UNIT 2: EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

MODULE: BASIC MATHEMATICS (8.1)

by GEOFFREY B
Contact: 256788783018

Contents
1 LINEAR EQUATIONS 3
1.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Solving Linear Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.1 Basic Linear Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 Equations with Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Applications of Linear Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.1 Computer Related Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 5

2.1 Methods of Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Substitution Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 Elimination Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4 Graphical Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.5 Applications of Linear Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 8
3.1 Standard Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2 Methods of Solving Quadratic Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3 Factorization Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.4 Quadratic Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.5 Nature of Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.6 Completing the Square Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

4 APPLICATIONS OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 12

4.1 Computer Related Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

5 VARIATIONS 13
5.1 Types of Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.2 Direct Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.3 Inverse Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.4 Joint Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.5 Combined Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

1
6 INEQUALITIES 16
6.1 Linear Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6.2 Compound Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6.3 Fractional Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.4 Quadratic Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.5 Applications of Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

7 PRACTICE QUESTIONS (UBTEB/UVTAB STYLE) 19

8 SUMMARY OF KEY FORMULAS 20

2
1 LINEAR EQUATIONS
1.1 Definition
A linear equation is an equation of the form:

ax + b = 0

where a ̸= 0 and a, b ∈ R.
The graph of a linear equation is a straight line.

1.2 Solving Linear Equations

1.2.1 Basic Linear Equations
Example 1: Solve 3x − 7 = 2x + 5
Solution:

3x − 7 = 2x + 5
3x − 2x = 5 + 7
x = 12

Example 2: Solve 5(x − 3) = 2(x + 4)

Solution:

5(x − 3) = 2(x + 4)
5x − 15 = 2x + 8
5x − 2x = 8 + 15
3x = 23
23 2
x= =7
3 3

1.2.2 Equations with Fractions

Example 3: Solve 2x+3
4
= x−1
3

Solution:
2x + 3 x−1
=
4 3
3(2x + 3) = 4(x − 1) (Cross multiply)
6x + 9 = 4x − 4
6x − 4x = −4 − 9
2x = −13
x = −6.5

Example 4: Solve x
2
+ x
3
=5

3
Solution:
x x
+ =5
2 3
3x + 2x
= 5 (LCM = 6)
6
5x
=5
6
5x = 30
x=6

1.3 Applications of Linear Equations

1.3.1 Computer Related Applications
Example 5 (Programming Hours): A programmer charges a fixed fee of $50 plus
$30 per hour. If a client pays $260, how many hours did the programmer work?
Solution:
Let h = number of hours
50 + 30h = 260
30h = 260 − 50
30h = 210
210
h= = 7 hours
30
Example 6 (Computer Lab): In a computer lab, there are 3 times as many desktop
computers as laptops. If there are 48 computers in total, how many of each type are
there?
Solution:
Let x = number of laptops
Then 3x = number of desktops
x + 3x = 48
4x = 48
x = 12 laptops
3x = 36 desktops
Example 7 (Internet Data): An internet bundle costs $15 per month plus $0.05 per
MB beyond 500 MB. If a bill is $27, how many MB were used?
Solution:
Let x = MB beyond 500 MB
15 + 0.05x = 27
0.05x = 12
12
x= = 240 MB
0.05
Total MB = 500 + 240 = 740 MB

4
Example 8 (Hardware Purchase): A company buys keyboards at $15 each and mice
at $8 each. If they purchase 50 items total costing $550, how many of each did they buy?
Solution:

Let k = number of keyboards

Then 50 − k = number of mice
15k + 8(50 − k) = 550
15k + 400 − 8k = 550
7k + 400 = 550
7k = 150
150
k= ≈ 21.43 (not integer)
7
This suggests the numbers might need to be integers. Let’s check: With 21 keyboards:
21×15 = 315, 29×8 = 232, total = $547 With 22 keyboards: 22×15 = 330, 28×8 = 224,
total = $554 No exact solution with integers - problem needs adjustment.

