bytes ASCII test/string "[Link]’
None Type : It is special|No - value None(and no other object)
Used to implement the grammatical and structure of Syntax.
johny"
Delimiters are used in various areas of the Python language. They are
used to build expressions, string literals, tuples, dictionaries or lists.
Following are the python delimiters.
DS ed feeb ceuel
Grouping
"/_# _|Punctuation
Bit-wise assignment
we
Arthmetic assignment
Operators are special symbols that perform specific operations on one,
two, or three operands, and then return a result.
Pages of 23, Unit Introduction to Python
OTR are Carat teen te tte tei
Operators (Jeary
Grouping
Relational Operators
a | ~ A cc > Bit-wise Operators
Variable is an identifier whose value can change. For example variable
age can have different value for different person.
Variable name should be unique in a program.
> Variables must always be assigned values before they are used in the
program, otherwise it will lead to an error.
> Wherever a variable name occurs in the program, the interpreter
replaces it with the value of that particular variable.
> Value of a variable can be string (for example, ‘A’, ‘Excellent’), number
(for example 98.5) or any combination of alphanumeric (alphabets and
numbers for example ‘B10’) characters.
In Python, we can use an assignment statement to create new variables
and assign specific values to them.
The basic assignment statement has this form:
=
Here, is an identifier and is an expression.
Pages of 23, Unit Introduction to Python
OTR are Carat teen te tte tei
For Example:
Class = 12 # Variable created of numeric (integer) type
Remark="Keepitup!" —_# Variable created of string type
Percentage = 98.5 # Variable created of numeric (floating point) type
Multiple Assignments:
> Assigning same value to multiple variables:
It will assign value 100 to all three variables x, y and z.
> Assigning multiple value to multiple variables
Pp, q, r= 10, 20, 30
It will assign the value order wise that is value 10 assign to variable p,
value 20 assign to variable q and value 30 assign to variable r.
Example: Write a Python program to find the sum of two numbers.
numl = 100
num2 = 200
result = numl + num2
print (result)
Output: 300
Example: Write a Python program to find the area of a triangle given that
its base is 20 units and height is 40 units.
base = 20
height = 40
Page? of 23, Unit Introduction to Python
OTR are Carat teen te tte tei
area = 0.5 *base * height
print (area)
Output: 400
> Lvalue refers to object to which you can assign value. It refers to
memory location. It can appear LHS or RHS of assignment
> Rvalue refers to the value we assign to any variable. It can appear on
RHS of assignment
For example:
Numi = 10 # Numl is an L-value
Num2 = 20 # Num2 is an L-value
sum = Numl + Num2 # (Numl +Num2) is an R-value
print (sum)
Output: 30
> Comments are used to add a remark or a note in the source code.
> Comments are not executed by interpreter.
> In Python, a single line comment starts with # (hash sign).
Python supports 3 ways to enter comments:
Pages of 23, Unit Introduction to Python
> Full line comment
OTR are Carat teen te tte tei
> Inline comment
> Multiline comment
Example:
#This is program of volume of cylinder
Example
area = length*breadth # calculating area of rectangle
Example: A. adding in the beginning of every line (using #)
# Program name: area of circle
# Date: 20/07/18
#Language : Python
Example : B. Multiline comment (using ') triple quotes
Created by: [Link]
Date : 07/11/2020
Topic : Use of triple — qouted multi line string
Pages of 23, Unit Introduction to Python
> Itis a programming instruction that does something i.e. some action
takes place,
> Instructions that a Python interpreter can execute are called
statements
OTR are Carat teen te tte tei
Example:
print (“Welcome to python”)
The above statement call print function
Statements in Python typically end with a new line. Python does,
however, allow the use of the line continuation character (\) at the end of
the line to continue the statement onto the next line. For example,
# Assigns more values to the variables
Mark1, Mark2, Mark3, Mark4, Mark5 = 70, 80, 87, 89, 78
Total = Mark1 +\
Mark2+\
Mark3 + \
Mark4 + \
MarkS
print ("Total mark is:”, Total)
Output: Total mark is: 404
Pagei0 of 23, Unit Introduction to Python
OTR are Carat teen te tte tei
NOTE: Statements contained within the [ ], { }, or ( ) brackets do not need
to use the line continuation character.
For example:
‘Tuesday’,
‘Wednesday’,
‘Thursday’,
‘Friday']
Parenthesis should be used to show the precedence of the operators and
to enclose a sub-expression. This removes the ambiguities and
misinterpretation leading to wrong outputs.
