07.10.
2025 – Week 2
MTH2526-G93
CLIMATE CHANGE
ORIENTED PLANNING
Ece Gizem ÇAKMAK, PhD
Content
International National Climate
01 Agreements 02 Policies
01
International
Agreements
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC)
• At the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Rio Conference)
held on 3-14 June 1992, climate change, biodiversity and desertification were among
topics addressed.
• The Rio Conference was created as a response for member states to cooperate together
internationally on development issues after the Cold War.
• At the Rio Conference, 154 countries
signed the UNFCCC.
• The UN Convention on Biological
Diversity and the UN Convention to
Combat Desertification were also
opened for signature at the same
conference.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC)
• The "United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC)", was opened for signature
on 1992.
• On 24 May 2004, Türkiye joined the UNFCCC as the
189th party, which entered into force on 21 March
1994.
• It aims to stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations in the
atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous
anthropogenic interference with the climate system. First Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
• It is not legally binding. Change (IPCC) which was established
in 1988 in co-operation with UNEP
and WMO, 1990 & 1992
Source: UNFCCC, 1992. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
IPCC, 2024. [Link]
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC)
Guiding Principles Key commitments
• Equity • For developed country Parties listed in Annex I;
• Common but differentiated responsibilities • More stringent mitigation targets
and respective capabilities (CBDR-RC) • Development of policies and measures to limit
• Specific needs and special circumstances of emissions and improve sinks
developing country Parties • For developed country Parties listed in Annex II;
• Precautionary Principle • Provide new and additional financial resources
for developing countries
• Sustainable Development
• Developing country Parties listed as Non-Annex I
• Principle of Cooperation
Source: UNFCCC, 1992. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC)
Annex I and II parties
Annex I parties
Non-annex I parties
Observer states
Source: «[Link]
_Climate_Change»
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC)
Special circumstances of Türkiye
• Türkiye was included in Annex I and Annex II lists at the very beginning of the process
in 1992 due to her OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development)
membership.
• Türkiye did not sign the Convention in the first phase and started the process of
withdrawal from the Annex I and Annex II lists in 1997.
• The 7th Conference of Parties (COP) of UNFCCC in 2001 adopted a decision regarding
deletion of Türkiye’s name from Annex-II. Consequently, Türkiye only takes place in
Annex-I list while its special circumstances were recognized.
Source: Çakmak, E.G., Doğan, T., Hilmioğlu, B., İklim Değişikliği Sürecinde Paris Anlaşması’nın Rolü ve Türkiye’nin Konumu, VII
Ulusal Hava Kirliliği ve Kontrolü Sempozyumu, 2017.
[Link]
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC)
Conference of Parties (COP)
The COP is the supreme decision-making body of the Convention where countries party to
the UNFCCC come together to continue negotiations on climate change.
1995-COP 1, Berlin, Germany 2005 - COP 11, Montreal, Canada 2015 - COP 21, Paris, France
1996 - COP 2, Geneva, Switzerland 2006 - COP 12, Nairobi, Kenya 2016 - COP 22, Marrakesh, Morocco
1997 - COP 3, Kyoto, Japan 2007 - COP 13, Bali, Indonesia 2017 - COP 23, Bonn, Germany
1998 - COP 4, Buenos Aires, Argentina 2008 - COP 14, Poznań, Poland 2018 - COP 24, Krakow, Poland
1999 - COP 5, Bonn, Germany 2009 - COP 15, Copenhagen, Denmark 2019 - COP 25, Barcelona, Spain
2000 - COP 6, Hague, Holland 2010 - COP 16, Cancún, Mexico 2021 - COP 26, Glasgow, UK
2001 - COP 7, Marrakesh, Morocco 2011 - COP 17, Durban, South Africa 2022 - COP 27, Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt
2002 - COP 8, New Delhi, India 2012 - COP 18, Doha, Qatar 2023 - COP 28, Dubai, UAE
2003 - COP 9, Milan, Italy 2013 - COP 19, Warsaw, Poland 2024 - COP 29, Baku, Azerbaijan
2004 - COP 10, Buenos Aires, Argentina 2014 - COP 20, Lima, Peru 2025 - COP 30, Belem, Brazil
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC)
Conference of the Parties (COP)
Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA)
• Provide provision of timely information and advice on scientific and
technological matters to the COP
• Technical work to develop guidelines for the preparation of national
communications and emission inventories
Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI)
• Heart of all implementation issues under the UNFCCC
• Review national reports submitted by Parties
• Review financial assistance provided through financial mechanisms
• Enhance the ambition of Parties on all aspects of transparency,
mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology and capacity-building
Important outcomes of the UNFCCC
Kyoto Protocol
-Signed at COP3 in 1997, the implementing rules
were adopted at COP7 in 2001.
