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Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of 'Engineering Electromagnetics' covers Coulomb's Law and electric field intensity, detailing the forces between charged particles and the concept of electric field strength. It discusses the superposition of electric fields from multiple charges, volume charge density, and the electric field generated by line and sheet charge distributions. The chapter includes examples and methodologies for calculating electric fields in various configurations.

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Daniela Gonzalez
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3 views21 pages

Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of 'Engineering Electromagnetics' covers Coulomb's Law and electric field intensity, detailing the forces between charged particles and the concept of electric field strength. It discusses the superposition of electric fields from multiple charges, volume charge density, and the electric field generated by line and sheet charge distributions. The chapter includes examples and methodologies for calculating electric fields in various configurations.

Uploaded by

Daniela Gonzalez
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Engineering Electromagnetics

W.H. Hayt, Jr. and J. A. Buck

Chapter 2
Coulomb’s Law and Electric Field Intensity

2-1
Coulomb’s Experimental Law

Q1 Q2
+ R + F

Force of repulsion, F, occurs when charges


have the same sign.
Charges attract when of opposite sign

where

2-2
Free Space Permittivity

with which the Coulomb force becomes:

2-3
Coulomb Force with Charges Off-Origin

2-4
Electric Field Intensity
Consider the force acting on a test charge, Qt , arising from charge Q1:

where a1t is the unit vector directed from Q1 to Qt

The electric field intensity is defined as the force per unit test charge, or

N/C

A more convenient unit for electric field is V/m, as will be shown.


2-5
Electric Field of a Charge Off-Origin

2-6
Superposition of Fields From Two Point Charges

For n charges:

2-7
Example

Find E at P, using

First, find the vectors:

Then:

2-8
Example (continued)

Find E at P, using

where

Now:

so that:

2-9
Volume Charge Density

Given a charge Q within a volume , the volume charge density is defined as:

….so that the charge contained within a volume is

2-10
Example

Find the charge contained within a 2-cm length of the electron beam shown below,
in which the charge density is

2-11
Example (continued)

2-12
Electric Field from Volume Charge
Distributions

Next, sum all contributions throughout a volume and take the limit as 
approaches zero, to obtain the integral:

2-13
Line Charge Electric Field
Line charge of constant density L Coul/m lies along the entire z axis.

At point P, the electric field arising from


charge dQ on the z axis is:

where

and

so that

Therefore
2-14
Line Charge Field (continued)

We have:

By symmetry, only a radial


component is present:

2-15
Line Charge Field Results

2-16
Example: Off-Axis Line Charge
With the line displaced to (6,8), the field becomes:

where

Finally:

2-17
Sheet Charge Field
Uniform surface charge of density s covers the entire y-z plane.
We begin by writing down the line charge field on the x axis for a strip of
differential width dy´, where we consider the x component of that field:

The total field on the x axis is:

or

2-18
Types of Streamline Sketches of Fields:

2-19
Methodology of Streamline Construction

The ratio of the y and x field


components gives the slope
of the field plot in the x-y plane

2-20
Example: Line Charge Field
Begin with the normalized line charge field in cylindrical coordinates:

Convert to rectangular components:

Then

whose solution is

Finally
2-21

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