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NET Interview Questions and Answers

.NET Framework

1. What is .NET Framework?

.NET Framework is a complete environment that allows developers to develop, run,

and deploy the following applications:

 Console applications
 Windows Forms applications
 Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) applications
 Web applications ([Link] applications)
 Web services
 Windows services
 Service-oriented applications using Windows Communication Foundation
(WCF)
 Workflow-enabled applications using Windows Workflow Foundation (WF)

.NET Framework also enables a developer to create sharable components to be used

in distributed computing architecture. NET Framework supports the object-oriented
programming model for multiple languages, such as Visual Basic, Visual C#, and
Visual C++. .NET Framework supports multiple programming languages in a manner
that allows language interoperability. This implies that each language can use the
code written in some other language.

2. What are the main components of .NET Framework?

.NET Framework provides enormous advantages to software developers in

comparison to the advantages provided by other platforms. Microsoft has united
various modern as well as existing technologies of software development in .NET
Framework. These technologies are used by developers to develop highly efficient
applications for modern as well as future business needs. The following are the key
components of .NET Framework:

 .NET Framework Class Library

 Common Language Runtime
 Dynamic Language Runtimes (DLR)
 Application Domains
 Runtime Host
 Common Type System
 Metadata and Self-Describing Components
 Cross-Language Interoperability
 .NET Framework Security
 Profiling
 Side-by-Side Execution

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3. List the new features added in .NET Framework 4.0.

The following are the new features of .NET Framework 4.0:

 Improved Application Compatibility and Deployment Support

 Dynamic Language Runtime
 Managed Extensibility Framework
 Parallel Programming framework
 Improved Security Model
 Networking Improvements
 Improved Core [Link] Services
 Improvements in WPF 4
 Improved Entity Framework (EF)
 Integration between WCF and WF

4. What is an IL?

Intermediate Language is also known as MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate Language) or

CIL (Common Intermediate Language). All .NET source code is compiled to IL. IL is
then converted to machine code at the point where the software is installed, or at run-
time by a Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler.

5. What is Manifest?

Assembly metadata is stored in Manifest. Manifest contains all the metadata needed
to do the following things

 Version of assembly.
 Security identity.
 Scope of the assembly.
 Resolve references to resources and classes.

The assembly manifest can be stored in a PE file either (an .exe or) .dll with
Microsoft
intermediate language (MSIL code with Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL)
code or in a
stand-alone PE file, that contains only assembly manifest information.

6. What are code contracts?

Code contracts help you to express the code assumptions and statements stating the
behavior of your code in a language-neutral way. The contracts are included in the
form of pre-conditions, post-conditions and object-invariants. The contracts help you
to improve-testing by enabling run-time checking, static contract verification, and
documentation generation.

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The [Link] namespace contains static classes that are used to
express contracts in your code.

7. Name the classes that are introduced in the [Link] namespace.

The following two new classes are introduced in the [Link] namespace:

 BigInteger - Refers to a non-primitive integral type, which is used to hold a

value of any size. It has no lower and upper limit, making it possible for you
to perform arithmetic calculations with very large numbers, even with the
numbers which cannot hold by double or long.
 Complex - Represents complex numbers and enables different arithmetic
operations with complex numbers. A number represented in the form a + bi,
where a is the real part, and b is the imaginary part, is a complex number.

8. What is managed extensibility framework?

Managed extensibility framework (MEF) is a new library that is introduced as a part

of .NET 4.0 and Silverlight 4. It helps in extending your application by providing
greater reuse of applications and components. MEF provides a way for host
application to consume external extensions without any configuration requirement.

9. Explain memory-mapped files.

Memory-mapped files (MMFs) allow you map the content of a file to the logical
address of an application. These files enable the multiple processes running on the
same machine to share data with each Other.
[Link]() method is used to obtain
a MemoryMappedFile object that represents a persisted memory-mapped file from a
file on disk.

These files are included in the [Link] namespace. This

namespace contains four classes and three enumerations to help you access and
secure your file mappings.

10. What is Common Type System (CTS)?

CTS is the component of CLR through which .NET Framework provides support for
multiple languages because it contains a type system that is common across all the
languages. Two CTS-compliant languages do not require type conversion when
calling the code written in one language from within the code written in another
language. CTS provide a base set of data types for all the languages supported
[Link] Framework. This means that the size of integer and long variables is same
across all .NET-compliant programming languages. However, each language uses
aliases for the base data types provided by CTS. For example, CTS uses the data type
system. int32 to represent a 4 byte integer value; however, Visual Basic uses the alias
integer for the same; whereas, C# uses the alias int. This is done for the sake of clarity
and simplicity.

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11. Give a brief introduction on side-by-side execution. Can two applications,
one using private assembly and the other using the shared assembly be stated as
side-by-side executables?

Side-by-side execution enables you to run multiple versions of an application or

component and CLR on the same computer at the same time. As versioning is
applicable only to shared assemblies and not to private assemblies, two applications,
one using a private assembly and other using a shared assembly, cannot be stated as
side-by-side executables.

12. Which method do you use to enforce garbage collection in .NET?

The [Link]() method.

13. State the differences between the Dispose() and Finalize().

CLR uses the Dispose and Finalize methods to perform garbage collection of run-
time objects of .NET applications.

The Finalize method is called automatically by the runtime. CLR has a garbage
collector (GC), which periodically checks for objects in heap that are no longer
referenced by any object or program. It calls the Finalize method to free the memory
used by such objects. The Dispose method is called by the [Link] is
another method to release the memory used by an object. The Dispose method needs
to be explicitly called in code to dereference an object from the heap.
The Dispose method can be invoked only by the classes that implement
the IDisposable interface.

14. What is code access security (CAS)?

Code access security (CAS) is part of the .NET security model that prevents
unauthorized access of resources and operations, and restricts the code to perform
particular tasks.

15. Differentiate between managed and unmanaged code?

Managed code is the code that is executed directly by the CLR instead of the
operating system. The code compiler first compiles the managed code to intermediate
language (IL) code, also called as MSIL code. This code doesn't depend on machine
configurations and can be executed on different machines.

Unmanaged code is the code that is executed directly by the operating system outside
the CLR environment. It is directly compiled to native machine code which depends
on the machine configuration.
In the managed code, since the execution of the code is governed by CLR, the
runtime provides different services, such as garbage collection, type checking,
exception handling, and security support. These services help provide uniformity in
platform and language-independent behavior of managed code applications. In the

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unmanaged code, the allocation of memory, type safety, and security is required to be
taken care of by the developer. If the unmanaged code is not properly handled, it may
result in memory leak. Examples of unmanaged code are ActiveX components and
Win32 APIs that execute beyond the scope of native CLR.