-Entered into force in February 2005.
-Türkiye, became a Party to the protocol in
August 2009.
Paris Agreement
-Adopted unanimously on December 12, 2015.
-Türkiye signed the agreement in 2016 and
passed it through Parliament in 2021.
-"Developed Countries" and "Developing
Countries" instead of the Annexes (Annex I,
Annex II, Non-Annex I)”
Source: «[Link]
Kyoto Protocol
The 36 countries that
made commitments,
• Sets binding emission reduction targets for accounting for 24% of
Annex I Parties of UNFCCC (Annex B of global emissions,
Protocol) reduced their
emissions by an
• First Commitment Period (2008-2012): An average of 4%
average 5 per cent emission reduction compared between 1990 and
2012.
to 1990 levels
• Second Commitment Period (2013-2020) - Doha Many developing
countries not included
Amendment: An average reduction of GHG in Annex B continued
emissions by at least 18 percent below 1990 to increase their
levels emissions. The global
emissions increased by
32% from 1990 to
2010.
Source: «[Link]
Shishlov,I. Morel, R., Valentin B., Compliance of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol in the first commitment period,
Climate Policy, 2016, 16 (6), 768-782.
Kyoto Protocol
Annex B parties with binding targets in the
second period
Annex B parties with binding targets in the first
period but not the second
Non-Annex B parties without binding targets
Annex B parties with binding targets in the first
period but which withdrew from the Protocol
Signatories to the Protocol that have not ratified
Other UN member states and observers that are
not party to the Protocol
Source: «[Link]
Paris Agreement
• The Paris Agreement, adopted at the 21st
Conference of the Parties held in Paris between
November 30-December 11, 2015 and attended by
approximately 40,000 people from 195 countries,
entered into force on November 4, 2016.
• Our country has two main expectations in the
negotiation process: To be classified as a
developing country (to be exempted from the
responsibility for absolute greenhouse gas
emission mitigation) and to benefit from climate
funds
Source: «[Link]
Paris Agreement
Key points on the Paris Agreement
Increase in global average temp.
< 2°C (1,5°C)
Net zero emissions
(Nationally Determined Contributions)
Long term global goals, Assessment every
5 years (Global Stocktake)
Assistance on finance (100 billion $/year)
ve technology development and transfer
Global goal on adaptation
Loss and damages
Source: «[Link]
Paris Agreement
State parties
Signatories
Parties also covered by
European Union ratification
Agreement does not apply
Source: «[Link]
Global greenhouse gas emissions
• Global CO2 emissions
increased from 22.7 Gt CO2
in 1990 to 37.8 Gt CO2 by
2023.
%66 increase
• Total greenhouse gas
emissions increased from
37.8 Gt CO2e in 1990 to
53.8 Gt CO2e in 2023.
Global greenhouse gas emissions
Countries with the highest emissions in 2022 Cumulative emissions between 1850 and 2022
Source: Statista, 2024, Distribution of greenhouse gas Source: Statista, 2024, Largest contributors to cumulative
emissions worldwide in 2022, by major emitter carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from fossil fuels, land use, and
forestry worldwide from 1850 to 2022
29. Conference of Parties (COP29)
The COP29, the 19th Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP19), the 6th Meeting of the
Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA 6), the 61th Session of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and
Technological Advice (SBSTA 61) and the 61th Session of the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI
61) were held simultaneously in Baku, Azerbaijan on 11-22 November 2024.
• Nearly 66,800 delegates registered, 56,000 attended
• 17,680 country delegates and 9,880 NGO representatives
• The most crowded delagation was Azerbaijan with 2,229 delegates
• Others: Brazil (1,914), Türkiye (1,862), UEA (1,011) and China (969)
Global Stocktake – GST
It was aimed to evaluate the progress made since 2018, when the Paris Agreement came into force, in the areas
of mitigation, adaptation, financing, technology development and transfer, capacity building, loss and damage,
economic measures and international cooperation, and to introduce measures to address deficiencies identified.
To achieve the 1.5°C target, global greenhouse gas emissions
need to be reduced by 43% by 2030 and 60% by 2035 compared
to 2019 levels, and net zero by 2050.