2 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

2.1 Methods of Solving
There are three main methods:

1. Substitution Method

2. Elimination Method

3. Graphical Method

2.2 Substitution Method

Example 9: Solve:

2x + y = 7
3x − 2y = 7

Solution:

From first equation: y = 7 − 2x

Substitute into second: 3x − 2(7 − 2x) = 7
3x − 14 + 4x = 7
7x − 14 = 7
7x = 21
x=3
Then y = 7 − 2(3) = 7 − 6 = 1

Solution: (x, y) = (3, 1)

5
Example 10: Solve:

3x + 2y = 12
5x − y = 7

Solution:

From second equation: y = 5x − 7

Substitute into first: 3x + 2(5x − 7) = 12
3x + 10x − 14 = 12
13x − 14 = 12
13x = 26
x=2
Then y = 5(2) − 7 = 10 − 7 = 3

Solution: (x, y) = (2, 3)

2.3 Elimination Method

Example 11: Solve:

3x + 2y = 13
5x − 3y = 9

Solution:

Multiply first eqn by 3: 9x + 6y = 39

Multiply second eqn by 2: 10x − 6y = 18
Add equations: 19x = 57
x=3
Substitute into first: 3(3) + 2y = 13
9 + 2y = 13
2y = 4
y=2

Solution: (x, y) = (3, 2)

Example 12: Solve:

2x − 3y = 8
4x + 5y = 5

6
Solution:

Multiply first eqn by 2: 4x − 6y = 16

Subtract from second: (4x + 5y) − (4x − 6y) = 5 − 16
4x + 5y − 4x + 6y = −11
11y = −11
y = −1
Substitute into first: 2x − 3(−1) = 8
2x + 3 = 8
2x = 5
x = 2.5

Solution: (x, y) = (2.5, −1)

2.4 Graphical Method

Example 13: Solve graphically:

x+y =5
x−y =1

Solution:

First equation: y = 5 − x
Table: (0, 5), (5, 0)
Second equation: y = x − 1
Table: (0, −1), (5, 4)
Intersection point: (3, 2)

Solution: (x, y) = (3, 2)

2.5 Applications of Linear Systems

Example 14 (Computer Production): A company produces two types of computers:
Standard ($500 profit) and Deluxe ($800 profit). If they produce 50 computers total with
a total profit of $31,000, how many of each type?
Solution:

Let x = Standard, y = Deluxe

x + y = 50 (1)
500x + 800y = 31, 000 (2)

7
 From (1): x = 50 − y Substitute into (2):

500(50 − y) + 800y = 31, 000

25, 000 − 500y + 800y = 31, 000
25, 000 + 300y = 31, 000
300y = 6, 000
y = 20
x = 50 − 20 = 30

Solution: 30 Standard, 20 Deluxe computers

Example 15 (Internet Plans): Plan A: $20 + $0.08 per MB Plan B: $30 + $0.05 per
MB For what usage are both plans equal?
Solution:

Let m = MB used
20 + 0.08m = 30 + 0.05m
0.08m − 0.05m = 30 − 20
0.03m = 10
10
m= ≈ 333.33 MB
0.03
Example 16 (Age Problem - Modified for Computers): A programmer is 3 times
as old as his computer. In 10 years, he will be twice as old as his computer. Find their
ages.
Solution:

Let p = programmer’s age, c = computer’s age

p = 3c (1)
p + 10 = 2(c + 10) (2)

Substitute (1) into (2):

3c + 10 = 2c + 20
3c − 2c = 20 − 10
c = 10 years (computer)
p = 3(10) = 30 years (programmer)

3 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
3.1 Standard Form
A quadratic equation is an equation of the form:

ax2 + bx + c = 0

where a ̸= 0 and a, b, c ∈ R.

8
3.2 Methods of Solving Quadratic Equations
1. Factorization Method

2. Quadratic Formula

3. Completing the Square Method

3.3 Factorization Method

Example 17: Solve x2 − 5x + 6 = 0
Solution:

x2 − 5x + 6 = 0
(x − 2)(x − 3) = 0
x − 2 = 0 or x − 3 = 0
x = 2 or x = 3

Example 18: Solve 2x2 − 7x + 3 = 0

Solution:

2x2 − 7x + 3 = 0
2x2 − 6x − x + 3 = 0
2x(x − 3) − 1(x − 3) = 0
(x − 3)(2x − 1) = 0
x − 3 = 0 or 2x − 1 = 0
1
x = 3 or x =
2
Example 19: Solve x2 + 6x + 9 = 0
Solution:

x2 + 6x + 9 = 0
(x + 3)2 = 0
x+3=0
x = −3 (repeated root)

3.4 Quadratic Formula

The quadratic formula is: √
−b ± b2 − 4ac
x=
2a
where b − 4ac is called the discriminant (denoted by ∆).
2

Example 20: Solve 2x2 + 3x − 5 = 0

9
Solution:

a = 2, b = 3, c = −5
p
−3 ± 32 − 4(2)(−5)
x=
2(2)
√
−3 ± 9 + 40
=
4
√
−3 ± 49
=
4
−3 ± 7
=
4
−3 + 7 4
x1 = = =1
4 4
−3 − 7 −10
x2 = = = −2.5
4 4
Example 21: Solve x2 − 4x + 2 = 0
Solution:

a = 1, b = −4, c = 2
p
4± (−4)2 − 4(1)(2)
x=
2(1)
√
4 ± 16 − 8
=
√2
4± 8
=
2 √
4±2 2
=
2√
=2± 2
√
x1 = 2 + 2 ≈ 3.414
√
x2 = 2 − 2 ≈ 0.586

Example 22: Solve x2 + 2x + 5 = 0

Solution:

a = 1, b = 2, c = 5
∆ = b2 − 4ac = 4 − 20 = −16 < 0
√
−2 ± −16
x=
2
−2 ± 4i
=
2
= −1 ± 2i (complex roots)

3.5 Nature of Roots

For ax2 + bx + c = 0 with discriminant ∆ = b2 − 4ac:

10
 Discriminant Nature of Roots
∆>0 Two distinct real roots
∆=0 One real root (repeated)
∆<0 No real roots (complex)

Example 23: Determine the nature of roots for 3x2 − 5x + 2 = 0

Solution:

a = 3, b = −5, c = 2
∆ = (−5)2 − 4(3)(2) = 25 − 24 = 1 > 0
Therefore: two distinct real roots

3.6 Completing the Square Method

Example 24: Solve x2 + 6x − 7 = 0 by completing the square
Solution:

x2 + 6x = 7
 2  2
2 6 6
x + 6x + =7+
2 2
x2 + 6x + 9 = 7 + 9
(x + 3)2 = 16
x + 3 = ±4
x = −3 ± 4
x1 = −3 + 4 = 1
x2 = −3 − 4 = −7

Example 25: Solve 2x2 − 8x + 5 = 0

Solution:

2x2 − 8x = −5
5
x2 − 4x = −
2
5
x2 − 4x + 4 = − + 4
2
5 8 3
(x − 2)2 = − + =
r2 2 2
3
x−2=±
2
r √
3 6
x=2± =2±
2 2

11
4 APPLICATIONS OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
4.1 Computer Related Applications
Example 26 (Profit Maximization): The profit P (in thousands) from selling x
thousand units of software is given by:

P = −x2 + 12x − 20

Find: a) The number of units that gives maximum profit b) The maximum profit c) The
break-even points (where profit = 0)
Solution:
a) For quadratic ax2 + bx + c, maximum at x = − 2a
b

a = −1, b = 12
12 12
x=− =− = 6 thousand units
2(−1) −2
b) Maximum profit:

P = −(6)2 + 12(6) − 20
= −36 + 72 − 20 = 16 thousand = $16, 000

c) Break-even: P = 0

−x2 + 12x − 20 = 0
x2 − 12x + 20 = 0
(x − 2)(x − 10) = 0
x = 2 or x = 10 thousand units

Example 27 (Rectangular Monitor): A rectangular computer screen has an area of

192 square inches. The length is 4 inches more than the width. Find the dimensions.
Solution:

Let w = width
Then length = w + 4
Area = w(w + 4) = 192
2
w + 4w − 192 = 0
(w + 16)(w − 12) = 0
w = 12 or w = −16 (reject negative)
Width = 12 inches
Length = 16 inches

Example 28 (Projectile Motion for Game): In a computer game, a projectile follows

the path:
h = −16t2 + 64t + 5
where h is height in feet, t is time in seconds. Find: a) Maximum height b) Time when
projectile hits ground (h = 0)

12
Solution:
a) Maximum at t = − 2a
b 64
= − 2(−16) 64
= − −32 = 2 seconds

hmax = −16(2)2 + 64(2) + 5

= −64 + 128 + 5 = 69 feet
b) Hits ground when h = 0:
−16t2 + 64t + 5 = 0
16t2 − 64t − 5 = 0
p
64 ± (−64)2 − 4(16)(−5)
t=
2(16)
√
64 ± 4096 + 320
=
√ 32
64 ± 4416
=
32
64 ± 66.45
=
32
64 + 66.45 130.45
t1 = = ≈ 4.08 s
32 32
64 − 66.45 −2.45
t2 = = ≈ −0.08 s (reject)
32 32
Projectile hits ground after approximately 4.08 seconds.
Example 29 (Network Cable): A network cable is cut into two pieces. One piece is
3 meters longer than the other. The product of their lengths is 40 square meters. Find
the lengths.
Solution:
Let x = shorter piece
Then x + 3 = longer piece
x(x + 3) = 40
2
x + 3x − 40 = 0
(x + 8)(x − 5) = 0
x = 5 or x = −8 (reject negative)
Shorter piece = 5 meters
Longer piece = 8 meters

5 VARIATIONS
5.1 Types of Variation
1. Direct Variation: y ∝ x ⇒ y = kx
2. Inverse Variation: y ∝ 1
x
⇒y= k
x

3. Joint Variation: y ∝ xz ⇒ y = kxz

4. Combined Variation: Mix of direct and inverse

13
5.2 Direct Variation
Example 30: If y varies directly as x, and y = 12 when x = 3, find: a) The constant of
variation k b) y when x = 7 c) x when y = 28
Solution:

y = kx
12 = k(3)
k=4
Therefore: y = 4x

b) When x = 7: y = 4(7) = 28
c) When y = 28: 28 = 4x ⇒ x = 7
Example 31 (Computer Application): The processing time T of a program varies
directly with the number of instructions N . If a program with 5000 instructions takes
2.5 seconds, how long will a program with 8000 instructions take?
Solution:

T = kN
2.5 = k(5000)
2.5
k= = 0.0005
5000
For N = 8000 :
T = 0.0005 × 8000 = 4 seconds

5.3 Inverse Variation

Example 32: If y varies inversely as x, and y = 6 when x = 4, find: a) k b) y when
x = 8 c) x when y = 12
Solution:
k
y=
x
k
6=
4
k = 24
24
Therefore: y =
x
b) When x = 8: y = 24 8
=3
c) When y = 12: 12 = x ⇒ x = 24
24
12
=2
Example 33 (Download Speed): The time t to download a file varies inversely with
download speed s. If it takes 30 seconds at 2 Mbps, how long at 5 Mbps?