16. What are tuples?

Tuple is a fixed-size collection that can have elements of either same or different data
types. Similar to arrays, a user must have to specify the size of a tuple at the time of
declaration. Tuples are allowed to hold up from 1 to 8 elements and if there are more
than 8 elements, then the 8th element can be defined as another tuple. Tuples can be
specified as parameter or return type of a method.

17. How can you turn-on and turn-off CAS?

YOU can use the Code Access Security Tool ([Link]) to turn security on and off.

To turn off security, type the following command at the command prompt:
caspol -security off

To turn on security, type the following command at the command prompt:

caspol -security on

In the .NET Framework 4.0, for using [Link], you first need to set
the <LegacyCasPolicy> element totrue.

18. What is garbage collection? Explain the difference between garbage

collections in .NET 4.0 and earlier versions.

Garbage collection prevents memory leaks during execution of programs. Garbage

collector is a low-priority process that manages the allocation and deallocation of
memory for your application. It checks for the unreferenced variables and objects. If
GC finds any object that is no longer used by the application, it frees up the memory
from that object.

GC has changed a bit with the introduction of .NET 4.0. In .NET 4.0,
the [Link]() method contains the following overloaded methods:

[Link](int)
[Link](int, GCCollectionMode)

Another new feature introduced in .NET is to notify you when

the [Link]() method is invoked and completed successfully by using different
methods. The .NET 4.0 supports a new background garbage collection that replaces
the concurrent garbage collection used in earlier versions. This concurrent GC
allocates memory while running and uses current segment (which is 16 MB on a
workstation) for that. After that, all threads are suspended. In case of background GC,

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a separate ephemeral GC - gen0 and gen1 can be started, while the full GC - gen0, 1,
and 2 - is already running.

19. How does CAS works?

There are two key concepts of CAS security policy- code groups and permissions. A
code group contains assemblies in it in a manner that each .NET assembly is related
to a particular code group and some permissions are granted to each code group. For
example, using the default security policy, a control downloaded from a Web site
belongs to the Zone, Internet code group, which adheres to the permissions defined
by the named permission set. (Normally, the named permission set represents a very
restrictive range of permissions.)

Assembly execution involves the following steps:

1. Evidences are gathered about assembly.

2. Depending on the gathered evidences, the assembly is assigned to a code
group.
3. Security rights are allocated to the assembly, depending on the code group.
4. Assembly runs as per the rights assigned to it.

20. What is Difference between NameSpace and Assembly?

Following are the differences between namespace and assembly:

 Assembly is physical grouping of logical units, Namespace, logically groups

classes.
 Namespace can span multiple assembly.

21. Mention the execution process for managed code.

A piece of managed code is executed as follows:

 Choosing a language compiler

 Compiling the code to MSIL
 Compiling MSIL to native code
 Executing the code.

22. Is there a way to suppress the finalize process inside the garbage collector
forcibly in .NET?

Use the [Link]() method to suppress the finalize process inside the
garbage collector forcibly in .NET.

23. How can you instantiate a tuple?

The following are two ways to instantiate a tuple:

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  Using the new operator. For example,

Tuple<String, int> t = new Tuple<String, int> ("Hellow", 2);

 Using the Create factory method available in the Tuple class. For example,

Tuple<int, int, int> t = [Link]<int, int, int> (2, 4, 5);

24. Which is the root namespace for fundamental types in .NET Framework?

[Link] is the root namespace for fundamental types in .NET Framework.

25. What are the improvements made in CAS in .NET 4.0?

The CAS mechanism in .NET is used to control and configure the ability of managed
code. Earlier, as this policy was applicable for only native applications, the security
guarantee was limited. Therefore, developers used to look for alternating solutions,
such as operating system-level solutions. This problem was solved in .NET
Framework 4 by turning off the machine-wide security. The shared and hosted Web
applications can now run more securely. The security policy in .NET Framework 4
has been simplified using the transparency model. This model allows you to run the
Web applications without concerning about the CAS policies.

As a result of security policy changes in .NET Framework 4.0, you may encounter
compilation warnings and runtime exceptions, if your try to use the obsolete CAS
policy types and members either implicitly or explicitly. However, you can avoid the
warnings and errors by using the <NetFx40_LegacySecurityPolicy>configuration
element in the runtime settings schema to opt into the obsolete CAS policy behavior.

26. What is Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL)?

The .NET Framework is shipped with compilers of all .NET programming languages
to develop programs. There are separate compilers for the Visual Basic, C#, and
Visual C++ programming languages in .NET Framework. Each .NET compiler
produces an intermediate code after compiling the source code. The intermediate code
is common for all languages and is understandable only to .NET environment. This
intermediate code is known as MSIL.

27. What is lazy initialization?

Lazy initialization is a process by which an object is not initialized until it is first

called in your code. The .NET 4.0 introduces a new wrapper class, [Link]<T>,
for executing the lazy initialization in your application. Lazy initialization helps you
to reduce the wastage of resources and memory requirements to improve
performance. It also supports thread-safety.

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28. How many types of generations are there in a garbage collector?

Memory management in the CLR is divided into three generations that are build up
by grouping memory segments. Generations enhance the garbage collection
performance. The following are the three types of generations found in a garbage
collector:

 Generation 0 - When an object is initialized, it is said to be in generation 0.

 Generation 1 - The objects that are under garbage collection process are
considered to be in generation 1.
 Generation 2 - Whenever new objects are created and added to the memory,
they are added to generation 0 and the old objects in generation 1 are
considered to be in generation 2.

29. Explain covariance and contra-variance in .NET Framework 4.0. Give an

example for each.

In .NET 4.0, the CLR supports covariance and contravariance of types in generic
interfaces and delegates. Covariance enables you to cast a generic type to its base
types, that is, you can assign a instance of typeIEnumerable<Tl> to a variable of
type IEnumerable<T2> where, T1 derives from T2. For example,

IEnumerable<string> str1= new List<string> ();

IEnumerable<object> str2= str1;

Contravariance allows you to assign a variable of Action<base> to a variable of

type Action<derived>. For example,
IComparer<object> obj1 = GetComparer()
IComparer<string> obj2 = obj1;

.NET framework 4.0 uses some language keywords (out and in) to annotate
covariance and contra-variance. Out is used for covariance, while in is used for
contra-variance.

Variance can be applied only to reference types, generic interfaces, and generic
delegates. These cannot be applied to value types and generic types.

30. How do you instantiate a complex number?

The following are the different ways to assign a value to a complex number:

By passing two Double values to its constructor. The first value represents the real,
and the second value represents imaginary part of a complex number.
For example,

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Complex c1 = new Complex(5, 8); /* It represents (5, 8) */

By assigning a Byte, SByte, Intl6, UIntl6, Int32, UInt32, Int64, UInt64, Single,
or Double value to aComplex object. The assigned value represents the real part of
the complex number, and its imaginary part becomes 0. For example,
Complex c2 = 15.3; /* It represents (15.3, 0) */

By casting a Decimal or BigInteger value to a Complex object.

For example,
Complex c3 = (Complex) 14.7; /* It represents (14.7, 0) */

Assigning the value returned by an operator to a Complex variable.

For example,
Complex c4 = c1 + c2; /* It represents (20.3, 8) */

31. What is Common Language Specification (CLS)?

CLS is a set of basic rules, which must be followed by each .NET language to be a
.NET- compliant language. It enables interoperability between two .NET-compliant
languages. CLS is a subset of CTS; therefore, the languages supported by CLS can
use each other's class libraries similar to their own. Application programming
interfaces (APIs), which are designed by following the rules defined in CLS can be
used by all .NET-compliant languages.

32. What is the role of the JIT compiler in .NET Framework?

The JIT compiler is an important element of CLR, which loads MSIL on target
machines for execution. The MSIL is stored in .NET assemblies after the developer
has compiled the code written in any .NET-compliant programming language, such as
Visual Basic and C#.

JIT compiler translates the MSIL code of an assembly and uses the CPU architecture
of the target machine to execute a .NET application. It also stores the resulting native
code so that it is accessible for subsequent calls. If a code executing on a target
machine calls a non-native method, the JIT compiler converts the MSIL of that
method into native code. JIT compiler also enforces type-safety in runtime
environment of .NET Framework. It checks for the values that are passed to
parameters of any method.

For example, the JIT compiler detects any event, if a user tries to assign a 32-bit value
to a parameter that can only accept 8-bit value.

33. What is difference between [Link] and [Link] classes?

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String and StringBuilder classes are used to store string values but the difference in
them is that String is immutable (read only) by nature, because a value once assigned
to a String object cannot be changed after its creation. When the value in the String
object is modified, a new object is created, in memory, with a new value assigned to
the String object. On the other hand, the StringBuilder class is mutable, as it occupies
the same space even if you change the value. The StringBuilder class is more efficient
where you have to perform a large amount of string manipulation.

34. Describe the roles of CLR in .NET Framework.

CLR provides an environment to execute .NET applications on target machines. CLR

is also a common runtime environment for all .NET code irrespective of their
programming language, as the compilers of respective language in .NET Framework
convert every source code into a common language known as MSIL or IL
(Intermediate Language).

CLR also provides various services to execute processes, such as memory

management service and security services. CLR performs various tasks to manage the
execution process of .NET applications.

The responsibilities of CLR are listed as follows:

 Automatic memory management

 Garbage Collection
 Code Access Security
 Code verification
 JIT compilation of .NET code

35. What is the difference between int and int32.

There is no difference between int and int32. System.Int32 is a .NET Class and int is
an alias name forSystem.Int32.

Object-Oriented Programming - .NET Interview Questions and Answers

1. What is object-oriented programming (OOP)?

OOP is a technique to develop logical modules, such as classes that contain

properties, methods, fields, and events. An object is created in the program to
represent a class. Therefore, an object encapsulates all the features, such as data and
behavior that are associated to a class. OOP allows developers to develop modular
programs and assemble them as software. Objects are used to access data and
behaviors of different software modules, such as classes, namespaces, and sharable
assemblies. .NET Framework supports only OOP languages, such as Visual Basic
.NET, Visual C#, and Visual C++.

2. What is a class?

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A class describes all the attributes of objects, as well as the methods that implement
the behavior of member objects. It is a comprehensive data type, which represents a
blue print of objects. It is a template of object.

A class can be defined as the primary building block of OOP. It also serves as a
template that describes the properties, state, and behaviors common to a particular
group of objects.

A class contains data and behavior of an entity. For example, the aircraft class can
contain data, such as model number, category, and color and behavior, such as
duration of flight, speed, and number of passengers. A class inherits the data members
and behaviors of other classes by extending from them.

3. What is an object?

They are instance of classes. It is a basic unit of a system. An object is an entity that
has attributes, behavior, and identity. Attributes and behavior of an object are defined
by the class definition.

4. What is the relationship between a class and an object?

A class acts as a blue-print that defines the properties, states, and behaviors that are
common to a number of objects. An object is an instance of the class. For example,
you have a class called Vehicle and Car is the object of that class. You can create any
number of objects for the class named Vehicle, such as Van, Truck, and Auto.

The new operator is used to create an object of a class. When an object of a class is
instantiated, the system allocates memory for every data member that is present in the
class.

5. Explain the basic features of OOPs.

The following are the four basic features of OOP:

 Abstraction - Refers to the process of exposing only the relevant and

essential data to the users without showing unnecessary information.
 Polymorphism - Allows you to use an entity in multiple forms.
 Encapsulation - Prevents the data from unwanted access by binding of code
and data in a single unit called object.
 Inheritance - Promotes the reusability of code and eliminates the use of
redundant code. It is the property through which a child class obtains all the
features defined in its parent class. When a class inherits the common
properties of another class, the class inheriting the properties is called a
derived class and the class that allows inheritance of its common properties is
called a base class.

6. What is the difference between arrays and collection?

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Array:

1. You need to specify the size of an array at the time of its declaration. It cannot
be resized dynamically.
2. The members of an array should be of the same data type.

Collection:

1. The size of a collection can be adjusted dynamically, as per the user's

requirement. It does not have fixed size.
2. Collection can have elements of different types.
3. 7. What are collections and generics?
4. A collection can be defined as a group of related items that can be referred to
as a single unit. [Link] namespace provides you with many
classes and interfaces. Some of them are -
ArrayList, List, Stack, ICollection, IEnumerable, and IDictionary. Generics
provide the type-safety to your class at the compile time. While creating a data
structure, you never need to specify the data type at the time of declaration.
The [Link] namespace contains all the generic
collections.
5. 8. How can you prevent your class to be inherited further?
6. You can prevent a class from being inherited further by defining it with
the sealed keyword.
7. 9. What is the index value of the first element in an array?
8. In an array, the index value of the first element is 0 (zero).
9. 10. Can you specify the accessibility modifier for methods inside the
interface?
10. All the methods inside an interface are always public, by default. You cannot
specify any other access modifier for them.
11. 11. Is it possible for a class to inherit the constructor of its base class?
12. No, a class cannot inherit the constructor of its base class.
13. 12. How is method overriding different from method overloading?
14. Overriding involves the creation of two or more methods with the same name
and same signature in different classes (one of them should be parent class
and other should be child).

