4.

CERTIFIED SEED
 Progeny of foundation seed.
 Produced on fields of progressive farmers
under supervision of SSCA or NSC
 Genetic purity- 99%
 Physical purity- 98%
 Certification is required and is meant for
general distribution
 Has both tag and label attached.
 Tag is azure blue and label is opaline green
 Tag is issued by SSCA and label by
producing institute
 Label size- 15 X 7.5cm
 REGISTERED SEED
 Registered seed shall be the
progeny of foundation seed that is
so handled as to maintain its
genetic identity and purity
according to standard specified for
the particular crop being certified.
 It should be of quality suitable to
produce certified seed.
 A purple colour certificate is issued
for this category of seed.
TRUTHFULLY LABELED SEEDS

▪ This type of seeds does not come under the purview of the
Department of Seed Certification.
▪ Category of seeds produced by private companies.
▪ This kind of seeds are tested only for its physical purity
and germination. Genetic purity is not guaranteed in this.
▪ Labelling is compulsory but certification is voluntary.
 Tag colour is opale green and size is 15 X 10cm.
 Germination
Sl.
Crop Minimum
No.
Percentage
1 Maize 90
2 Wheat, Barley, Oat, Rapeseed, Mustard, 85
Chickpea
3 Paddy, Safflower, Niger, Lucerne, Jute, 80
Berseem, Linseed, Sesame
4 Green gram, Blackgram, Pigeonpea, 75
Lentil, Khesari, Pea, Millets, Sorghum,
Cowpea, Frenchbean
5 Groundnut, Soybean, Cabbage, Radish, 70
Brinjal, Tomato, Onion, Methi
 Germination
Sl.
Crop Minimum
No.
Percentage
6 Cotton, Okra, Cauliflower, Sunflower, 65

7 Chilly, Cucurbits, Carrot, Palak, 60

Sugarbeet

8 Grasses (Napier grass, Ginny grass) 15-20

Seed multiplication ratio (SMR): It is the number of seeds to be produced
from a single seed when it is sown and harvested.
Potato 1:4 (Lowest)
Groundnut 1:8 (Second lowest)
Chickpea 1:10 to 1:12
Soybean 1:16
Wheat 1:20
Blackgram, Greengram, Cowpea 1:40
Cotton 1:50
Paddy 1:70 to 1:80
Maize, Fingermillet, Red gram, Sorghum,Rapeseed, Jute 1:100
Bajra 1:200
Ragi 1:80 to 1:100
 ISOLATION DISTANCE

CROP F.S (m) C.S(m)

SP crops: 3 3
Cereals and millets
• Paddy, Wheat, Ragi
Pulses
• Soybean 3 3
• Greengram, Blackgram, Bengalgram, 10 5
Cowpea, Lablab
Oilseeds
Groundnut 3 3
CROP F.S (m) C.S(m)
Vegetables
• Tomato 50 25
• Clusterbean, peas, frenchbeans 10 5
• Lettuce 50 25
• potato 5 5
Often cross pollinated crops:
Millet
• Sorghum variety 200 100
• Sorghum hybrid 300 200
Pulses
• Redgram 200 100
CROP F.S (m) C.S(m)
Oilseeds
• Sesame 100 50
• Cotton (Variety) 50 30
Vegetables
• Brinjal 200 100
• Chillies, okra 400 200
Cross pollinated crops
Maize(Varieties) 400 200
Bajra variety 400 200
Bajra hybrid 1000 200
Sunhemp 200 100
CROP F.S (m) C.S(m)
Castor 300 150
Sunflower variety 400 200
Sunflower hybrid 600 400
Cross pollinated crops
Cabbage, Cauliflower, Beetroot, Radish 1600 1000
Cucurbits 1000 500
Onion 1000 800
Carrot 1000 800
 SEED CERTIFICATION

▪ Seed certification is a legally sanctioned system for quality

control of seed multiplication and production.
▪ It is done by the SSCA or NSC.
▪ Validity period for certification is for a period of 9 months
from date of testing the samples.
▪ The seed can be revalidated if it meets the required seed
standards (for 6 months).
 SEED REPLACEMENT RATE (SRR)
It is the percentage of area sown out of total area of crop
planted in the season by using certified/quality seeds other than
the farm saved seed. For hybrids it is 100%.

CROP SRR CROP SRR

Paddy 42 Groundnut 16
Wheat 39 Blackgram 42
Bengal gram 41.06 Mustard 100
Greengram 42.03 Maize 100
Pigeonpea 38.97 Pearlmillet, Castor 100
INTERNATIONAL SEED ANALYSIS
CERTIFICATE
It was introduced in 1931 at the request of International Seed Trade
Federation (FIS).They greatly facilitate the international trade of seed,
because the buyer of seed can rely on the results reported on the certificates

