ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Classification of Organic compounds :

⑦ Hydrocarbons ⑬ Halogenolkanes ⑧ compounds containing

O & N
R halogen
.

compounds containing
C& # onup
. ① Alohas (R-OH)

① Alanes (c u)-
① Fluoroalkane ②
Carboxylic Acid
saturated huchocarbons R -
F CR-COOH)
eacho is making 4obonds
Cuttzn + 2 Chloroalkane
② Esters
R -
C O

R - C -
0 -

② Alkenes (c = c) ③ Bromoalkane

unsaturated hychocarbons (reactive) R-Bu

critten ④ carbony, compounds

⑦ lodoalkane ↓ -

R-I
③ Alkyl love # less than alame) Aldehyde
ketone

CuHtzn + (R-group)
O O

⑦ CycloAlkame cringed /cydicalkaves) R-"G -

H R-"C-R
Chtten

⑤ Amine (R-NH2)
⑤ cyclotenes
catten -
2 ③ Nitrile (R-CEN)

⑥ Alkynes CUEO ⑦ Amide

Critten-2 O

R-"c - N- F

#
 &

Alkame :
10-meth 50-pent
zu-eth
60-neX
saturated hychocarbon / each c making 30 -
prop T0-hept
4 single bonds 40-but 80-out
...

simplest alkane Methane

:

H -6 -
+CH4
It cuttantz

C, Hz(l) + 2

HH Ethane

+
-! 2 t ctb-
- -

_ Propane
cate Alky1 love I resthan allane) :

↓ # (R-group)
H -
- CH3
I methyl
Alkene :

-
unsaturated mychocarbon bloc = C

Bond CH5
i can break
easily-reactive I ↓
ethyl
#
simplest alkene :
Crette

=
# Ethene
H #
H

q- 4-
/ -

H
H H -
-
CaH7

H H Propyl
(C3H6)
↓

H
I htI Propene
H -
c =c -0- H

I
I
 cynoalkane
:

straight chain >

-

cyclic/ringed compound rose He

need minimum 30 for cyclic compounds.

H
I
H
----
0
-

cyclopropane
11

propane
#- C3H6

(ests)

H #

H - n -
H

--- - -

M cyclobutane
H - -
-
H Cuis

butant ↓ I
(C4HIO)

H
eyaoalkenes
:
Alkyne
:

-A
H H OEC Ctriple wond)
H -
c = ! - b -
H
I
# H - c =c -H

ethyne
propene cyclopropere

C3HS
C3H4 #

u= - H
H
-
-

I
H
HHHH
H-k = k - b -
k -
H
propyne
.

1
HH

butene cyclobutene
C4Hs Cutte
 Halogenoalkame

It
I
H
-

-F Fluromethane
I
H

d chloroethane
I I
H H

-Br momopropane
↓
I

Alcohols
:
carboxylic ands :

(R-OH)
↑ -
cott

-
O

OH meth and H-d-0H methanoic acid

# 0

HH
H-b--oH emanoi acid

#6- -OHetanoalcohol H

#H

----opopanio --

0-6
aida

---- OH propanol

Esters : carboxylic acid + alohot.

-i -H -
I
+ +0 -

b k
-
-
-
- -
0
- ( y-
-
+ +

ethanoic acid propanol Propyl Emanoate

 O O

-k +a 6
- -
I

q
I Il
u -u -u 0 -k- 0
eg
-
.
- +
-

eg
- -
.

I I I I I
-
Methyl Propanoate Ethyl butanoate

carbonyl compounds :

Aldehyde Ketone

-H c -
11
0 - C

- -- ---
-
H

propanoue
propanaaldehyde S

Amine (R-NHz) :
Alkyl Amine

- P -- - H
-- NHz - 6 -y NH2
-
- - -

11I

butanal ethylamine propylamine.