Overloading is a concept of using a method at different places with same

name and different signatures within the same class.

13. What is the difference between a class and a structure?

Class:

1. A class is a reference type.

2. While instantiating a class, CLR allocates memory for its instance in heap.
3. Classes support inheritance.
4. Variables of a class can be assigned as null.

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 5. Class can contain constructor/destructor.

Structure:

1. A structure is a value type.

2. In structure, memory is allocated on stack.
3. Structures do not support inheritance.
4. Structure members cannot have null values.
5. Structure does not require constructor/destructor and members can be
initialiazed automatically.

14. What are similarities between a class and a structure.

Structures and classes are the two most important data structures that are used by
programmers to build modular programs by using OOP languages, such as Visual
Basic .NET, and Visual C#. The following are some of the similarities between a
class and a structure:

 Access specifiers, such as public, private, and protected, are identically used
in structures and classes to restrict the access of their data and methods
outside their body.
 The access level for class members and struct members, including nested
classes and structs, is private by default. Private nested types are not
accessible from outside the containing type.
 Both can have constructors, methods, properties, fields, constants,
enumerations, events, and event handlers.
 Both structures and classes can implement interfaces to use multiple-
inheritance in code.
 Both structures and classes can have constructors with parameter.
 Both structures and classes can have delegates and events.

15. What is a multicast delegate?

Each delegate object holds reference to a single method. However, it is possible for a
delegate object to hold references of and invoke multiple methods. Such delegate
objects are called multicast delegates or combinable delegates.

16. Can you declare an overridden method to be static if the original method is
not static?

No. Two virtual methods must have the same signature.

17. Why is the virtual keyword used in code?

The virtual keyword is used while defining a class to specify that the methods and the
properties of that class can be overridden in derived classes.

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18. Can you allow a class to be inherited, but prevent a method from being
overridden in C#?

Yes. Just declare the class public and make the method sealed.

19. Define enumeration?

Enumeration is defined as a value type that consists of a set of named values. These
values are constants and are called enumerators. An enumeration type is declared
using the enum keyword. Each enumerator in an enumeration is associated with an
underlying type that is set, by default, on the enumerator. The following is an
example that creates an enumeration to store different varieties of fruits:

enum Fruits {Mango, Apple, orange, Guava};

In the preceding example, an enumeration Fruits is created, where number 0 is

associated with Mango, number 1 with Apple, number 2 with Orange, and
number 3 with Guava. You can access the enumerators of an enumeration by these
values.

20. In which namespace, all .NET collection classes are contained?

The [Link] namespace contains all the collection classes.

21. Is it a good practice to handle exceptions in code?

Yes, you must handle exceptions in code so that you can deal with any unexpected
situations that occur when a program is running. For example, dividing a number by
zero or passing a string value to a variable that holds an integer value would result in
an exception.

22. Explain the concept of constructor?

Constructor is a special method of a class, which is called automatically when the

instance of a class is created. It is created with the same name as the class and
initializes all class members, whenever you access the class. The main features of a
constructor are as follows:

 Constructors do not have any return type.

 Constructors can be overloaded.
 It is not mandatory to declare a constructor; it is invoked automatically by
.NET Framework.

23. Can you inherit private members of a class?

No, you cannot inherit private members of a class because private members are
accessible only to that class and not outside that class.

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24. Does .NET support multiple inheritance?

.NET does not support multiple inheritance directly because in .NET, a class cannot
inherit from more than one class. .NET supports multiple inheritance through
interfaces.

25. How has exception handling changed in .NET Framework 4.0?

In .NET 4.0, a new namespace, [Link], has been

introduced which contains the following classes for handling exceptions in a better
and advanced manner:

 HandleProcessCorruptedStateExceptionsAttribute Class - Enables managed

code to handle the corrupted state exceptions that occur in an operating
system. These exceptions cannot be caught by specifying the try...catch block.
To handle such exceptions, you can apply this attribute to the method that is
assigned to handle these exceptions.
 FirstChanceExceptionEventArgs Class - Generates an event whenever a
managed exception first occurs in your code, before the common language
runtime begins searching for event handlers.

26. What is a delegate?

A delegate is similar to a class that is used for storing the reference to a method and
invoking that method at runtime, as required. A delegate can hold the reference of
only those methods whose signatures are same as that of the delegate. Some of the
examples of delegates are type-safe functions, pointers, or callbacks.

27. What is the syntax to inherit from a class in C#?

When a class is derived from another class, then the members of the base class
become the members of the derived class. The access modifier used while accessing
members of the base class specifies the access status of the base class members inside
the derived class.

The syntax to inherit a class from another class in C# is as follows:

class MyNewClass : MyBaseclass

28. State the features of an interface.

An interface is a template that contains only the signature of methods. The signature
of a method consists of the numbers of parameters, the type of parameter (value,
reference, or output), and the order of parameters. An interface has no
implementation on its own because it contains only the definition of methods without
any method body. An interface is defined using the interface keyword. Moreover, you
cannot instantiate an interface. The various features of an interface are as follows:

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  An interface is used to implement multiple inheritance in code. This feature of
an interface is quite different from that of abstract classes because a class
cannot derive the features of more than one class but can easily implement
multiple interfaces.
 It defines a specific set of methods and their arguments.
 Variables in interface must be declared as public, static, and final while
methods must be publicand abstract.
 A class implementing an interface must implement all of its methods.
 An interface can derive from more than one interface.

29. Can you use the 'throws' clause to raise an exception?

No, the throws clause cannot be used to raise an exception. The throw statement
signals the occurrence of an exception during the execution of a program. When the
program encounters a throw statement, the method terminates and returns the error to
the calling method.

30. Define an array.

An array is defined as a homogeneous collection of elements, stored at contiguous

memory locations, which can be referred by the same variable name. All the elements
of an array variable can be accessed by index values. An Index value specifies the
position of a particular element in an array variable.

31. What are methods?

Methods are the building blocks of a class, in which they are linked together to share
and process data to produce the result. In other words, a method is a block of code
that contains a series of statements and represents the behavior of a class. While
declaring a method you need to specify the access specifier, the return value, the
name of the method, and the method parameters. All these combined together is
called the signature of the method.

32. What is a namespace?

Namespace is considered as a container that contains functionally related group of

classes and other types.