Example,
Z=(a*a)+(3*a*b)—(c*)
/ No two operators
occur one after the othe
For example, The operators should have
ine operands before and after
them. In case there are
many sub-expressions_in
an expression, then we
eak it up into individual
Root = (-b + D)/ X
Paget of 23 Unit Introduction to Python
ee Aaa rr b ebm et btn Ey
A group of statements which are part of another statement or a function
are called block or code — block or suite in Python.
It’s best to use four spaces of indent for each code block level. If you use
another number of spaces (2, 6, 8), that’s fine. The important thing is that
all the code in the code block must have the same number of spaces.
Note: You cannot unnecessarily indent a statement; Python will raise
error for that.
Consider the following Example:
en erate
Block of if statement with all its statements
Tv eraes
at same indentation level
veal
(ears NOC esa tc a)
Example: Write a program to input a number (N) and find the sum of all
numbers till N and its average.
Also, find the sum of all even and odd numbers till N. The program also
justifies the indentation for both looping and branching to find the
correct result.
Solution:
Pageszof 23 ee Aaa rr b ebm et btn Ey
Ey er yes)
eugene ear
a Cerca ers Sc
Perens’
o lines body in true part
eT ee reg] HES it part indentation
SOS Unc cus
Teves] jee else part indentation
Ero est
Eula eerie
felt ears
Berea
Bear ae
eT restre
avg = sum /n;
prey
Rue eRe oes ae
print ("The avg of natural numbers is =>", avg)
Re ee ee me)
NOR Cn cee ey)
print ("The avg of even numbers is => ", avel)
print ("The avg of odd numbers is =>", avg2)
fin Ghecncerer cr reee errr r reer Secor ecerereay uF sduction to Python:
ee Aaa rr b ebm et btn Ey
Function indentation
Indent the function body when a function starts.
# Function to find sum of two numbers
# Multiline in a block using function
Function body statements
result =a +b
print("Sum of two numbers is:”, result)
The input () function
> The input () function prompts the user to enter data.
> It accepts all user input as string.
> The user may enter a number or a string but the input { ) function
treats them as strings only.
The syntax for input () is:
input ({Prompt])
> Prompt is the string we may like to display on the screen prior to taking
the input, and it is optional.
For example,
Pagei4 of 23 Unit Introduction to Python
OTR are Carat teen te tte tei
File Edit Format Run Options Window Help
# Use of input ()
name = input("Enter your name: .")
marks = input ("Enter your marks: ")
print ("Your Name is
print ("Your Marks i:
Enter your marks
Your Name is : Ahil
Your Marks is: 98
Suppose we want to find sum of two numbers and the program i:
Fe tat Fomat un Options Window Help
# Use of input ()
#For example, suppose we want to
#find sum of two numbers
numl = input ("Enter first numbe:
num2 = input ("Enter second number: *)
sum = numi + num2
print ("The sum of ', numl, ' and ', num2, ' is ',sum)
a Prnon365 Set
Fle at_She_eug Options Window Heb
Enter first number: 10
Enter second number: 20
The sun of 10 and 20 is 1020
Pages5 of 23 Unit Introduction to Python
OTR are Carat teen te tte tei
When we execute the above program, the program doesn’t add the two
numbers together; it just puts one right after the other as 1020
The solution to the above problem is:
Python offers two functions int () and float ( ) to be used with input () to
convert the values received through input ( ) into int and float types.
PXece yee eo wre Ker OR ow
We need to convert an input string value into an integer using a int{ }
Both input values are
num? = int(input("Enter second number: ")) _Converted into integer type
sum = num1 + num2
print (‘The sum of ', num1, ‘and ', num2, ’ is ';sum)
function.
num1 = int (input("Enter first number: "))
OUTPUT: Enter first number: 10
Enter second number: 30
The sum of 10 and 30 is 40
Accept an fl
at input from User
You need to convert user input to the float number using the float()
function as we did for the integer value.
oat (input("Enter first number:
num2 = float(input("Enter second number:
sum = num1 + num2
Both input values are
converted into float type
print (‘The sum of ', num1, ' and ', num2, ‘is 'sum)
OUTPUT: Enter first number: 10.5
Enter second number: 30.5 Unit
luction to Python
OTR are Carat teen te tte tei
The sum of 10.5 and 30.5 is 41.0
In Python, we can accept two or three values from the user in one input{)
call.
om
i MON ER ag oT ey Rn TRO 2 ES)
155, Marks = input ("Enter your Name, Class, Marks separated by space: ")-split()
petails: ", name, Class, Marks)
oot at
Enter your Name, Class, Marks separated by space: Ashaz 4th 99
User Details: ashaz 4th 99 |
> The print () function allows you to print out the value of a variable and
strings in parenthesis.
