Subject AS Chemistry
Notes
Topic Shells, Subshells, Orbitals & Ionisation Energies
Name
an atom?
1 In which order do the electrons fill the orbitals of
A Is 2s 2P 3s 3p 4s 4p 3d
B Is 2s 2P 3s 3d 3p 4s 4p
C Is 2s 2P 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p
D Is 2s 2P 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p
(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)
ground state is
4 The number of unpaired electrons in a nitrogen atom in its
2
3
(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)
6 Identify the atom with two unpaired electrons in its lowest energy state (ground state).
D Ca
(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)
4 In which of the following electronic configurations are only two of the electrons
unpaired?
1s22s2
Is a 2s22p3
1s2 2s22p 4
1s2 2s22p 5
4 An ion, X-, contains 36 electrons.
element X be found?
In which block of the Periodic Table would
(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)
2 The electronic configuration of the nitride ion, is
E B 1s22s22p t
E D 1s22s22p6
(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)
8 The first five ionization energies, in kJ mol-I , of aluminium are
578 1817 2745 11 578 14 831
The orbitals from which the first five elecfrons are removed during ionization, starting
witb the first elecfron, are
A Is 2s 2P 3s 3p
B Is Is 2s 2s 2P
C 3p 3s 2P 2s Is
D 3p 3s 3s 2p2p
9 What is the sequence of the orbitals from which electrons are removed in the
first four jonisations of boron? 5 rib 'IV
isat)q ,lonlsatiorvé 'iQ4th21sonisatlon*f
Is Is
Is 25
Is
25 Is Is
otal for uestion 9 1 mark)
24 This question is about the alkali metal potassium and the salt potassiumchloride.
(b) The chart below shows the successive ionisation energies of potassium.
Successive ionisation energies of potassium 19
s.s
6.0
Illuuuuuuuui
s.o
4S
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.0
1 234567 8 9 1011 1213 1415 16171819
Ionisation number
(i) Estimate the 1st ionisation energy and the 19th ionisation energy of
potassium. Use data from the graph and your calculator.
(1)
(ii) Explain why the logarithm of the ionisation energy is used in plotting this
graph rather than the ionisation energy.
(1)
(iii) Write the equation for the first ionisation energy of potassium.
(2)
•(1v)Explain why there is a general rise In the value of the successive ionisation
energies.
(2)
Explain each ofthe three sharp rises in the graph.
You should include details of the subshell from which the electron is removed
at each sharp rise.
(3)
21 (a) The table below shows some of the ionisation energies of magnesium.
First Second'* ; Third Fourth
Ionisation energy
738 1451 10541 13629
(i) Complete the table by predicting a value for the third ionisation energy
of magnesium.
(1)
(ij) Write the equation for the&ionisation of magnesium. Include state symbols.
(2)