33. Do events have return type?

No, events do not have return type.

34. What is the function of the Try-Catch-Finally block?

The try block encloses those statements that can cause exception and the catch block
handles the exception, if it occurs. Catch block contains the statements that have to be
executed, when an exception occurs. Thefinally block always executes, irrespective
of the fact whether or not an exception has occurred. The finallyblock is generally

16
used to perform the cleanup process. If any exception occurs in the try block, the
program control directly transfers to its corresponding catch block and later to
the finally block. If no exception occurs inside the try block, then the program control
transfers directly to the finally block.

35. How can you prevent a class from overriding in C# and Visual Basic?

You can prevent a class from overriding in C# by using the sealed keyword; whereas,
the NotInheritablekeyword is used to prevent a class from overriding in Visual Basic.

36. What are abstract classes? What are the distinct characteristics of an
abstract class?

An abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated and is always used as a base
class.
The following are the characteristics of an abstract class:

 You cannot instantiate an abstract class directly. This implies that you cannot
create an object of the abstract class; it must be inherited.
 You can have abstract as well as non-abstract members in an abstract class.
 You must declare at least one abstract method in the abstract class.
 An abstract class is always public.
 An abstract class is declared using the abstract keyword.

The basic purpose of an abstract class is to provide a common definition of the base
class that multiple derived classes can share.

37. Give a brief description of properties in C# and the advantages that are
obtained by using them in programs.

In C#, a property is a way to expose an internal data element of a class in a simple

and intuitive manner. In other words, it is a simple extension of data fields. You can
create a property by defining an externally available name and then writing
the set and get property accessors. The get property accessor is used to return the
property value. The set property accessor is used to assign a new value to the
property.

38. Explain different types of inheritance.

Inheritance in OOP is of four types:

 Single inheritance - Contains one base class and one derived class
 Hierarchical inheritance - Contains one base class and multiple derived
classes of the same base class
 Multilevel inheritance - Contains a class derived from a derived class
 Multiple inheritance - Contains several base classes and a derived class

17
All .NET languages supports single, hierarchical, and multilevel inheritance. They do
not support multiple inheritance because in these languages, a derived class cannot
have more than one base class. However, you can implement multiple inheritance
[Link] through interfaces.

39. You have defined a destructor in a class that you have developed by using the
C# programming language, but the destructor never executed. Why did the
destructor not execute?

The runtime environment automatically invokes the destructor of a class to release the
resources that are occupied by variables and methods of an object. However, in C#,
programmers cannot control the timing for invoking destructors, as Garbage Collector
is only responsible for releasing the resources used by an object. Garbage Collector
automatically gets information about unreferenced objects from .NET's runtime
environment and then invokes the Finalize() method.

Although, it is not preferable to force Garbage Collector to perform garbage

collection and retrieve all inaccessible memory, programmers can use
the Collect() method of the Garbage Collector class to forcefully execute Garbage
Collector.

40. What is a hashtable?

Hashtable is a data structure that implements the IDictionary interface. It is used to

store multiple items and each of these items is associated with a unique string key.
Each item can be accessed using the key associated with it. In short, hashtable is an
object holding the key-value pairs.

41. Can users define their own exceptions in code?

Yes, customized exceptions can be defined in code by deriving from

the [Link] class.

42. Is it possible to execute two catch blocks?

You are allowed to include more than one catch block in your program; however, it is
not possible to execute them in one go. Whenever, an exception occurs in your
program, the correct catch block is e 43. What do you mean by data encapsulation?

Data encapsulation is a concept of binding data and code in single unit called object
and hiding all the implementation details of a class from the user. It prevents
unauthorized access of data and restricts the user to use the necessary data only.

44. What is the difference between procedural and object-oriented

programming?

Procedural programming is based upon the modular approach in which the larger
programs are broken into procedures. Each procedure is a set of instructions that are

18
executed one after another. On the other hand, OOP is based upon objects. An object
consists of various elements, such as methods and variables.

Access modifiers are not used in procedural programming, which implies that the
entire data can be accessed freely anywhere in the program. In OOP, you can specify
the scope of a particular data by using access modifiers -
public, private, internal, protected, and protected internal.

45. Explain the concept of destructor?

A destructor is a special method for a class and is invoked automatically when an

object is finally destroyed. The name of the destructor is also same as that of the class
but is followed by a prefix tilde (~).

A destructor is used to free the dynamic allocated memory and release the resources.
You can, however, implement a custom method that allows you to control object
destruction by calling the destructor.

The main features of a destructor are as follows:

 Destructors do not have any return type

 Similar to constructors, destructors are also always public
 Destructors cannot be overloaded.

46. Can you declare a private class in a namespace?

The classes in a namespace are internal, by default. However, you can explicitly
declare them as public only and not as private, protected, or protected internal. The
nested classes can be declared as private,protected, or protected internal.

47. A structure in C# can implement one or more interfaces. Is it true or false?

Yes, it is true. Like classes, in C#, structures can implement one or more interfaces.

48. What is a static constructor?

Static constructors are introduced with C# to initialize the static data of a class. CLR
calls the static constructor before the first instance is created.

The static constructor has the following features:

 No access specifier is required to define it.

 You cannot pass parameters in static constructor.
 A class can have only one static constructor.
 It can access only static members of the class.
 It is invoked only once, when the program execution begins.

xecuted and the control goes to the finally block.

19
49. What are the different ways a method can be overloaded?

The different ways to overload a method are given as follows:

 By changing the number of parameters used

 By changing the order of parameters
 By using different data types for the parameters

50. Differentiate between an abstract class and an interface.

Abstract Class:

1. A class can extend only one abstract class

2. The members of abstract class can be private as well as protected.
3. Abstract classes should have subclasses
4. Any class can extend an abstract class.
5. Methods in abstract class can be abstract as well as concrete.
6. There can be a constructor for abstract class.
7. The class extending the abstract class may or may not implement any of its
method.
8. An abstract class can implement methods.

Interface

1. A class can implement several interfaces

2. An interface can only have public members.
3. Interfaces must have implementations by classes
4. Only an interface can extend another interface.
5. All methods in an interface should be abstract
6. Interface does not have constructor.
7. All methods of interface need to be implemented by a class implementing that
interface.
8. Interfaces cannot contain body of any of its method.

51. What are queues and stacks?

Stacks refer to a list in which all items are accessed and processed on the Last-In-
First-Out (LIFO) basis. In a stack, elements are inserted (push operation) and deleted
(pop operation) from the same end called top.