Nitrile (R-CEN) Amide

Alkare Nitrile . Calkanamide)

-N
I
H -
CEN -
-

# ↓
ethane nitrile etuanamide .

- - u =

propanenitrile
 Identify the functional Groups

1, i
D- ----alane ⑫ c -c c-N b
-
- -

amide
-

#
1 I
1 I

② -
c =
--- alkene

③ - ----OH alond

④
---halogeno an a e

⑤ -----alnd 11
Ot

⑥ - ---- H I
aldehyde

⑦----- Ketone

⑧ - -- - I
-
OH
cuboxylic acid

O
I
I

c -c - c-o-q-
Il
⑨ -

ester
I I

⑩ -( - - + -
NHz amine

⑪- -cen
nitrile
 Identify the
functional groups for the
following
Per
①

-
1
-c c c = c
halogen
- - +

alkene
I I ,

OH O
I
I 11
② - c -
c -
c -
0
-

H halogen ,
alcoho aldehyde
I ,
I

Ch

③ - = -C -
OH
carboxylic
acid , alkene

CH3 O
I 111 I
④ c c c before
alkyl
q-
- -
-
-

,
11

⑤ halogen ,
avohol , alky

Ch O
11111
⑳ -
c = c-c-c-oH alkene
, haloge , carboxylic acid
I

I "
⑦ - c -
c
c 0
q-
-
-
-

ester
I I

CH3 O
111
⑨ - c
I
-
c
I
-

C - H
alkyl , nalogen ,
aldehyde
Des

O
OH I
I 11

⑨
I I
c -
c -
0 -

0
-
aloud halogen ,
Ketone
,
-

I I I
Name the following organic compounds
30

I Propane Chachach -
a
c b
-
.
- -
-

I I

*
b .

- c =
-- propene Chr = CACH3

Mott
11
2
C c c OH propan-1-ol/ CHICHICHOH
- -
-
-

3/2/ 1
propanol Of
↑

-
-pan-2- CHH)
.
a

e-k-c-"-it I
propan-I-al/ChaCACHO. 10
propanal
O
Il

f -- i - propaw-2
-
one CHELOCH -

10
O
11 11

g
c c c OH propan-l-oic acid/CCH
off
-
.
- -

I I
propanoic acid

n
-- -
CEN
propanenitrile .
CHECHONEN

i
---- NH2
propylamine/ CHICHICHINH2 -NH2
propane-l-amine
O
O
0---
11
H HH
s
Emylmemanate
-
c -
 4

CHACHzCHeCHa
-
111
a c c c -
-

untune
- -

I I 11

X-
b k = c - - CH2 = CACHICH
but-level
. +

11
untene

I
X
·

-q c
=
q CHICH = CHCH3
+
-

but-2-ore

ot
d .

-
1111
c -c-c-c-oH
butan-1-o/ CACHCHCH2OH -
I I 11
rutanol

e -

---- utan-z-o
11
.

CheChochs T
I I
OH

cr

f .

-
111
c -

c
-
c
-

11
-
2-chloro mstance CHICHICHCICH3
X
11

g
-

q - -+
q butan-2-one CH3CHzCOCH3 X
I

O - 0

1
I 111
I
c - c-c-c metan-I-all
-

h
CHCHzCHCHO
. -

I 1
butanal .

--- q o
I
i + - -

metanal otChachachts

cascorches-o
O
11
j c c 0
q k
- +
-

enylethanoate
-

0-c - - +
-
metanoic acia HOOCCHCHCH1 an
11
Of
I

#O20
 Rules for Naming Organic compounds

Pick the all functional groups

including
chain
① longest carbon

called the Parent chain

CH3 Cu O
CH3 CH3 Ot CH3 O
I
= - -u
C
I I
I I Il I Il
- - u - OH
- ot
C c c u
-
- - -
- - -

I I 1
CH3 G

O
Ch CH5
11 I I I
Ho -
u - 0 - c - -

+3

② Number the catoms on the parent chain suchthat

the most important

functional group gets the least number

H3
-
6 Ott O
I I Il
I
vist OH
of Imp : egt - 0 - - -
u
-

5141312 I
(Numbering
Carboxylic
Acid (most impl
↑

Ester o CH3
I I
,
oh, I

Amine egz . u -u u -u u u
- - -
- -

1217415161
1
Nitrile

Aldehyde
Ketone Dur
CH3
I

-=
I I I
Alcohol egz
.