The general form of print () function is:
print ()
print (value/expr)
print (value, ...., sep="', end="\n’, file=[Link], flush=False)
> The print () function prints a blank line. For example:
>>> print ()
Page37 of 23 Unit Introduction to Python
OTR are Carat teen te tte tei
> The print () function prints the value of variable or expression. For
example:
>>> N1=20
>>> N2 = 30
>>> Sum = N1+N2
>>> print (Sum) # prints a value
50
>>> print (N1+N2) # prints a value of an expression i.e., N1+N2
50
>>> Ver = 3.6
>>> Prog = "Python"
>>> print (Prog, Ver) # prints two values separated with comma (,)
Python 3.6
> The print() function contains number of options. You can use either
one, two or all at once.
For example:
= Print a message.
>>> print ("The sum is") # prints a message
The sum is
>>> print ("My Python")
Pages8 of 23, Unit Introduction to Python
OTR are Carat teen te tte tei
My Python
~ Print a value, message or both message and values and vice versa.
>>> print ("The sum is", Sum) _ # prints a message with a value
The sum is 50
>>> print (Sum, “is the sum of", N1, “and", N2) # print is alternate way
50 is the sum of 20 and 30
> The sep separator is used between the values. It defaults into a space
character. For example:
>>> print (10,20,30,40,sep="*') # prints a separator *
10*20*30*40
> After all values are printed, end is printed. It defaults into a new line.
>>> print (10, 20, 30, 40, sep = '*', end = '@') # Anew end is assigned @
10*20*30*40@
Let us take other examples, where a print() function can output multiple
things at once, each item separated by a comma.
# The following code prints: The answer to 10+10 is 20
>>>print (" The answer to 10+10is" , 10410)
# The following code prints: The answer to 10+10 is 10+10
>>>print (" The answer to 10+10 is", "10+10")
1 Pagei9 of 23 Unit Introduction to Python
OTR are Carat teen te tte tei
# The following code does not work and product Invalid Syntax because
the comma (,) is inside the quotation marks and not outside.
>>>print (" The answer to 10+10 is ,” 10+10)
> print () with Concatenate Operator (+)
The print() function can print two strings either using comma (,) operator,
or a concatenate operator (+).
For example,
>>> print ("My name is Ahil", "Class-XI A.") # Print with space separator.
My name is Ahil Class-X! A.
Similarly, by using concatenate operator (+), the print() function is:
>>> print ("My name is Ashaz” + "Class-XI B.") # Print without separator.
My name is AshazClass-XI A.
The general Syntax:
% [Link] type-char
For example:
a=2.45567
print("%.2F" %a)
Page200f 23, Unit Introduction to Python
A programmer can make mistakes while writing a program, and hence,
OTR are Carat teen te tte tei
the program may not execute or may generate wrong output.
Program Testing:
Program Testing means running the program, executing all its instructions
or functions and testing the logic by entering sample data in order to
check the output.
Debugging:
Debugging is the process of finding and correcting the errors in the
program code.
An errors and exceptions both disrupt a program and stop its execution.
But Errors and Exceptions are not the same.
Errors ina program:
An error, also termed as ‘a bug’, is anything in the code that prevents a
program from compiling and running correctly.
Type of errors:
There are two types of errors:
1) Compile — time Errors
2) Runtime Errors
Paget of 23 Unit Introduction to Python
OTR are Carat teen te tte tei
im pile — Time error
Errors that occur when you violate the rules of writing syntax are known
as compile — time errors.
Compiled time errors are broadly classified into two categaries.
A) Syntax error:
ld Every programming language has its own rules and regulations (syntax).
ld If we overcome the particular language rules and regulations, the
syntax error will appear (i.e. an error of language resulting from code
that does not conform to the syntax of the programming language).
> It can be recognized during compilation time.
Example
ae
while a < 10
azati
print (a)
In the above statement, the second line is not correct. Since the while
statement does not end with ‘:’. This will flash a syntax error.
B) Semantic Errors:
Dit refers the set of rules which give the meaning of statement.
Page 22 of 23 Unit Introduction to Python
OTR are Carat teen te tte tei
For Example:
X+Y=A
will result in a semantically error as an expression cannot come on the
left side of an assignment statement.
Run
i
Errors that occur during the execution of a program are known as run
time errors.
Logical error:
D It is a type of runtime error that may simply produce the wrong output
or may cause a program to crash while running.
D> Itis an error in a program's source code that results in incorrect or
unexpected result.
> The logical error might only be noticed during runtime, because it is
often hidden in the source code and are typically harder to find and
debug.
a = 100
while a < 10:
az=aei
print (a)
In the above example, the while loop will not execute even a single time,
because the initial value of ‘a’ is 100.
Page23 of 23,