Countries pledged to triple the world's renewable energy
capacity to double the global rate of energy efficiency by 2030.
Countries are invited to share their updated nationally
determined contributions, having more ambitious targets, with
the secretariat before COP30 in November 2025.
Source: FCCC/SB/2023/9, FCCC/PA/CMA/2023/L.17
Global Goal on Adaptation
Water Food Public Ecosystem Infrastructure Poverty Cultural
resources security health services eradication heritage
Key decisions at COP28: COP28 outcomes:
• Land use management, sustainable agriculture, resilient food o Negotiations on the
systems, the importance of nature-based and ecosystem-based development of an indicator
solutions list to track progress will
• Participatory and local capacity-building actions for the protection continue at COP30.
of forests, mountains, terrestrial, marine and coastal ecosystems o Adaptation practices will be
• Expanding the coverage of early warning systems to protect all life enhanced within the
on Earth by 2027 through the "Early Warning for All" initiative framework of the Baku
Adaptation Roadmap.
• By 2030, assessing the impacts of climate change and potential
risks
Source: Decision -/CMA.5
Loss and Damage Fund
• At the end of the COP27 in Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt,
for the first time in the history of the UNFCCC, an
article on the funding of the loss and damage
mechanism was included in a decision text.
• In COP28, this achievement was taken to the next
level and the establishment of a Loss and Damage
Fund was adopted on the first day of the
conference.
• It was emphasized that Türkiye is highly vulnerable
to disasters caused by climate change, that the
consequences of the 1.5°C scenario are being
experienced today in the Mediterranean Basin, and
that Türkiye, which has not been treated fairly in
climate financing mechanisms so far, should not be
left behind in the Loss and Damage Fund.
Source: FCCC/CP/2023/L.1−FCCC/PA/CMA/2023/L.1
Science and Technology
• Technology is important for achieving mitigation and
adaptation targets
• Carry out technological development not only with public
resources but also with the cooperation of the private sector
• Increasing the affordability and accessibility of technologies Renewable Nuclear energy Carbon capture
• "Technology Implementation Program" to meet the energy and storage
technology needs of developing countries
Low carbon Natural gas as Energy storage
hydrogen transition fuel
Artificial Intelligence for Climate Action Skills Development and Technological
Tipping Points for Net Zero
Fostering innovation
through collaborative
climate technology RD&D
Digitial Early warning Nature based
technologies systems solutions
Source: FCCC/SB/2023/L.10, FCCC/SB/2023/L.9
Initiatives
Some initiatives to which Türkiye is a party
Main objective Increase the
is to increase involvement of • "Climate Club" focusing on decarbonization of industrial sectors
climate non-party • "Critical Raw Materials Club", which aims to ensure the safe and
ambition stakeholders sustainable supply of raw materials that are important for the energy
transition
• "Emirati Declaration on Resilient Food Systems, Sustainable
Agriculture and Climate Action" prioritizing issues such as increasing
Open-ended Created by a the capacity of agribusinesses to adapt to climate change, ensuring
and modifiable specific food security and improving water use
texts country(ies)
• "Concrete and Cement Breakthroughs" aiming to reduce the carbon
footprint of buildings
• "Mangrove Alliance for Climate" focusing on restoring and protecting
mangrove forests
• "Declaration on the Joint Agenda on Education and Climate Change at
Non-negotiated Unclear of their COP28" aiming to develop climate risk-oriented national education
texts binding nature
strategies and resilient education systems
• "Declaration on Climate and Health" addressing the impacts of
climate change on the health sector
Mini QUİZ
02
National
Climate
Join at
[Link]
#2526932
Policies
National Climate Change Policy
Intended
Nationally
8. Development Signing the Paris Draft Climate Law
Determined
Plan (2001-2005) Agreement (2016) (2023)
Contribution
(INDC) (2015)
Became a party to
Climate Change Climate Change
the Paris Climate Council
Coordination Action Plan (İDEP)
Agreement (7 (2022)
Board (2001) (2011-2023)
October 2021)
Nationally
Became the 189th Climate Change
2053 Net zero goal Determined
party of UNFCCC Strategy of Türkiye
(2021) Contribution (NDC)
(24 May 2004) (2010-2023)
(2022)
Climate Change
Became a party to Directorate of and Adaptation