C ---
·

Akene Ott
Alkane

Alkyl
Halogenoalkane (leastimp)
③ If a functional group appears more than once in a
compound use

The
prefix di
,
tri
,
terra

3 numbers
G
ano 3/02 &
I I
y- 0H "
-
eg 74 -0-0-
who letter &
.

-5 , 3121 I

2 3
,
3-trichlorhexanoic acid
,

⑦ Halogens are
aways named first in an
organic compound
.

⑤ If variants
of a
functional group appear in a
compound ,
name them

in alphabetical order

Gutty I o
I I I
i
Il
II
.
eg
- -u -
0 - 0 -
u -
0H

51 2 I

2-bon-3-chloro-3-iodo-4-methyl
nexar-l-oic acid
 C

-
Name the
following organic compounds No
5 CHACH = CCICH(CH3) CO2H
CH3
①
_ 3-chloro-2-methyl

Mo
pent---eneoic acid
CH3
CHACH = Ol (CHA) RUCHO
②
_ 2-methyl
2-promo-3-chloro -

-H
-I pent-3-encal
54
3
I

↓
↑

CHECI(CH3) CH2COCAM
CH3
Todo-4-methyl
4
:
4-

③
I

pentan-2-one .

-
CICH C(CH3) CHA CHO
=

CH3 CL O
2 4-dichloro---methyl
I I ,
I It
④ 4 - c = c -
c -
c -
H
but-3-eveat
4312 I C 0

#"-
Oh
0=

# OUCC (CH) Cut Coat

bH ↳
O c a O
-Bromo-2 , 3-dichloro-2-methyl
Il I It butaw-1 , 4-dioic acid-
⑤ Ho - c -
k - c -
c -
Ol
I 2131 T

·
S

CH3 Br

OHCC1(CH3) CHCICHO

.x
D
1
CH3C
I I
O 7-chloro-2-iodo-2-methyl
⑧ H -
C -
e - c -" I
-

Intan-1
,
4-dial -

231 4
o
I
to
HOCHCHUCLO
a
=
CHCHZOH
Ot 4-chloro pent-z-eve-1 , 7 , 5-triol
⑦HM c
.

I
I 1
-
-

21/
5141 3
 O
11
-of
d
I
CI 3

I
OH OH
I
5-chloro-4-methyl
I
⑧
I
- 2 c c C pent-3-ene-1 , 2-dio
-
c
- .

-
= -

12
5143 11
CICHCCCH3) = CHCHCOH)CH20H

Xi
⑨ ---o-c-memytame
CHCHICH2CO2CH7
I I
men
Er Ch -Bromo-2-chloro-
⑩
I I
-

31
-
2
- a

I
= N 2-methyl propanenitrice
'CA3
Port
ECHC(CH3)CN

c G-Bromo-3-chlor
I pro

⑪
Il
- = _
L
-

OIt but-2-eneoir acid

3 Z I

NHz
CHACC = CerCO2H

⑫ 5 CH3
↑
Br
&
CH
I
, -Bromo-2-methyl Har
- N2 amine
c C
pent-2-encyl
- - = c -
-

3211
41
CH3CHe CE = CICHECHINH2

*
I
E
I
OH
I
O
I 3-Bromo-2-hydroxy -H
⑬ -
LEL-c-c-oH but---eneoic acid.
2 I
4 Ch = CEUCIO) CO

Of O
of
O-ot
7-dinydoxy
-
I

i-c-
I I 3
111
of
,
c -
c -
c-OH butanoic acid
4136421 I
CH3CLOHeCH2CO2H

OH prOIl 3 Peromo-3-methyl-2-hychoxy
-

⑮
I
Ho -c -c -

- - - OH tan-1 , 4-dipic acid

:

I
2134434 HO CHLOH) CENCH)CO
it of

ope
 Organic compounds

>
displayed farmula
-

> morecular formula

-

>
emperial formula
-

>
-

structural
formula
Skeletal formula
>
-

H HHH
eg
.

