Prof. Shad Math 2414 12.
2 Polar Coordinates 1
𝐴 𝑪𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒂𝒏 (𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓)𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑠. 𝑂𝑛
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑, 𝑎 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎, 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑠.
𝐼𝑛 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆(𝟎, 𝜽) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔.
𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑷 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 (𝒓, 𝜽).
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 ′𝒓′ 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏 𝑡𝑜 𝑷.
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 ′𝜽′ 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝒓𝒂𝒚 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑷. 𝑷𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒌𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒙 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔. 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝒎𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
1. 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝟐𝝅 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠, 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 (𝒓, 𝜽) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝒓, 𝜽 + 𝟐𝝅) 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡.
2. 𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑒 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆. (𝒓, 𝜽) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−𝒓, 𝜽) 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛.
(𝒓, 𝜽), (−𝒓, 𝜽 + 𝝅), 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−𝒓, 𝜽 − 𝝅) 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡.
Prof. Shad Math 2414 12.2 Polar Coordinates 2
𝝅 𝟓𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟑𝝅
𝑬𝒙 𝟏. b𝟑, d , e𝟑, g , b−𝟑, − d , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 e−𝟑, g 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡. e𝟑, g 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝒏𝒐𝒕.
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟓𝝅 𝟕𝝅
𝑬𝒙 𝟐. 𝒂. 𝑸 e𝟏, g= 𝒃. 𝑹 e−𝟏, g=
𝟒 𝟒
𝟑𝝅
𝒄. 𝑺 e𝟐, − g=
𝟐
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑩𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝑪𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑷𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑪𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔:
Prof. Shad Math 2414 12.2 Polar Coordinates 3
𝟑𝝅
𝑬𝒙. 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑷 e𝟐, g 𝑖𝑛 𝑪𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒂𝒏 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠.
𝟒
We need to find 𝒙 and 𝒚.
𝒙=
𝒚=
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 ( , )
𝑬𝒙. 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑪𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒂𝒏 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑸(𝟏, −𝟏) 𝑖𝑛 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠.
We need to find 𝒓 and 𝜽.
𝒓=
tan 𝜽 =
The polar coordinates are ( , ) 𝒐𝒓 ( , )
Prof. Shad Math 2414 12.2 Polar Coordinates 4
𝑺𝒐𝒎𝒆 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒄 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝑷𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑪𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔:
𝐴 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑦 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝒓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜽.
𝑬𝒙. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝒓 = 𝒂 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏 𝑖𝑠 |𝒂|
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆 𝑜𝑓 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 |𝒂| 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏.
𝑬𝒙. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝜽 = 𝜽𝟎 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝜽𝟎 .
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝒓 𝑖𝑠 𝒖𝒏𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒅, 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒.
𝑬𝒙. 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝒓 = 𝜽 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝜽 ≥ 𝟎. 𝐴𝑠 𝜽 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠, 𝒓 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑎 𝒔𝒑𝒊𝒓𝒂𝒍.
Prof. Shad Math 2414 12.2 Polar Coordinates 5
𝑬𝒙. 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝒓 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝟐𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝑡𝑜 𝑪𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒂𝒏 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑒
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ.
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝒓
𝒓𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝟐𝟒𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
We know x = 𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 and y = 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟐𝟒𝒚
𝑥 # + 𝑦 # − 10𝑥 − 24𝑦 = 0
(𝑥 # − 10𝑥) + (𝑦 # − 24𝑦) = 0
Complete the squares
(𝑥 # − 10𝑥 + 𝟐𝟓) + (𝑦 # − 24𝑦 + 𝟏𝟒𝟒) = 𝟐𝟓 + 𝟏𝟒𝟒
(𝒙 − 𝟓)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟏𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔𝟗 = 𝟏𝟑𝟐
𝐴 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆 𝑜𝑓 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 𝟏𝟑 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 (𝟓, 𝟏𝟐)
Prof. Shad Math 2414 12.2 Polar Coordinates 6
𝑬𝒙. 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑪𝒂𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒐𝒅 𝒓 = 𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝑬𝒙. 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑭𝒐𝒖𝒓 − 𝑳𝒆𝒂𝒇 𝑹𝒐𝒔𝒆 𝒓 = 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