9. Development
the Kyoto Protocol Climate Change Coordination
Plan (2007-2013)
(5 June 2009) (2021) Board (İDUKK)
(2021)
National Inventory Reports-NIR
Institutions that prepared the report
• Turkish Statistical Institute Sectors considered
• Ministry of Energy and Natural • Energy
Resources • Industrial Processes and
• Ministry of Transport and Product Use (IPPU)
Infrastructure • Agriculture
• Ministry of Agriculture and • Waste
Forestry • Land Use and Land Use
• Ministry of Environment, Change (LULUCF)
Urbanization and Climate Change
Source: Türkiye National Inventory Report (NIR), 2023. [Link]
National Communications and
Biennial Reports
1 National circumstances
As an Annex I country under the UNFCCC, Türkiye is obliged to
submit the National Communication on Climate Change every 4 2 Greenhouse gas ınventory
years and the Biennial Report every 2 years to the UNFCCC
Secretariat. 3 Policies and measures
Reporting is a tool that includes consistent, transparent,
4 Projections and the total effect of
comparable, accurate and complete information established to policies and measures
monitor the activities of Annex I countries towards achieving the
5 Vulnerability assessment, climate
objectives of the Convention. change impacts and adaptation measures
By the end of 2024, the Parties to the Paris Agreement will 6 Financial, technological and capacity-
prepare and submit Biennial Transparency Reports (BTRs) to the building support
Secretariat for the first time. 7 Research and systematic observation
Source: [Link] 8 Education, training and public
[Link] awareness
the-ETF
Nationally Determined Contributions-NDCs
Prior to the Paris Agreement, countries INDC and NDC projections for Türkiye
were asked to prepare commitment
documents containing their targets for
the post-2020 period on mitigation and
adaptation. - INDC
These documents became valid for the
period after the Paris Agreement and
countries are expected to update their
declarations every 5 years (e.g. 2020,
2025, 2030). – NDC
• Net zero emissions target for 2053
Source: [Link] • Emissions will peak by 2038 at the
agreement/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs latest
[Link]
Climate Council (2022)
Türkiye's first Climate Council, organized by the Ministry of
Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change in Konya in February,
took 217 decisions in important areas such as greenhouse gas emission
reduction, climate change adaptation, local governments, green finance
and carbon pricing.
Clean
Energy
Drought
Green
Action
Transport
Plan
Climate
Friendly
Agriculture
Vulnerable Green
Cities Economy
Climate
Education
Source: «[Link]
surasinda-alinan-onemli-kararlar»
Climate Change Action Plan
Between 2010 and 2023 National vision;
• to become a country fully integrating climate
change-related objectives into its development
policies,
• to disseminate energy efficiency, to increase the
use of clean and renewable energy resources,
• to actively participating in the efforts for tackling
climate change within its “special
circumstances”,
• to provide its citizens with a high quality of life
and welfare with low-carbon intensity
Source: [Link]
Climate Change Action Plan
National Climate Change Mitigation National Climate Change Adaptation
Strategy and Action Plan (2024-2030) Strategy and Action Plan (2024-2030)
• Energy • Cities
• Industry • Water Resources
• Buildings • Agriculture and Food Security
• Transport • Biodiversity and Ecosystem
• Waste Services
• Agriculture • Public Health
• Land Use, Land Use Change and • Energy
Forestry (LULUCF) • Industry
• Cross Cutting • Tourism and Cultural Heritage
o Just transition • Transportation and
o Carbon pricing mechanisms Communication
• Social Development
Source: [Link]
• Disaster Risk Reduction
Legislation related to Climate Change
Law on the Utilization
Law on Electricity
of Renewable Energy Law on Geothermal
Law on Energy Market (2013), Environment Law
Resources for Resources and
Efficiency (2007) Natural Gas Market (1983)
Electricity Generation Mineral Water (2007)
(2001)
(2005)
Law on Soil
Law on Groundwater Agriculture Law Law on Agricultural
Conservation and Seed Law (2006)
(1960) (2006) Insurance (2005)
Land Use (2005)
Law on the Protection
Law on Protection
Law on National Parks of Cultural and
Forest Law (1956) Pasture Law (1998) against Floods and
(1983) Natural Heritage
Inundation (1943)
(1983)
Law on the
Transformation of Law on Catastrophe Tax Laws (ÖTV-2002, Road Traffic Law
Zoning Law (1985)
Areas Under Disaster Insurance (2012) MTV-1980) (1983)
Risk (2012)
e-posta: [Link]@[Link]
Thank you!