H - --- formula
- H displayed
H

C4H10 (molecular formula

C2H5 Camperial formula

STRUCTURAL FORMULA :

CH3CH2CH2CH3
CH3 (CH2) 2 CH3

Skeletal Formula :

is
skeletal outline of organic compound shown

we not
do show the
C &
I attached to tree ·

~ znv
CH4 Skeletal
farmula
>
-
-
 Isomerism

L -

structural isomers steoisomers

isoners with same molecular isomers with same molecular formula,

different structural same structural formula but different
formula but
S

formula . arrangement
in space

types ① crain Isomers types ① Geometric his-trans)

3 2 :

② Positional , somers ② Optical (Enantioners

⑤ Functional Isomes .

STRUCTURAL ISOMERS :

formula different
same molecular structural .
famula
3 types >
-
Crai Positional & Functional
,

① Chain Isomers : Structural formula is different due to the main

crani (parent chail

Cutti2

50
-o -c - -c -
pentane
-

I 11 I
58

CH3CHzCHzCHzCHE

CH2
11
40 c 0 b -
2-methyl on tane
- - -
-

11I I
40

CHACH(CH3) CHacH3

Cha
I I
I
nu- c -u -
u- 2 2-dimethys propane
,
1 CH3/ 3

CH3C(CH3)2 CH3
② Positional Isomers : Structural
formula is different by of the position of
The functional group
.
C3H70H

I
11
-
C -
c - c -
OH propan-1-ol
I 11
CH3CHz CHzOtt

!
same

off
I 11
propan-z-of
-- u -
u -
-

I 1
C3CHLOH) CH3

Off
-----
I 1

③ Functional isomers : Structural

famula is different bl of the

functional group
.
>
Aldehyde & Ketone
-

>
-

Carboxylic & Estes

>
-
Alcohol & Ether X

>
-
Akenes & cycloalkanes.

&
Aldehyde Ketone

O
CH3CHzCHO.
-
-- H
propan-r-al
-

CHED

-
-4 - -
C3H60

propan-2-one

CH3COCH3
 Alkenes &
cycloalkanes

C3H6
=
-- prop-l-eve
CH2 = CHCH3

#
C3H6

cyclopropane
(CH2)3

Carboxylic And & Esters : C4H802

O butan-l-oic acid
-- -
c
111
-
c -

OH CH3CHz CHzCOzH
11 I

↑ funcion
a

- 0 -k -

(
-

- -k - " -
o
- H -o
-- --
Methanoate
Ethyl ethanoate
Methyl Propanoate Propyl
CH3COrCHaCH3 CH3ChzCOzCh3 # COCHCHzC3

~
Positional /somers .
Q. Draw all possible uctural
somers ,
CH14 (Cultzn + of
of .

chain t positional +
functional

Q-4 - - - -k - nexac
-

2.
mai

CH3

②
↳----- c-meny pentance

↳ positional

③ to--k- I
3-methyl pentant

↳
I

CH3 main positional

④ --c-c- Butane
, 2-dimethy
2

kHz'

