QUARTER 3 READING AND WRITING SKILLS REVIEWER

Patterns of Development in Writing

NARRATION - A pattern of development tells a story.
–Tells a story (chronological order)
PERSUASIVE - A pattern of writing development wherein it convinces the readers to agree to an argument or
claim about a particular topic.
– Convinces readers to agree with a claim
CLASSIFICATION – A pattern of development in writing that divides things into groups, classes, or categories
based on a criterion or standard.
– Groups ideas based on common characteristics
EXEMPLIFICATION - A pattern of development in writing that provides illustrations and specific examples
clarify or explain.
– Explains using examples
DEFINITION – A pattern of development in writing that explains what it means.
– Explains what something is, means, or does
COMPARE AND CONTRAST – A pattern of development in writing that shows the similarities and differences
of two concepts.
– Shows similarities and differences
CAUSE AND EFFECT - A pattern of development in writing explains why something happens or what results
in a particular event.
– Explains reasons and results
DESCRIPTION - A pattern of writing development with a series of detailed observation and the use of
adjectives and adverbs in a paragraph.
– Uses sensory details, adjectives, and adverbs

FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF WELL- WRITTEN TEXT

1. Organization- it is the clear arrangement of ideas and information in a structured way, usually with an
Example:
Essay: Introduction → Body Paragraphs → Conclusion
Report: Title → Abstract → Methods → Results → Discussion
2. Coherence- it is a logical flow of ideas so that the reader can easily understand the text. Each idea
follows naturally from the previous one.
Example:
Coherent: “First, plants absorb sunlight. Then, they convert it into energy through photosynthesis.”
Incoherent: “Plants convert sunlight. Dogs bark. Photosynthesis occurs.”
3. Cohesion- it is the use of linking words, phrases, or grammatical devices to connect sentences and
ideas smoothly.
Examples of Cohesive Devices:
Conjunctions: and, but, or, because
Transitional phrases: however, therefore, in addition, on the other hand
Example: “I studied hard for the exam. Therefore, I passed with flying colors.”
4. Language Use- it is an appropriate choice of words, style, and tone depending on the purpose and
audience. It includes clarity, conciseness, precision, and appropriateness.
Example:
Formal: “The results indicate a significant improvement in test scores.”
Informal: “The scores went up a lot!”
5. Mechanics- Correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and formatting to make
writing readable and professional.
Examples:
Correct: “She can’t attend the meeting because she is sick.”
Incorrect: “She cant attend the meeting because she is sick.”
Proper formatting: consistent font, headings, bullet points
A primary purpose of organizing a text is To make it easier for the reader to follow and understand.
Emotive is not a common organizational structure.
Thee is not a transitional word commonly used to create coherence and cohesion in a text.

CLAIMS IN WRITING
CLAIM OF VALUE - A claim argues that something is good or bad, or that one thing is better than
another thing.
EXAMPLE/S: “Law is a more encompassing profession than Medicine.”
CLAIM OF FACT – A claim makes an assertion about something that can be proved or disproved with
factual evidence.
EXAMPLE/S: “Research studies are conducted to improve human condition.”
“Following a healthy diet with enough rest and exercise will make you healthy.”
“Other planets have been visited by people.”
CLAIM OF POLICY – A claim that advocates adoption of courses of action because problems have
arisen that call for a solution.
 EXAMPLE/S: “We need to elect council officers to address certain concerns of the people in
the barangay.”
“Gender equality needs to be strengthened in the academe.”

CONTEXT OF DEVELOPMENT
INTERTEXT - A text development allows the writers to produce texts with borrowed ideas from other
writers.
Example: “West Side Story” is intertextual with “Romeo and Juliet” because it borrows the plot of star-
crossed lovers and feuding groups and Taylor Swift’s Love Story

Types of Intertextuality
*PASTICHE – a type of intertext copies or imitates the style or other properties of another text without making
fun of it.
Example: The film “Kill Bill” uses a pastiche of spaghetti westerns, samurai films, and martial arts movies.
*PARODY- a funny imitation of a serious piece of literature, writing, art, or music.
Example: “Scary Movie” parodies horror films like Scream and I Know What You Did Last Summer.
*QUOTATION - a type of intertext that directly lifts the exact statement or set of words from a text that another
author has made.
Example: Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I have a dream” speech quotes biblical and patriotic texts, e.g., “Let
freedom ring.”
*ALLUSION - a reference to another text, a person, place or event wherein the reader has to make the
appropriate connection.
Example: Saying “He met his Waterloo” alludes to Napoleon’s defeat at the Battle of Waterloo.
*RETELLING- a type of intertext that taking the story of an existing text and telling it in a new way, often
changing perspective, setting, or characters.
Example: “Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead” by Tom Stoppard re-tells Hamlet from the viewpoint of
minor characters.
*Appropriation-Taking a text, idea, or style and transforming it in a new context, often to give it new meaning
or commentary.
Example: Jean Rhys’ “Wide Sargasso Sea” appropriates Jane Eyre by telling the story of Bertha Mason, the
“madwoman in the attic,” from her perspective.