14
Solution:
k
t=
s
k
30 =
2
k = 60
60
At 5 Mbps: t = = 12 seconds
5

5.4 Joint Variation

Example 34: If z varies jointly as x and y, and z = 24 when x = 2 and y = 3, find: a)
k b) z when x = 4 and y = 5
Solution:
z = kxy
24 = k(2)(3)
24 = 6k
k=4
Therefore: z = 4xy
b) When x = 4, y = 5: z = 4(4)(5) = 80
Example 35 (Computer Processing): Processing time T varies jointly with the num-
ber of instructions N and the complexity factor C. If T = 10 ms when N = 1000 and
C = 2, find T when N = 2000 and C = 3.
Solution:
T = kN C
10 = k(1000)(2)
10 = 2000k
10
k= = 0.005
2000
For N = 2000, C = 3 :
T = 0.005(2000)(3) = 0.005 × 6000 = 30 ms

5.5 Combined Variation

Example 36: y varies directly as x and inversely as z 2 . If y = 8 when x = 4 and z = 2,
find: a) k b) y when x = 6 and z = 3
Solution:
kx
y=
z2
k(4) 4k
8= 2
= =k
(2) 4
k=8
8x
Therefore: y = 2
z

15
 b) When x = 6, z = 3:

8(6) 48 16
y= 2
= = ≈ 5.33
3 9 3
Example 37 (Bandwidth Formula): Network bandwidth B varies directly with signal
power P and inversely with distance squared d2 . If B = 100 Mbps when P = 50 mW
and d = 10 m, find B when P = 80 mW and d = 20 m.
Solution:
kP
B=
d2
k(50) 50k k
100 = 2
= =
10 100 2
k = 200
For P = 80, d = 20 :
200(80) 16000
B= = = 40 Mbps
202 400

6 INEQUALITIES
6.1 Linear Inequalities
Example 38: Solve 3x − 5 < 7x + 3
Solution:

3x − 5 < 7x + 3
3x − 7x < 3 + 5
−4x < 8
x > −2 (reverse inequality when dividing by negative)

Solution: x > −2 or (−2, ∞)

Example 39: Solve 5 − 2x ≥ 11
Solution:

5 − 2x ≥ 11
−2x ≥ 11 − 5
−2x ≥ 6
x ≤ −3 (reverse inequality)

Solution: x ≤ −3 or (−∞, −3]

6.2 Compound Inequalities

Example 40: Solve −3 ≤ 2x + 1 < 7

16
Solution:

−3 ≤ 2x + 1 < 7
Subtract 1: − 4 ≤ 2x < 6
Divide by 2: − 2 ≤ x < 3

Solution: [−2, 3)
Example 41: Solve 3 < 2x − 1 ≤ 9
Solution:

3 < 2x − 1 ≤ 9
Add 1: 4 < 2x ≤ 10
Divide by 2: 2 < x ≤ 5

Solution: (2, 5]

6.3 Fractional Inequalities

Example 42: Solve x+2
x−3
>0
Solution: Critical points: x = −2 and x = 3
Test intervals:
• (−∞, −2): test x = −3: −1
−6
= 1
6
>0

• (−2, 3): test x = 0: 2

−3
= − 23 < 0

• (3, ∞): test x = 4: 6

1
=6>0
Solution: x < −2 or x > 3
Example 43: Solve 2x−1
x+2
≤0
Solution: Critical points: x = −2 and x = 1
2
Test intervals:
• (−∞, −2): test x = −3: −7
−1
=7>0

• (−2, 12 ): test x = 0: −1
2
= −0.5 < 0

• ( 21 , ∞): test x = 1: 1
3
>0
Check x = 21 : 0
2.5
= 0 (include) Solution: −2 < x ≤ 1
2

6.4 Quadratic Inequalities

Example 44: Solve x2 − 5x + 6 ≤ 0
Solution:

x2 − 5x + 6 = (x − 2)(x − 3) = 0
x = 2 or x = 3

Test intervals:

17
 • (−∞, 2): test x = 0: 6 > 0

• (2, 3): test x = 2.5: (0.5)(−0.5) = −0.25 < 0

• (3, ∞): test x = 4: (2)(1) = 2 > 0

Check endpoints: x = 2: 0 ≤ 0 , x = 3: 0 ≤ 0 Solution: 2 ≤ x ≤ 3 or [2, 3]

Example 45: Solve x2 − 4 > 0
Solution:

x2 − 4 = (x − 2)(x + 2) = 0
x = −2 or x = 2

Test intervals:

• (−∞, −2): test x = −3: 9 − 4 = 5 > 0

• (−2, 2): test x = 0: −4 < 0

• (2, ∞): test x = 3: 9 − 4 = 5 > 0

Solution: x < −2 or x > 2

6.5 Applications of Inequalities

Example 46 (Data Plan): A data plan costs $20 plus $0.10 per MB. If you want to
spend at most $35, how many MB can you use?
Solution:

Let m = MB used
20 + 0.10m ≤ 35
0.10m ≤ 15
m ≤ 150 MB

Maximum 150 MB
Example 47 (Temperature Range): A computer operates safely between 10°C and
35°C. If the current temperature is 5°C and rising at 2°C per hour, for how many hours
will it remain safe?
Solution:

Let h = hours
Temperature = 5 + 2h
10 ≤ 5 + 2h ≤ 35

Solve separately:

5 + 2h ≥ 10 and 5 + 2h ≤ 35
2h ≥ 5 and 2h ≤ 30
h ≥ 2.5 and h ≤ 15

18
Solution: 2.5 ≤ h ≤ 15 hours
Example 48 (Production): A factory produces at least 50 computers per day but
not more than 200. Production costs $300 per computer and fixed costs are $5000. The
budget is between $20,000 and $65,000. Find the production range.
Solution:

Let n = number of computers

Cost = 5000 + 300n
20000 ≤ 5000 + 300n ≤ 65000
15000 ≤ 300n ≤ 60000
50 ≤ n ≤ 200

But we also have the production constraint 50 ≤ n ≤ 200 Therefore: 50 ≤ n ≤ 200

computers

7 PRACTICE QUESTIONS (UBTEB/UVTAB STYLE)

1. Solve the linear equation: 4(2x − 3) = 3(x + 2)

2. Solve the system:

2x − 3y = 7
4x + y = 9

3. A rectangular monitor has diagonal 20 inches and length 4 inches more than width.
Find dimensions.

4. Solve using quadratic formula: 3x2 − 5x − 2 = 0

5. If y varies inversely as x2 , and y = 4 when x = 2, find y when x = 4.

6. Solve inequality: 2x−1

x+3
≤0

7. A programmer charges $40 per hour for first 10 hours and $60 per hour thereafter.
If a client’s bill is $520, how many hours did the programmer work?

8. The profit function for software sales is P = −2x2 + 40x − 150 where x is thousands
of units. Find:

(a) The break-even points

(b) The maximum profit
(c) The number of units for maximum profit

9. Solve: x2 − 6x + 8 > 0

10. Processing time varies directly with instructions and inversely with processor speed.
If it takes 20 ms for 5000 instructions at 2 GHz, how long for 8000 instructions at
2.5 GHz?

19
8 SUMMARY OF KEY FORMULAS
Topic Key Formulas
Linear Equation ax + b = 0 ⇒√
x = − ab
Quadratic Formula
2
x = −b± 2ab −4ac
Discriminant ∆ = b2 − 4ac
Direct Variation y = kx
Inverse Variation y = xk
Joint Variation y = kxz
Combined Variation y = kxz

Contact Information
For questions or clarification:

Geoffrey B
Tel: 256788783018

These notes are prepared for the BASIC MATHEMATICS module (8.1) following the
UBTEB/UVTAB curriculum framework.

20