7
1

positional
14H3 CH3,
③ 3-dimethyl Butane
y -4
- 2
y
- -
-
,
I

C7H16 Structural
Isomers
 N
Q
. Draw all possible structural isomers of CHI

①------- S
S
replace

② +-- 2-mephexane

CH2

③ c-c--c-c-c -

3-methynexac

C2H5
I
⑦ c-c -c -c -
-
3- ethyl pentance

Che
I
⑤ u - - -
u
-
C 2
, 2-dimethyl pentance
He

CH3 CH3
,

⑥ c -
c -c -u
-
o
2 , 3-dimetup pentance

CH3

⑦ c -u -L -
ca 3, 3-dimethy penforce
Chy

CH- CH2
I I

⑤ u
-

r
-
u- c
-

2 2
, 4-dimethyl pentance
a isomers-

CH3 CHy
11
⑨ u -
u -
c
-
r 2
,
2
, 3-trimethyl
butane

3
 structural isoner

(P) dichloroethane (C) dichloropropane (d) Trichloropropane

(e) encorobutane (f) U5HOHCAkonos only) (g) C4H80 (2) C4H802

&

(Aldehydes
& ketones)
Pichloro ethane
o d
11
Cl
① 11
② - c -c -

1 I
Cl -
C -
c -

11
1 ,
z-dichlow ethane

1 1-dichlowethane
,

Diaconopropare
Cl a
1
Q Y ② ! -
-

- - o -

--
I
0
-
I
u -

111

1 1-dichloropropane 1 2-dichloro propane

,
,

④
C UI

③ -
... -
c

I
- u -

2-dichloro
1
, 3-dichloropropane 2
, propane

Erichloropropane
4 Cl el
e)
11
①4
I
I
-
② 4
----I
③ a
-1 u

11
-u -u
I
-

4 - c -
c -

a 2-tichloropropane 3-trichloropropane
1
1 , 1
,
1
,

1
,
1
, 1-trichloropropane
C14
444
⑤ -6-b-
④ -y-y -
-

11 I
21
1 2 3 Hicklow
, ,
propare 1
,
2 2
, richor propane
 chrorobutane

__
C

①----- chlorobutane ④
I'

U
2-chloro-2-methyl propane

② ------ e-unconventure
I I 1

③ 1-chloro-2-methyl
propane

05HOH (Alconos only

Ot
①Ic-c-c-c -
c
pentano ⑦
OH
Of 2 2-dimetrist
,
I

② c-c-c-c-o
partan-2-ol propan-1-o

Off
CH2 Ot
I
& I 11
③ 0 - - - -
partan-3-01 ⑧ - - - - -
↑

I
111

OH CH3
3-mernyl butem-1-o
11
④ c -u -
c
-
r
2-methyl butim-1-o

⑳
⑤ 2-methyl butanz-o

CH3
I
① u-u-o-o zmetry -
rutan-2-o

OH
 CahioD2

①
-a y 4
-
-
-

-u -

ok pentanoic and

② --PH 2-methylmtanoic and

③ -H
-meny , entomoicacas

⑬
④ -
-OH
2
, 2-dimetull propanoicand

-
I
ite

40 acid scocid
tea
wanst
10 accord zuare
①
20 accord along
② ①

Leanna
Propanoic acid

2-methylpropanic
Intanoic
is
ethanol ↳
as
2-methylpropantil
methyl propan-2-of
2 -

Lacid + esters)
 C4H80 Caldehyde + Ketone)

i -i -k
O

① c -c -c - " -
H Butanal ③ -

I (

② CH30 buta-2-one/butamone
S
o - c -
"y -

H
2-methyl

propanal

C4H80c and estel

Learboxylic +

① e-c-cy-ot butanoic and I

total =
.
6

CH30
②
Ill
c-c-o-OH 2-methyl propanoic and
I

20 acid >
-
emhanoirarid no acid >
-
propanoio arid Le acd >
-
methanoio arid

2 c alconol ethanol 10 alcone > methanol

>
-
3Calcona propanol
-

>
-

propan-2-of
-
I
-0-- ----o--
I I
↓
Ethyl ethanoate Meinyl Propanoate ②
Q ①
50
= Lesters) ②
I acid
④
zu acid
② avacid 4 said

40 along 38 accord 20 alconot 10 account

acid

?
memanoic acid ethanoic propanoic acid butanoio acid

propan-1-a2 andmethan a

t
butem-1-o

butzh-2-o
propan-2-o
2-methyl propan-1-o
2
methyl propan-2-o 19 isomers
 STEREOSOMERS

same molecular
formula
-

structural
same
formula
-

-
different arrangement of atoms in space.

2
types : O Geometric Isomerism (cis-trans)
② Isomers (Enantioners)
Optical

Geometric Isomerism :

also known as cis-trans isomers

same molecular & Structural formula ; different arrangement in

space.
love to limited rotation around the double bond)

2 criterias must be met :

① must have a c =c (double woud)

② On each c
; different atoms/groups attached

H It Catta 2
.
eg -
c =
c Chel =
CHO

al Vol cis-1 , 2-dichloro emene

-similar atoms on the same side of the

molecule -
cis somer

similar atoms are

-
on the
opposite side of the

molecule -
trans isomer.