HYPERTEXT - A text development new way to read online text that differs from reading the standard linear
text.
EXAMPLES
Wikipedia articles – Clicking links in an article can take you to related topics.
E-books with hyperlinks – Footnotes or references that take you directly to another section or external
source.
Online news websites – Embedded links in an article direct reader to background stories or related articles.

Difference:
 Hypertext = multiple reading paths
 Intertext = references to other texts

Effective Language
Language that communicates ideas clearly, accurately, and persuasively to the audience. Besides clarity,
conciseness, and precision, it includes:
1. Clarity – Expressing ideas in a straightforward, easy-to-understand manner.
Example: “The meeting starts at 9 AM” instead of “The gathering will commence in the morning
hours.”
2. Conciseness – Using few words without losing meaning.
Example: “She won the award” instead of “She was the recipient of an award for which she
competed.”
3. Precision – Choosing exact words to convey the intended meaning.
Example: “He sprinted 100 meters in 12 seconds” instead of “He ran very fast.”
4. Coherence – Ideas are logically organized and connected.
Example: “First, wash your hands. Next, prepare the ingredients. Then, start cooking.”
5. Appropriateness / Tone – Using language suitable for the audience, purpose, and context.
Example: Using formal tone in a business email: “Dear Mr. Santos, I would like to request your
approval…”
6. Variety / Vocabulary – Using rich and precise vocabulary to avoid repetition and monotony.
Example: Instead of repeating “good,” use: excellent, remarkable, outstanding, or superb.
7. Engagement / Persuasiveness – Language that captures attention or motivates the audience.
Example: “Join us in making a difference—your actions matter!”
8. Correctness / Accuracy – Proper grammar, punctuation, and usage to avoid confusion.
o Example: “It’s important to submit the report on time” instead of “Its important to submit the
report on time.”
 9. Imagery / Figurative Language (Optional, for creative texts) – Using metaphors, similes, and vivid
descriptions to enhance understanding.
o Example: “Her smile was a ray of sunshine” instead of “She smiled pleasantly.”

Informal Language-Language used in casual, everyday communication, often among friends, on social media, or
in texting. It’s relaxed, conversational, and may include abbreviations, slang, or emojis.
Common Features:
 Abbreviations (shortened words or phrases)
 Slang (trendy or cultural words)
 Contractions (don’t, can’t, we’re)
 Casual expressions or idioms
 Emojis or symbols in writing
Examples:
1. DM – Direct Message
Example: “Send me a DM later.”
2. OOTD – Outfit of the Day
Example: “Check out my OOTD!”
3. LOL – Laugh Out Loud
Example: “That joke was so funny, LOL!”
4. BRB – Be Right Back
Example: “BRB, need to grab some water.”
5. BTW – By The Way
Example: “BTW, did you finish your homework?”
6. IDK – I Don’t Know
Example: “IDK what to wear tonight.”
7. Slang words – chill, fam, lit, vibes
Example: “That party was lit!”
8. Texting shortcuts – u (you), r (are), thx (thanks)
Example: “Thx for helping me, u’re the best!”

Formal / Academic Language-Language used in professional, academic, or official contexts. It is structured,

clear, and follows standard grammar rules. It avoids slang, contractions, and casual expressions.
Key Features and Examples:
1. Intelligibility – Language is easy to understand and logically organized.
Example: “The study demonstrates the effects of climate change on coastal communities”
instead of “Climate change is messing up the coasts.”
2. Precision / Accuracy (PT: Professional Tone) – Words are carefully chosen to convey exact
meaning and maintain credibility.
Example: “The results indicate a statistically significant increase in temperature” instead of “The
results show it got hotter.”
3. Objectivity – Avoids personal opinions, feelings, or biased language.
Example: “The data suggest a correlation between sleep and productivity” instead of “I think
people work better if they sleep more.”
4. Formality / Professional Tone – Uses full words, avoids contractions, slang, or casual expressions.
Example: “Cannot” instead of “can’t”; “Therefore” instead of “so.”
5. Complexity / Structured Sentences – Uses complete sentences, transitions, and connectors for
clarity.
Example: “Although the sample size was limited, the findings provide insights into urban
pollution trends.”
6. Cohesion and Coherence – Ideas are logically connected and easy to follow.
Example: “Firstly… Secondly… Finally…” or using words like “however,” “consequently,” “in
conclusion.”
7. Impersonality – Focuses on facts or evidence rather than the writer’s personal voice.
Example: “The experiment was conducted under controlled conditions” instead of “I conducted
the experiment carefully.”
8. Technical Vocabulary / Jargon – Uses field-specific terms appropriately.
Example: “Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy” instead of “Plants use
sunlight to make food.”