CERTIFICATE RELATED TO TESTING

Orange Seed lot In the same country by the
member station
Green Seed lot In another country by a member
station
Blue Seed sample In the same country by the
member station
Seed act was passed on 29th December ISTA founded 1924
1966
Seed act came into 2nd October 1969 National seed policy 2002
force throughout the
country on
Seed act was amended 9th September Swedish Seed 1886
on 1972 Association formed in
National Seed 1963 Seed Rule 1968
Corporation (NSC)
State seed certification 1969 Essential Commodities 1955
agency Act
National seed program 1975 Seed year celebrated 1993
during
National seed project 1976 PPV&FR act 2001
launched by ICAR in formulated in
International Seed Day 26 April PPV&FR act came 2005
into force in
Seed control order was 1983 New Seed Bill 2004
passed in formulated in
(this replaced seed
act 1966)
First UPOV seed act 1978 New Seed Bill was 2005
effective from
Second UPOV seed act 1991
FULL FORMS
▪ ISTA - International Seed Testing Association , Geneva
Switzerland
▪ AOSA - Association of Official Seed Analysts
▪ AOSCA - Association of Official Seed Certifying Agencies
▪ APSA - Asia and Pacific Seed Association
▪ SSCA- State Seed Certification Agency
▪ OECD - Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
Development
▪ SSC - State Seed Corporation
▪ SVRC - State Variety Release Committee
▪ CVRC - Central Variety Release Committee
▪ NSP - National Seed Project
▪ NSC - National Seed Corporation
▪ STR - Seed Technology Research
▪ BSP - Breeder Seed Production
▪ AICRP - All India Coordinated Research Project
▪ AICCIP- All India Coordinated Crop Improvement Project
▪ IISS - Indian Institute of Seed science, Mau
▪ NSRTC - National Seed Research and Training Centre, Varanasi
▪ GOT - Grow out test
▪ SSTL - State Seed Testing Laboratory
▪ CSTL - Central Seed Testing Laboratory, Varanasi
 SEED TREATMENT
Seed treatment refers to the application of fungicide, insecticide, or
a combination of both, to seeds to disinfect them from seed-borne
or soil-borne pathogenic organisms and storage insects. It also
refers to the subjecting of seeds to solar energy exposure,
immersion in conditioned water, etc
TYPES OF SEED TREATMENT
1. Seed disinfection: Seed disinfection refers to the eradication of
fungal spores that have become established within the seed coat, or
in more deep-seated tissues.
2. Seed disinfestation: Seed disinfestation refers to
the destruction of surface-borne organisms that have
contaminated the seed surface but not infected the seed
surface. Chemical dips, soaks, fungicides applied as dust,
slurry or liquid have been found successful.
3. Seed Protection: The purpose of seed protection is to
protect the seed and young seedling from organisms in
the soil which might otherwise cause decay of the seed
before germination.
 SEED PELLETING

Seed Pelleting is enclosing of seed in a filler material

using an adhesive with bioactive chemicals to ensure
singling of seed and size increases for easy handling.
Materials used : Nutrients , adhesive, filler material.
Inert materials: Lime, CaCO3, Chalk powder.
Plant products : Neem, Notchi, Arappu, Arappu
(Albizia amara) is found good contains a susbstance
saponin (growth promoter) which is similar to GA in
action.
❑ Seed dressing: The seed is dressed with either a dry formulation or
wet treated with a slurry or liquid formulation. Dressings can be
applied at both farm and industries. Low cost earthen pots can be
used for mixing pesticides with seed or seed can be spread on a
polythene sheet and required quantity of chemical can be sprinkled
on seed lot and mixed mechanically by the farmers.
❑ Seed coating: A special binder is used with a formulation to
enhance adherence to the seed. Seed coating is the application of
exogenous materials onto the surface of seeds with the aim of
improving seed appearance and handling characteristics (e.g., seed
weight and size) and/or delivering active compounds (e.g., plant
growth regulators, micronutrients, and microbial inoculants) that
can protect the seed .Coating requires advanced treatment
technology, by the industry.
 SEED PRIMING
Seed priming is the process of controlled hydration of seeds to a
level that permits pre-germinative metabolic activity to proceed, but
prevents actual emergence of the radicle.
Types of priming
Hydro priming (use of water double the volume of seed)
Halo priming (use of salt solution-NaCl)
Osmo priming (use of osmotic solution – PEG)
Sand matric priming – (use of moist sand)
BENEFITS
 Enhances the germination percentage
 Enhances the speed and uniformity of germination
 Improves the resistance towards water and
temperature stress
 Increases the shelf life of seed
 Highly suitable for small seeds
 Enhances the yield
 SOME IMPORTANT TERMS

 Rogueing: Removal of the offtype plants at various stages of

crop growth.
 Pollen shedder: Presence of B line in A line.
 Volunteer plants: Plants of previous season.
 Shedding tassel: Either full or part of tassel remain in female
line after detasseling and shedding pollen which may
contaminate the genetic purity of the crop.
Q. If the percentage of pure seed listed on the seed label of the
cultivator is taken as 80% and the germination percentage
is 70%, then what will be the real value of the seed?

(a) 70%
(b)
(b) 56%
56%
Real value of seed / Pure live seed =
(c) 90% Purity % ×Germination % /100.
(d) 75%
(e) 10%