Queues refer to a list in which insertion and deletion of an item is done on the First-
In-First-Out (FIFO) basis. The items in a queue are inserted from the one end, called
the rear end, and are deleted from the other end, called the front end of the queue.

52. Define an event.

20
Whenever an action takes place in a class, that class provides a notification to other
classes or objects that are assigned to perform particular tasks. These notifications are
called events. For example, when a button is clicked, the class generates an event
called Click. An event can be declared with the help of the event keyword.

53. What are structures?

Structure is a heterogeneous collection of elements referenced by the same name. A

structure is declared using the struct keyword. The following is an example that
creates a structure to store an employee's information:

struct emp
{
fixed int empID[15];
fixed char name[30];
fixed char addr[50];
fixed char dept[15];
fixed char desig[15];
}
The preceding example defines a structure emp and the members of this structure
specify the information of an employee.

54. When do you really need to create an abstract class?

We define abstract classes when we define a template that needs to be followed by all
the derived classes.

[Link] - .NET Interview Questions and Answers

1. What is the full form of ADO?

The full form of ADO is ActiveX Data Object.

2. Explain [Link] in brief.

[Link] is a very important feature of .NET Framework, which is used to work

with data that is stored in structured data sources, such as databases and XML files.
The following are some of the important features of [Link]:

 Contains a number of classes that provide you with various methods and
attributes to manage the communication between your application and data
source.
 Enables you to access different data sources, such as Microsoft SQL Server,
and XML, as per your requirements.
 Provides a rich set of features, such as connection and commands that can be
used to develop robust and highly efficient data services in .NET applications.

21
  Provides various data providers that are specific to databases produced by
various vendors. For example, [Link] has a separate provider to access
data from Oracle databases; whereas, another provider is used to access data
from SQL databases.

3. What are major difference between classic ADO and [Link]?

Following are some major differences between both

 In ADO we have recordset and in [Link] we have dataset.

 In recordset we can only have one table. If we want to accommodate more
than one tables. We need to do inner join and fill the recordset. Dataset can
have multiple tables.
 All data persist in XML as compared to classic ADO where data persisted in
Binary format also.

4. What are the two fundamental objects in [Link]?

DataReader and DataSet are the two fundamental objects in [Link].

5. What are the benefits of using of [Link] in .NET 4.0.

The following are the benefits of using [Link] in .NET 4.0 are as follows:

 Language-Integrated Query (LINQ) - Adds native data-querying

capabilities to .NET languages by using a syntax similar to that of SQL. This
means that LINQ simplifies querying by eliminating the need to use a separate
query language. LINQ is an innovative technology that was introduced in
.NET Framework 3.5.
 LINQ to DataSet - Allows you to implement LINQ queries for disconnected
data stored in a dataset. LINQ to DataSet enables you to query data that is
cached in a DataSet object. DataSet objects allow you to use a copy of the
data stored in the tables of a database, without actually getting connected to
the database.
 LINQ to SQL - Allows you to create queries for data stored in SQL server
database in your .NET application. You can use the LINQ to SQL technology
to translate a query into a SQL query and then use it to retrieve or manipulate
data contained in tables of an SQL Server database. LINQ to SQL supports all
the key functions that you like to perform while working with SQL, that is,
you can insert, update, and delete information from a table.
 SqlClient Support for SQL Server 2008 - Specifies that with the starting of
.NET Framework version 3.5 Service Pack (SP) 1, .NET Framework Data
Provider for SQL Server ([Link]) includes all the
new features that make it fully compatible with SQL Server 2008 Database
Engine.
 [Link] Data Platform - Specifies that with the release of .NET
Framework 3.5 Service Pack (SP) 1, an Entity Framework 3.5 was introduced
that provides a set of Entity Data Model (EDM) functions. These functions are

22
 supported by all the data providers; thereby, reducing the amount of coding
and maintenance in your application. In .NET Framework 4.0, many new
functions, such as string, aggregate, mathematical, and date/time functions
have been added.

6. Which namespaces are required to enable the use of databases in [Link]

pages?

The following namespaces are required to enable the use of databases in [Link]
pages:

 The [Link] namespace.

 The [Link] namespace (to use any data provider, such as Access,
Oracle, or SQL)
 The [Link] namespace (specifically to use SQL as the data
provider)
 7. Explain
the [Link]() and [Link]() methods.
 The [Link]() method calls any of the DML statements, such as
the UPDATE, INSERT, or DELETEstatements, as the case may be to update,
insert, or delete a row in a DataSet. [Link]() method
reflects all the changes made to the row since the last time
theAcceptChanges() method was called.
 8. What is the meaning of object pooling?
 Object pooling is a concept of storing a pool (group) of objects in memory
that can be reused later as needed. Whenever, a new object is required to
create, an object from the pool can be allocated for this request; thereby,
minimizing the object creation. A pool can also refer to a group of
connections and threads. Pooling, therefore, helps in minimizing the use of
system resources, improves system scalability, and performance.
 9. Which properties are used to bind a DataGridView control?
 The DataSource property and the DataMember property are used to bind
a DataGridView control.
 10. What property must be set and what method must be called in your
code to bind the data from some data source to the Repeater control?
 You must set the DataSource property and call the DataBind() method.
 11. Mention the namespace that is used to include .NET Data Provider
for SQL server in .NET code.
 The [Link] namespace.
 12. What is the difference between OLEDB Provider and SqlClient?
 With respect to usage, there is no difference between OLEDB Provider and
SqlClient. The difference lies in their performance. SqlClient is explicitly used
to connect your application to SQL server directly, OLEDB Provider is
generic for various databases, such as Oracle and Access including SQL
Server.

Therefore, there will be an overhead which leads to performance degradation.

23
13. Name the two properties of the GridView control that have to be specified to
turn on sorting and paging.

The properties of the GridView control that need to be specified to turn on sorting
and paging are as follows:

 The AllowSorting property of the Gridview control indicates whether sorting

is enabled or not. You should set the AllowSorting property to True to enable
sorting.
 The AllowPaging property of the Gridview control indicates whether paging
is enabled or not. You should set the AllowPaging property to True to enable
paging.

14. Mention different types of data providers available in .NET Framework.

 .NET Framework Data Provider for SQL Server - Provides access to

Microsoft SQL Server 7.0 or later version. It uses
the [Link] namespace.
 .NET Framework Data Provider for OLE DB - Provides access to databases
exposed by using OLE DB. It uses the [Link] namespace.
 .NET Framework Data Provider for ODBC - Provides access to databases
exposed by using ODBC. It uses the [Link] namespace.
 .NET Framework Data Provider for Oracle - Provides access to Oracle
database 8.1.7 or later versions. It uses
the [Link] namespace.