Writing Mechanics-The rules and conventions that ensure writing is correct, readable, and professional. This
includes spelling, grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and formatting.

1. Punctuation- Symbols used in writing to clarify meaning, indicate pauses, separate ideas, or show
relationships between words and sentences. Proper punctuation improves readability and prevents confusion.

Common Punctuation Marks and Their Uses

1. Period (.) – Ends a declarative sentence or statement.
Example: “She finished her homework.”
 2. Comma (,) – Indicates a pause, separates items in a list, or sets off clauses.
Example: “I bought apples, oranges, and bananas.”
Error to avoid: “I bought apples oranges and bananas.”
3. Question Mark (?) – Ends a direct question.
Example: “Are you coming to the party?”
4. Exclamation Mark (!) – Shows strong emotion, excitement, or emphasis.
Example: “Watch out!”
5. Colon (:) – Introduces a list, explanation, or quotation.
Example: “She has three favorite subjects: Math, Science, and English.”
6. Semicolon (;) – Connects closely related independent clauses or separates items in a complex list.
Example: “I have a meeting tomorrow; I cannot attend the party.”
7. Apostrophe (’) – Shows possession or forms contractions.
Example: “This is Sarah’s book.” / “Don’t forget your homework.”
8. Quotation Marks (“ ”) – Enclose direct speech, quotes, or titles of short works.
Example: “I love reading,” she said.
9. Dash (—) – Indicates a pause, sudden break, or adds emphasis.
Example: “I finally understood—after many attempts—that practice pays off.”
10. Parentheses ( ) – Enclose additional information or clarifications.
Example: “He finally arrived (after missing three buses).”
11. Ellipsis (…) – Shows omitted words, trailing thoughts, or suspense.
Example: “I was thinking… maybe we should wait.”
12. Hyphen (-) – Connects words or splits them at the end of a line.
Example: “Well-known author” / “Twenty-one students attended.”

2. Capitalization-Using uppercase letters at the beginning of words in specific cases to show importance or
follow writing conventions.
Rules & Examples:
1. First word of a sentence
Example: “The sun rises in the east.”
2. Proper nouns (specific names of people, places, or things)
Example: “Maria went to Manila.”
3. Titles of books, movies, articles, songs, etc.
Example: Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone
4. Days, months, and holidays
Example: “Monday, January, Christmas”
5. Pronoun “I”
Example: “I am learning how to write better.”
6. Acronyms and abbreviations
Example: “UNICEF, NASA, ASAP”
7. Important words in headings or subheadings
Example: “Effective Language in Writing”

3. Formatting-The arrangement of text on a page or document to make it clear, readable, and professional.
Key Elements & Examples:
1. Paragraphs – Separate ideas using line breaks or indentation.
o Example: Start each new idea in a new paragraph.
2. Font type & size – Use consistent and readable fonts (e.g., Times New Roman, 12pt for academic
papers).
3. Margins & spacing – Leave enough space around text; double-spacing is common in essays.
4. Headings and subheadings – Organize content with clear titles.
o Example: Introduction, Methods, Results
5. Bullet points or numbering – List items clearly.

4. Spelling
Common Errors
1. Spelling mistakes – Wrongly spelled words can confuse readers.
Example: “Recieve” instead of “Receive”
2. Grammar errors – Problems with sentence structure, verb tense, subject-verb agreement, or word order.
Example: “He go to school yesterday” → “He went to school yesterday.”
3. Punctuation errors – Misuse of commas, periods, apostrophes, quotation marks, etc.
Example: “Lets eat grandma” → “Let’s eat, grandma.”
4. Capitalization errors – Improper use of uppercase letters.
Example: “i visited paris last summer” → “I visited Paris last summer.”
5. Formatting errors – Inconsistent spacing, font, headings, or alignment.

How to Avoid Errors

1. Proofread carefully – Read your work multiple times, aloud if possible, to catch mistakes.
2. Use grammar and spell-check tools – Tools like Grammarly, Microsoft Word, or Google Docs can help
identify errors.
3. Ask for feedback – A peer, teacher, or mentor can spot mistakes you might overlook.
4. Review grammar rules – Brush up on common rules like subject-verb agreement, punctuation, and verb
tenses.
5. Read widely – Exposure to well-written texts improves your writing instinctively.