-
CaHadle

C trans-1 2-dichlorement
,

Ch CHCl =
CHC)
① Hac
H
" =
c
-
No geometric isoners

Ha ~
H

② #
-H
-t
Hac
c = c =
He/ Cha H Che

cis trans

#3C CH CH3
H5 C2
③ ↳ = - =
c
C
Hack
-
# H3C
H

wis trang

④
#3 -
C
Hac

- =c
&
Br C Dar -H
cig trans

camr)

if heavier groups/atoms on the same side

of the molecule - cis

opposite trans
U Y
4 -
 Properties of Geometric Isomers :

Net dipole
-

S-

↓ =
H H
-
C =

say X4 Xys-
S-
/
H

cis-1 2-dichtonetvent
, trans-1 , 2-dichloroethene

in
Polar molecule due to a equal magnitude dipoies acting
dipole opposite direction (nor polal)
net as the

permanent dipol dipoles cancel out

.
· It has

forces · Has induced dipole forces-weaker

-
stronger IMF IMF

↑
boiling point ↓ boiling point

-
as isomers have a greater voiling point compared to the trans isomers

due to IMF in the cis isomer.

strong

&
P .
Draw all possible structural steverisomers of

(a) CuH8 Calkenes only)

Dat
tota =
4 isomers

s
>
-
but-z-ene
-
②
>
trans

H CH3

c-q-G-methylprop-l-ene Q
111
③ H-c =
b) C3H4c2

ul

①u -c - D
=

' 1 1- dichon propene

-

⑳ 1
,
2-dichlor propene
②

③
cis
-
1
, 3-dichloroproper >
- trans ②

④ ___ 2
,
3-dichloro propene ①
7 isomers.
total :

H C
11
⑤H - c = c - b -
3
,
3-dichloro propene D
W

CHIC

① ⑪
④ -- 1
,
I-dichlor propene
-
①

⑳ 1 , 2-dicuvono propene
is
-
frans
②

G
⑨ as ②
③-E 1 1 3-dichloro propene - trans

HC 9

④ H-'EC-o-a -dianoropropene -D
I

,
I
H

⑤ -

or 3
,
3-dichlow propene -
I
 OPTICAL ISOMERISM

molecular
same formula
same structural
formula
different
arrangement in
space

2 criterias must be met :

① Must have a carson with 4 sight bonds (o bonds)

C must be sp hybridised

②
a have
must 4 different atoms/group of atoms

I
2 * chiral centre/brbow :
Sp3 hybridised carkon with 4 different

#EX groups/atoms attached to it

X Y Z

A chiral centre is a compound indicates that it is

optically active
can snow
optical isomers

One miral centre hasa isoners (D & L)/(tre & -ve)

is called
compound that was a chiral centre
optically active

Optical isomer are now

superimposable mirror images of each other .

/
eg
.

CH3 CH3
I
↳* C

-#
or Br

↳
N

CHycy Cyber
HCHCN H3CCHCL

I
 tuel-ve
the isomer is D and the is !
· one of other or

IMF is the
·

Polarity of the
2 isomers is the same ;
the
strength of
same and treefore melting/boiling point is equal for both isoners

These isomers differ in their rotation in polarised light ; one isomer

rotates clockwise and the other rotates anticlockwise.

· One isomer can be useful (tre) and the other can be

useless/narmful (-ve)

adixtures that contain equal amount of both isomers are called

Racemic mixtures (50 % of each isomer)

-More than miral centre total of isomers 20

one ; ; where
=

# centres
n =
of chiral

-more than one that isomerism

c=
geometric
c
can show

total # 22
of isomers
=

# c .
c
n
o
= =

H
I

T Benzene

--
(Cos) has No unival coni

10/
eg
. CHUBOH ; identify chiral carbon and draw optical isomes ?

I
Off Off
I f
u C

- an
# C Br

wap the
position of
these 2
 ariral centres in Ringed/cyclic compounds
Identify
:

chiral centresa
CHe

Ho
2
#of isomers
24