15. Which architecture does Datasets follow?

Datasets follow the disconnected data architecture.

16. What is the role of the DataSet object in [Link]?

One of the major component of [Link] is the DataSet object, which always
remains disconnected from the database and reduces the load on the database.

17. What is a DataReader object?

The DataReader object helps in retrieving the data from a database in a forward-only,
read-only mode. The base class for all the DataReader objects is
the DbDataReader class.

The DataReader object is returned as a result of calling the ExecuteReader() method

of the Command object. The DataReader object enables faster retrieval of data from
databases and enhances the performance of .NET applications by providing rapid data
access speed. However, it is less preferred as compared to theDataAdapter object
because the DataReader object needs an Open connection till it completes reading all
the rows of the specified table.

24
An Open connection to read data from large tables consumes most of the system
resources. When multiple client applications simultaneously access a database by
using the DataReader object, the performance of data retrieval and other related
processes is substantially reduced. In such a case, the database might refuse
connections to other .NET applications until other clients free the resources.

18. How can you identify whether or not any changes are made to
the DataSet object since it was last loaded?

The DataSet object provides the following two methods to track down the changes:

 The GetChanges() method - Returns the DataSet object, which is changed

since it was loaded or since the AcceptChanges() method was executed.
 The HasChanges() method - Indicates if any changes occurred since
the DataSet object was loaded or after a call to the AcceptChanges() method
was made.

If you want to revert all changes since the DataSet object was loaded, use
the RejectChanges() method.

19. Which property is used to check whether a DataReader is closed or opened?

The IsClosed property is used to check whether a DataReader is closed or opened.

This property returns atrue value if a Data Reader is closed, otherwise a false value is
returned.

20. Name the method that needs to be invoked on the DataAdapter control to fill
the generated DataSet with data?

The Fill() method is used to fill the dataset with data.

21. What is the use of the Connection object?

The Connection object is used to connect your application to a specific data source by
providing the required authentication information in connection string. The
connection object is used according to the type of the data source. For example,
the OleDbConnection object is used with an OLE-DB provider and
the SqlConnectionobject is used with an MS SQL Server.

22. What is the use of the CommandBuilder class?

The CommandBuilder class is used to automatically update a database according to

the changes made in aDataSet.

This class automatically registers itself as an event listener to the RowUpdating event.
Whenever data inside a row changes, the object of the CommandBuilder class
automatically generates an SQL statement and uses theSelectCommand property to

25
commit the changes made in DataSet.

OLEDB provider in .NET Framework has the OleDbCommandBuiider class;

whereas, the SQL provider has theSqlCommandBuilder class.

23. Explain the architecture of [Link] in brief.

[Link] consists of two fundamental components:

 The DataSet, which is disconnected from the data source and does not need to
know where the data that it holds is retrieved from.
 The .net data provider, which allows you to connect your application to the
data source and execute the SQL commands against it.

The data provider contains the Connection, Command, DataReader,

and DataAdapter objects. TheConnection object provides connectivity to the
database. The Command object provides access to database commands to retrieve and
manipulate data in a database. The DataReader object retrieves data from the database
in the readonly and forward-only mode. The DataAdapter object
uses Command objects to execute SQL commands. The DataAdapter object loads
the DataSet object with data and also updates changes that you have made to the data
in the DataSet object back to the database.

24. Describe the disconnected architecture of [Link]'s data access model.

[Link] maintains a disconnected database access model, which means, the

application never remains connected constantly to the data source. Any changes and
operations done on the data are saved in a local copy (dataset) that acts as a data
source. Whenever, the connection to the server is re-established, these changes are
sent back to the server, in which these changes are saved in the actual database or
data source.

25. What are the usages of the Command object in [Link]?

The following are the usages of the Command object in [Link]:

The Command object in [Link] executes a command against the database and
retrieves a DataReader orDataSet object.

 It also executes the INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE command against the

database.
 All the command objects are derived from the DbCommand class.
 The command object is represented by two
classes: SqlCommand and OleDbCommand.
 The Command object provides three methods to execute commands on the
database:

26
  The ExecuteNonQuery() method executes a Transact-SQL statement
against the connection and returns the number of rows affected.
 The ExecuteScalar() method returns a single value from a database
query.
 The ExecuteReader() method returns a result set by using
the DataReader object.

26. What are the pre-requisites for connection pooling?

The prerequisites for connection pooling are as follows:

 There must be multiple processes to share the same connection describing the
same parameters and security settings.
 The connection string must be identical.

27. What is connection pooling?

Connection pooling refers to the task of grouping database connections in cache to

make them reusable because opening new connections every time to a database is a
time-consuming process. Therefore, connection pooling enables you to reuse already
existing and active database connections, whenever required, and increasing the
performance of your application.

You can enable or disable connection pooling in your application by setting the
pooling property to either true or false in connection string. By default, it is enabled
in an application.

28. What are the various methods provided by the DataSet object to generate
XML?

The various methods provided by the DataSet object to generate XML are:

 ReadXml() - Reads XML document into a DataSet object.

 GetXml() - Returns a string containing an XML document.
 WriteXml() - Writes an XML data to disk.

29. Out of Windows authentication and SQL Server authentication, which

authentication technique is considered as a trusted authentication method?

The Windows authentication technique is considered as a trusted authentication

method because the username and password are checked with the Windows
credentials stored in the Active Directory.

The SQL Server Authentication technique is not trusted as all the values are verified
by SQL Server only.

27
30. How would you connect to a database by using .NET?

The connection class is used to connect a .NET application with a database.

31. Which adapter should you use, if you want to get the data from an Access
database?

OleDbDataAdapter is used to get the data from an Access database.

32. Which object is used to add a relationship between two DataTable objects?

The DataRelation object is used to add relationship between two DataTable objects.

33. What are different types of authentication techniques that are used in
connection strings to connect .NET applications with Microsoft SQL Server?

.NET applications can use two different techniques to authenticate and connect with
SQL Server. These techniques are as follows:

 The Windows Authentication option

 The SQL Server Authentication option

34. Explain the new features in [Link] Entity Framework 4.0.

[Link] Entity Framework 4.0 is introduced in .NET Framework 4.0 and includes
the following new features:

 Persistence Ignorance - Facilitates you to define your own Plain Old CLR
Objects (POCO) which are independent of any specific persistence
technology.
 Deferred or Lazy Loading - Specifies that related entities can be loaded
automatically whenever required. You can enable lazy loading in your
application by setting the DeferredLoadingEnabledproperty to true.
 Self-Tracking Entities - Refers to the entities that are able to track their own
changes. These changes can be passed across process boundaries and saved to
the database.
 Model-First Development - Allows you to create your own EDM and then
generate relational model (database) from that EDM with matching tables and
relations.
 Built-in Functions - Enables you to use built-in SQL Server functions
directly in your queries.
 Model-Defined Functions - Enables you to use the functions that are defined
in conceptual schema definition language (CSDL).

