Objective To determine the stress-strain behaviour of a metallic rod subjected to a tensile load and to evaluate its mechanical properties such as Young's modulus, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength. Equipment Required 1. 2. Universal Testing Machine (UTM) with tensile grips. Metallic rod specimen (standard gauge length & diameter). Extensometer or strain gauge for measuring elongation. . Vernier caliper / micrometer for dimensional measurements. Data acquisition system or load-displacement recorder. . Safety shields and gloves. y @ scanned with OKEN ScannerTheory When a tensile load P is applied to a rod of original cross-sectional area Ao and gauge length Lo, the engineering stress o and engineering strain € are given by: _P _ AL O=q €=F The stress-strain curve typically exhibits elastic (linear) and plastic regions. In the elastic region, Hooke's law applies: o=E-e, where E is Young's modulus. Key mechanical properties obtained are: ¢ Proportional limit: maximum stress in the linear region. ¢ Yield strength: stress at which permanent deformation begins. ¢ Ultimate tensile strength: maximum stress the material can withstand. @ scanned with OKEN Scannerye Tabucltes oS Elongetcory | |OHrak | Gray, Lert Gvovs ~ j) simon] crate] Remevta (eee CMe)” Lai pee J rea wir Remarsia ay) Cont) | Ccaleaa) ace calculates, ———|- ) 0 0+ 00 fod 50 FB:S4| 0100 | 040000) initve) | 2| 2000 | 9:05 tod | SO | 78-54) ape oveoio] Elaxkee 3| ooo | 0°10 jo. 0 | so | teesy{ 90°B| 01002) lastee 4 £000 Os lo+0 sD ge sy [16 31] 0 +0030 ¢ pote. S| $000 62 lowO sD 8-54 | Joles6 0°00) Newly ied &|. 10000 8* 30 [oro 0 [eS (ee 60060} Yel aa . 3 (2000 O'S lord sO Hesy la] 0 +000) plastce a] 14000 | 00 \o10 SO 4B2SYy | Brab| 0-020) plaxtcc. ; | [T|__ '6o00 2:00 Tore no 48° Syl2paq| OO ultemate fo| 9000 | 315? loro | sD FSH 140449] 0-070) Fetacchuv’ @ scanned with OKEN Scanner( Exam ley , Calculates dee Rese Foo | a ‘Goo ot _ Yoree oc to er 1 Ove mf Ba | = 4C-34 Tenor i a} f 0° td 201002 50 @ scanned with OKEN ScannerConclusion The stress-strain analysis of the metal rod reveals its elastic and plastic behaviour. The experimental values of Young's modulus, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength are determined and can be compared with standard material properties to assess material quality and performance under tensile loading. The test also highlights the deformation characteristics and failure mode of the specimen. @ scanned with OKEN Scannercxperiegen| ~ é Demon, Anakeag h dhomie, dromdurce £ dec Nirah the fein: "Wie. ttn (s to observe. and Coealtt the a OFC. Seale. dreuglane. and Heit ib “| Kini letoot jg in a enatausal oi 6 ~ we debuts 2 oalercorropy , Obyecleve te 4) Visualize the. nrucirgem en ob \attere « 1 Oo, WI) Petect cen chanacleraize, oldorts such an varrancre AAislocalon, a7 Guas'» beandarwer ' ai) Relate. the- oj “chrorcved enterco ttresclases te snarercsial- § Nee eres v ee iprnents Urol wre] + ~ 1+ Ticonamienon) Deotron Mitra scm pe. (rem) oe Sconnin) Vronsmivys Flochrase Miscoseope. CsTeM) ° adoons tn Mia. oyital or High- teesoludcon) ienngtoy Comera » 3 ample. pre aterry tools + (ollrcamter tome 5 con maitieng oe Elke 4. Troge. mont sol warce, (bigs Mit sr 1 TngeT) “Theos a A Moterctals corce, Cormposed| of ov qerved| ole ones lotic ces + % TE tone |g a defects if Age \attece C poling eteds a D. | dislocateons oF blenacr qetecks ~ Gp hour onflucrce rathanicd electru'cal SP pent ‘ @ scanned with OKEN Scanner@ scanned with OKEN Scanner* ‘Cane nlite eS rt deol! Nronic. | Fesolubeort), nino 7eVeal’s that ia - ALE Arercangemont ob atoanS dnd te nature he log abbr. defe cfs J ovine os om © duce arelatconyhsps + Nye Tn J0 ds te pes de ee oes be Correlated Bios Matera percterrnance ) ee er cm provements ° 5 ve @ scanned with OKEN ScannerExperiment: Modeling and Simulation of Precipitate Growth Kinetics Aim To simulate and analyze the kinetics of precipitate growth in a solid-state alloy system, predicting how precipitates evolve with time and affect material properties. Objective 1. Develop a computational model that describes precipitate nucleation and growth. 2. Validate the model against theoretical growth laws (e.g., Lifshitz—Slyozov— Wagner). 3. Quantify precipitate size distribution and growth rates under varying conditions (temperature, supersaturation). @ scanned with OKEN ScannerEquipment & Software ¢ High-performance computing cluster or workstation. e Simulation software: MATLAB, Python (with NumPy, SciPy), or COMSOL for phase-field modeling. e Data analysis tools: Origin, MATLAB, or Python (pandas, matplotlib). ¢ Theoretical reference data (phase diagrams, diffusion coefficients). @ scanned with OKEN ScannerTheory Precipitate growth in alloys is often described by diffusion-controlled kinetics. Key models include: 1. Lifshitz—Slyozov—Wagner (LSW) theory: predicts average particle radius R evolution with time t: Re — Rb =kt, where & is arate constant depending on temperature, diffusion coefficient, and interfacial energy. 2. Phase-field method: solves coupled partial differential equations for composition and order parameters to simulate microstructure evolution. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerProcedure 1. 2. Model setup: Define material parameters (diffusivity, interfacial energy, initial supersaturation). Numerical implementation: © Discretize the simulation domain (finite difference or finite element mesh). © Solve the diffusion and phase-field equations iteratively using time-stepping algorithms. . Simulation runs: Vary temperature or alloy composition to obtain different growth scenarios. Post-processing: Extract precipitate size distributions and average radii at each time step. Validation: Fit simulation results to the LSW equation to determine & and compare with analvtical predictions. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerCalculation of growth rate k: _ R(t)? - BB k=. Conclusion The simulation successfully captured precipitate growth kinetics, showing that the average radius follows the cubic law consistent with diffusion-controlled coarsening (LSW theory). The computed growth rate & can be used to predict microstructure evolution under different thermal treatments, aiding in alloy desigr and processing optimization. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner