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Ac WDG

The document discusses AC armature windings, emphasizing the differences between single-layer and double-layer windings and their configurations in electric machines. It details the arrangement of coils, phase grouping, and the advantages of double-layer windings over single-layer ones, particularly in terms of production efficiency and cost. Additionally, it covers integral and fractional slot windings, highlighting their implications for the design of three-phase AC machines.

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11 views13 pages

Ac WDG

The document discusses AC armature windings, emphasizing the differences between single-layer and double-layer windings and their configurations in electric machines. It details the arrangement of coils, phase grouping, and the advantages of double-layer windings over single-layer ones, particularly in terms of production efficiency and cost. Additionally, it covers integral and fractional slot windings, highlighting their implications for the design of three-phase AC machines.

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sahrabindra003
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
6. AC Armature Windings 6.1 Introduction 273 62 AC Windings 275 Summary 283 Practice Problems 283 Review Questions 284 273 AC ARMATURE WINDINGS 6._ INTRODUCTION Chapters 4 and 5 emphasized that field and armature windings are the essential features of electric machines. The ficld windings are simple arrangements with ‘concentrated coils (i. coils in which all the turns have the same magnetic axis) ‘Armature windings on the other hand comprise set of coils (single or multiturn) embedded inthe slots, uniformly spaced round the armature periphery. The emf are induced in armature cols due to relative motion between them and the B-wave inthe ar-gap established by the field windings. In an ae machine (3-phase) the armature coils are symmetrically connected to form set of three balanced phases (equal emf magnitudes witha relative phase displacement of 23 rad). In ‘ade machine the armature coils are connected via commutator segments which are tapped by stationary ‘brushes so as to give a constant (de) voltage between brushes It was also seen in Chapter 5 that when the armature winding carries current, it establishes the same number of alternating (north-south) poles for ‘which it is wound, A coil may be of single-tum having two conductors with end connections or mltitum with two coil- sides each composed of several conductors. The active coilside (or conductor) length in which the emf is induced equals the armature length (over which the flux density is established), The pitch of a coil i the space angle (eletrcal) between its two sides and must equal an integral number of sits. The coil pitch ‘may be full equal to one poe pitch oF 180° elec.) o shor-ptch (chorded ) coils may be used. The pitch of ‘coil could be expressed in terms of ts angular span or in terms of slots. The slos/pole must be an integral ‘number fora fulkpitch el Practically there are two types of windings, vz. single-layer and two-layer (or double-layer). Ina single- layer winding each coil—side of a coil occupies the whole slot as shown in Fig, .1(a). In a double-layer ‘winding one coil-sde of a coil occupies the upper position in one slot and the second coil-side occupies the lower position ina slot displaced from the first coil-sde by the eoil-span as shown in Fig. 6.1(b). Ina double-layer winding each slot is occupied by two coil-sides, one placed on top of the other referred to as top and bottom col-sides. It easily follows from Fig. 6.1 that, (6.10) (6.16) C= S (double-layer winding) (6.10) number of armature coils ‘S'= number of armature slots The primary difference in single-and double-layer windings is inthe arrangement of the overhang. In single-layer the coils are arranged in groups and the overhang of one group of coils is made to cross the where 274_Electic Machines ‘other appropriately by adjusting the size (corresponding to axial ength of armature) and shape of individual ‘coil groups. This means a variety of coils differing both in size and shape resulting in inconvenience and higher cost in production, Single-layer windings are, therefore, rarely used in modem machine practice ‘except in small sizes. Machines are of course still found in use with single-layer windings. Overang Overhong Top cobside T (@) Single ayer coi (8) Double tayer col (botiom cols is shown died) Fig. 6.2 Im a double-layer winding all the coils are identical in shape and size (diamond shape as shown in Fig, 5.21 is employed) with two coil-sides lying in two different planes. Each slot has one coil-side entering its bottom half from one side and the other coilside leaving its top half on the other side. A special kink at each end of the diamond shape allows neat symmetrical packing of coil overhangs and the problem of overhang crossing as in a single-layer winding is avoided. Because of identical coils, production is facilitated and results in a reduction of cost. ‘DC machine windings are invariably double-layered, Nomenclature umber of slots (must be divisible by 3 ina 3-phase ac machine) C= number of coils umber of coil-sides 1N-= number of turns/coil SIP = slotspole, ic. pole pitch in terms of slots (is noninteger for fractional slot winding) 180° r's slots) 44 numberof phases (generally q = 3) {B= 2174 ime phase displacement between emf of suecessive phases (generally = 2713) 1m = numberof slwsipole/phase (SPP) umber of parallel paths In ac machines itis possible to have only one path or more paths in paallel-phase (each phase is an open-circuit); but de machine windings are always of closed-circuit type with two or more (even) number of parallel paths. slot angle (electrical) or slot-ptch (angular displacement between midpoints of adjacent In large de machines windings may be arranged with more than ane coi-side in top and bottom halves ‘of the slots. Nomenclature specific to de machine winding is {U= 2CS, mumber of coil-sdes/slot (even) Z,= UN, number of conductors/stot Z=2CN,, total number of armature conductors Remark ‘The arrangement of coils round the armature periphery and their interconnections is best illustrated in form of a winding diagram. For the purpose of drawing a winding diagram, it is convenient t the armature to be laid out fat in a developed form with slots parallel to each other, Slots under the influence of each pole can then be marked out; all col-sdes under one pole will have emfs induced in the same direction with a progressive time phase diflerence corresponding to the slot angle, Cross-sectional {developed view is also handy in illustrating the underlying ideas of ac windings. In a developed form of de ‘winding, the field poles are also indicated. 6.2_ACWINDINGS ‘Ac windings are generally of @ 3-phase kind because of the inherent advantages of a 3-phase machine. The ‘armature coils must be connected to yield balanced (equal in magnitude and successive phase difference of 2nt3 rad) 3-phase emfS. To begin with the slots around the armature periphery must be divided into phase- bands. Phase Grouping Initially a simple case will be assumed where SPP is an integral number; such winding is referred to as {ntegra-slot winding. For ilustrative purposes. let m = 2 which means 12 slots per pole par fora 3-phase armature, Slot angle is 360°/12 ~ 30°. Further let the coi-ptch be full six slots, Figure 6.2) shows the 12 slots numbered from let to righ; six slots are under the influence of one pole with a particular direction ‘of ems in coil-sdes and the remaining six slots are under opposite pole with opposite direction of emfs as indicated In Fig. 62{a) the 12 armature slots are divided into six phase-bands of two (~ m) slots each having an angular spread of = 60°; in fact each pole is divided into three band (as many as the numberof phases). If coil-sides in slots (1,2) belong to phase band 4, those in slots (5,6) which are 120° (or four slots) away belong to phase band # and those in slots (3, 4) are 60° (or two slots) away from A which when reverse- connected would belong to phase C. (See phasor diagram of Fig. 6.2(b).) Therefore coil-sdes in slots-3, 4) are said to belong to phase band C’. As a result of this arrangement the phase-band sequence is AC’ BA’ (CB which will repeat for each pair of poles. This arrangement of phase-band is called 60° phase grouping, ‘The four col-sdes of each pair of coils of a phase can be connected additively in any order. For example, the order ofthe coilside connection for phase 4 could be (1-8-2-7) a used ina single-layer winding with concentrated coil or it could be (1-7-2-8) ina two-layer lap winding (these are explained soon after). The phasor diagrams of all the three phases fo the Former kind of connestion is given in Fig, 6.2(C). “The 60° phase grouping discussed above can be used for single-layer or double-layer windings. Ii also Possible to use « 120° phase grouping where the slots under a pole pair are divided into three phase-bands 1276 _Electric Machines as in Fig. 6.2(d). For the example in hand there are four slots per phase-band. It is obvious that slots for return coil-side for this phase-grouping will nt be available in single-layer winding. It can only be used for ‘a double-layer winding. A phase-grouping of 120° is rarely adopted and will not be discussed any further. —— Pole + Pte 1 2te 4.6 617 e@i9 0i 12 are 60" phase grouping © i if i i ‘ t 120° phase grouping Fig. 6.2 Single-layer Windings Single-layer windings are not commonly used in practice except for machines of a few kW because of the disadvantages mentioned earlier. Single-layer winding may be concentric, lap or wave type. Here only the ‘concentric type winding willbe illustrated while the lap type will be explained in two-layer winding. Wave winding because of certain problems in end connections is not used in ac machines. Concentric Windings Concentric windings may be classified into two main categories, viz. unbifurcated (or half-coiled) and bifurcated (whole-coiled). In the former type the coils comprising a phase group in adjacent pole pitches are ‘concentric as indicated in Fig. 6.3(a). The individual coils may have a span greater or less than a pole pitch but the average oil-span equals one pole-pitch. This kind of arrangement is provided to avoid crossing of two ‘coils under one phase-group. In bifurcated winding, each coil group is split into two sets of concentric coils ‘and the rotur coil-sdes are shared with those of another group as shown in Fig. 6.3(b). Its clearly evident fom the figure that this kind of arrangement is only possible when SPP is even. AC Armature Windings 277 tis easly sen from Figs 63(a) and (b) that for accommodating the windings forall the three phases, the overhang must be arranged in two or three planes. Figure 6 (a) which corresponds to unbifureated winding (Fig. 6.32), the overhang is arranged in a continuous chain with sequence (ifseen from a fixed reference) ATBLCT ALB... where upward and downward arows indicat the upper and lower planes. The three plane ovethang arangement of bifurcated winding is depicted in Fig. 6.4(b) (0) Bercated wining for one pase; SIP=6,m=2 (©) 8st wing wi roe pare overhang Fig. 6.3. Singlelayer winding with concentric coils Fig. 6.4 Arrangement of overhang in single-layer ‘concentric winding Single-layer coils can be arranged in semi-closed slots (the coil is opened and pushed in slots from one side, the coil then being reformed and reconnected by buff: welding) CChording and the use of fractional SPP is not possible ina single-layer winding. As will be seen in the next section, it isa serious drawback. Double-layerWindings Double-layer windings are the most widely used class of windings. Though both lap and wave types are Possible, because of inherent problems of a wave winding®, it is now an accepted practice to use the lap type * Figure 6.5 shows double-layer wave winding with single-tum coils a In this type of winding, after traversing the armature once the wind- ms a ing closes on tothe start of the frst coll (Le. afer connecting PI2 coils in series), To overcome tis dificult. the connection is made to the socoad coil-side ofthe fist phase group anda similar procedure {is continued until all the coils are exhausted. However, inthe case ‘of fractional slot windings this problem is even more complicated ‘because, afterall the turns round the armature are completed, some cls remain unconnected. 278_Electric Machines for double-layer ac winding. Double-layer windings fall into two main classes depending upon the value of SPP-integral slot winding when SPP is an integer and fractional slot winding when SPP is a fractional number. To meet the requirement of symmetry among phases, the number of slots/phase (93) must be a hole number. Integral Slot Winding Here SPPis an integer. This type of winding has already been illustrated in Fig. 5.22. The winding arrangement is further illustrated through an example, Let slots and SIP=6 slots Coil-pitch ~ 6 slots (full-piteh eos) Phase spread, = 60? elect. ‘The winding diagram for one phase is shown in Fig, 6,6. The first set of phase-group coils (col-group 1) lying under one pole-pair (NS) are connected in series (finish end ofthe first cil is connected to the start of the next coil lying o the right of the first. The second coil-group ofthe phase lies under SN poles and must therefore be connected in reverse to the first coil-group for additive emf. It may be noticed that alteare c g70ups are reverse connected. Itis observed that the winding appears like a bifurcated one. It isalso observed that coil-sides lying in any given slots pertain to the same phase. All the coil-groups of the phase could be ‘connected in series or in seres-parallel. Fig. 6.6. Double-layerlap winding; poles, m2, 0 60° col pitch « 6 slats (fall ptch) In. practice, however, itis common to use chorded or shor-ptched coil. As already mentioned in Ch. 5, this type of arrangement offers certain inherent advantages such as reduction in copper needed for end connections. Further, certain harmonics present in the emf wave are greatly suppressed. However, coil chording lead toa reduction inthe emf generated (refer Eqs (5.18) and (5.20). Ths type of winding is best ilutrated by means ofa cross-sectional developed diagram. Here letters (a, b,c) refer to the coil-sides ofthe corresponding phase. For the example considered, SP=9slts and m=3 Coilespan =8 slots (chorded by one slot) 60° electrical ACAnmatureWindings 279 ‘The cross-sectional view of winding for one pole-pir is drawn in Fig. 6.7. Certain observations can be rade from this figure. The top bottom coil-side phase grouping is mezely displaced by one slot (equal to ‘chording). Further, in cach-group of three slots, the coil-side of two different phases are placed in one ofthe slots. Costes of ferent phases in same sot Fig. 6.7. Crose-sectonal view of two-layer winding: m= 3; 0 60, col-pitch «sot (chorded by one slot) Fractional Slot Windings So far these types of windings have been studied in which SPP is an integer. Windings, whercin SPP is a fractional number, are known as fractional slot windings. Fractional slot winding is easly adopted with a ‘double-layer arrangement While m= SI3P is a noninteger in a fractional slot winding, , the number of slots, must be divisible by 3, ie. slots per phase must be integral in order to obtain a symmetrical 3-phase winding. The pole pitch, S/P, i also fractional, so thatthe coil-span cannot be of full-pitch. For example if S/P = 105, then the coiF-span ‘ean be either 11 or 10 slots, The coil-span chosen is of course less than the ful-ptch because of the inherent advantages of chording elaborated earlier. Inthe previous discussion it has been leamt that winding constituting a basic unit under a pole-pait (0V and S) is repeated for any number of pole pairs when m is integral. In order to obtain the “basic unit” for fractional slot winding, S'3P is reduced to the ireducible fraction by cancelling out the highest common. factor in Sand P. Thus sls ae 62) Coi-sides under poles constitute the basic unit whose connection wl be repeated IP times i he compete winding It wl soon be evident that Peannot be a mall of tre ina phase winding. Ina double-layer winding, the phase grouping of oi-side othe tp layer i repeated in the tom layer with comespncing coi-sides being located one coil-pan away. Therefore al that is cde i to establish the phase-grouping of op ayer of coilsides. Fractional slot winding is easily understood by means of an example Let s=108, P=10 X= M -53 sos BP 3x10 75 se ss 3p” 3x10” 3x5 3 ‘Thus the basic unit inthe winding ha S poles note tat this need not be eve) covering Sls ‘Acai group ble Table 6.1) snow perpared on the following lines then Now fo_Electric Machines Tate 62 or 2 | Z| 4! 2 62 et wm mek im i 1662 oe eis lols rae > ‘7 ew 2 ” wo 62 0 ele’ im . Pelee? > Tone BS 1 2! 2 nl 2 in? le 4 2 yt 2, a 2M as? oa at s% nt 0 2 mt wo as62 ind hase eal. [eeu ¢ le -’ els [ed _——— ra Tae ee ea ae poe 10262 kw 62 no 62 tt 160 m6? a | “3 3 3] 3 3 Pe ¢ Gall - err vw 6 ee SNe Se wR 1 2 gl \ 2 lial mee nt om «2 at wnt mo 62 ad mel «lal « lel ¢ ¢ lel s US es 1. Caleutate the slot angle, 10x180° _ 50 162 ap int fe 2. Beginning with 0°, calculate the angle for serially arranged slots in a table. Every time the angle ‘exceeds 180°, subtract 180°, the angle of one pole-pitch. This takes care ofthe fact that the postive The pitch of a coll isthe space angle (electrical) between its two sides and must equal an integral number of slots. > Two types of winding - Single layer: each coil side ofa coil occupies the whole slot = Double layer: each slot is occupied by two coil sides > Winding diagram is used to illustrate the arrangement of coils round the armature periphery and their interconnections. > Fractional slot winding is used to reduce the high frequency harmonics caused by slotting. > In lap winding the finish of one col is connected tothe tat of the adjoining coil > Wave winding the finish end of one coil under one pole pair is connected tothe start ofa coil under the next pole pair PRACTICE PROBLEMS 6.4 Draw a single-layer unbifuracated winding for ‘a 3phase, 4-pole machine having 24 armature slots. Assume one coil-side. Cleary show the end connection of a continuous chain arrange- ‘ment is used, 62 For the same number of slot and poles as in Problem 6.1, draw a bifurcated type of winding. If the number of slots are changed from 24 to 36, is it possible to have bifurcated winding? If na, why? 63 Give 2 developed view of double-layer ar- mature winding for a 3-phase machine wit 6 poles and 36 slot, If full-ptched coils are used. Indicate all end connection and the start and finish of each phase. 6.4 A3-phase machine has 4 polesand 48 armature slots. I'he cols are chorded by one slot, draw the double-layer winding diagram for all three phases. Why is it that chording more than 13 pole-pitch isnot used in practice? 65 The armature of a 3-phase machine with 6 poles and 180 slots is wound with fractional slot windings. Construct the winding table {or one basie unit of poles. Indicate the start of each phase, For the basic unit determine the distribution of coil groups and the phase sequence. 66 A 3phase, 10-pole machine has 72 slots CConsturt the winding table for fractional slot winding. Draw the winding diagram with a coil-span of seven slots. 67 A 3phase, 50-Hz, 10-pole machine has 120 armature slots, What harmonic frequencies will be present in the generated emf on account of slowing ? How do these affect the operation ofthe machine? 284 Electric Machines REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. 2 3. ‘What is the significance ofa winding diagram? ‘When do you use concentric winding? ‘What are the advantages of fractional slot winding over integral slot winding? 4. Compare lap and wave winding. Where each type is used and why? 5. Why double layer winding is preferred? 6. Explain how fractional winding reduce the emfs of ripple frequencies.

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