35. What is the difference between the Clone() and Copy() methods of
the DataSet class?

28
The Clone() method copies only the structure of a DataSet. The copied structure
includes all the relation, constraint, and DataTable schemas used by the DataSet.
The Clone() method does not copy the data, which is stored in the DataSet.

The Copy() method copies the structure as well as the data stored in the DataSet.

36. What is the use of DataView?

User-defined view of a table is contained in a DataView. A complete table or a small

section of table depending on some criteria can be presented by an object of
the DataView class. You can use this class to sort and find data within DataTable.

The DataView class has the following methods:

 Find() - Finds a row in a DataView by using sort key value.

 FindRows() - Uses the sort key value to match it with the columns
of DataRowView objects. It returns an array of all the corresponding objects
of DataRowView whose columns match with the sort key value.
 AddNew() - Adds a new row to the DataView object.
 Delete() - Deletes the specified row from the DataView object according to
the specified index.

37. What are the parameters that control most of connection pooling behaviors?

The parameters that control most of connection pooling behaviors are as follows:

 Connect Timeout
 Max Pool Size
 Min Pool Size
 Pooling

38. How can you add or remove rows from the DataTable object of DataSet?

The DataRowCollection class defines the collection of rows for the DataTable object
in a DataSet. TheDataTable class provides the NewRow() method to add a
new DataRow to DataTable. The NewRow method creates a new row, which
implements the same schema as applied to the DataTable. The following are the
methods provided by the DataRowCollection object:

 Add() - Adds a new row to DataRowCollection.

 Remove()- Removes a DataRow object from DataRowCollection.
 RemoveAt() - Removes a row whose location is specified by an index
number.

39. Explain in brief DataAdapter class in [Link].

The DataAdapter class retrieves data from the database, stores data in a dataset, and
reflects the changes made in the dataset to the database. The DataAdapter class acts

29
as an intermediary for all the communication between the database and
the DataSet object. The DataAdapter Class is used to fill
a DataTable or DataSetObject with data from the database using the Fill() method.
The DataAdapter class applies the changes made in dataset to the database by calling
the Update() method.

The DataAdapter class provides four properties that represent the database
command:

SelectCommand, InsertCommand, DeleteCommand, and UpdateCommand.

Dynamic Programming - .NET Interview Questions and Answers

1. What is Dynamic Language Runtime (DLR)?

DLR is a runtime environment that allows you to integrate dynamic languages with
the Common Language Runtime (CLR) by adding a set of services, such as
expression trees, call site caching, and dynamic object interoperability to the CLR.

The [Link] and [Link] namespaces are used to

hold the classes for DLR. It also provides dynamic features to statically-typed
languages, such as C# and Visual Basic to enable their interoperation with dynamic
languages.

2. What are the advantages of DLR?

The various advantages provided by DLR are:

 Allows you to easily implement the dynamic languages to the .NET

Framework.
 Provides dynamic features to statically-typed languages. The statically-typed
.NET Framework languages, such as C# and Visual Basic can create dynamic
objects and use them together with statically-typed objects.
 Implements sharing of libraries and objects, which means that the objects and
libraries implemented in one language can be used by other languages using
DLR. The DLR also enables interoperation between statically-typed and
dynamic languages.
 Enables fast execution of dynamic operations by supporting advance caching.

3. Give a brief introduction to Binders.

Binders are used by DLR to communicate with not the .NET Framework but also
with various other services, such as Silverlight and COM. These services represent
language-specific semantics and specify how a particular operation can be performed
at the call site.

Call sites refer to the area in the code where logical and mathematical operations,
such as a + b or a.b() are performed on dynamic objects.

30
4. Explain the different services provided by DLR to CLR.

The services provided by DLR to CLR are used for supporting dynamic languages.
These services include the following:

 Expression Trees - Refers to the representation of code in a data structure

similar to a tree. However, expression trees in DLR are the advanced version
of the expression trees that were introduced with LINQ in .NET 3.5.
Therefore, DLR has extended the functionalities of Language Integrated
Query (LINQ) expression trees, such as control flow, assignment, and other
language-modeling nodes to a dynamic language. These expression trees
define the semantics of a language in form of an abstract syntax tree (AST).
AST enables the DLR to dynamically generate code, which the CLR executes
at runtime.
 Call Site Caching - Enables the DLR to store the information of the
operations and characteristics of the variables, such as their data type. The call
site caching services also enables to check whether such operations have been
performed previously to retrieve all the information about the variable. The
place where DLR stores these values is called a call site.
 Dynamic Object Interoperability - Enables the DLR to provide a set of
classes and interfaces that represent dynamic objects and operations. These
classes and interfaces can be used to create classes for dynamic libraries,
which can be used in static and dynamic type languages.

5. Name the binders provided by .NET Framework 4.0.

.NET Framework 4.0 provides the following binders:

 Object Binder - Enables to communicate with .NET objects.

 JavaScript Binder - Enables to communicate with JavaScript in Silverlight.
 Python Binder - Enables to communicate with IronPython.
 Ruby Binder - Enables to communicate with IronRuby.
 COM Binder - Enables to communicate with COM.

6. Explain ExpandoObject and DynamicObject classes.

The ExpandoObject class refers to a class whose members can be explicitly added
and removed at runtime. In other words, the ExpandoObject class allows dynamic
binding of the objects, which enables you to use standard syntax, similar to
the [Link] method instead of using more complex syntax, such
[Link]("Method").

The DynamicObject class enables you to define the dynamic behavior for an object at
run time. This class cannot be instantiated directly; therefore, to implement the
dynamic behavior, you must inherit from theDynamicObject class and override the
necessary methods. It allows you to define the specific operations that can be
performed on dynamic objects as well the methods to perform those operations.

31
7. What is the difference between dynamic and var data types?

The difference between the var and dynamic data types is that the var data type is
strongly type checked at the compile time; whereas, the dynamic data type is type
checked by the compiler only at run time. After declaring a var data type, you cannot
explicitly change its type throughout the execution of the program; however, a
variable of the dynamic data type can be changed during runtime. Another major
difference between the two is that dynamic type can also be used as the return type
for methods, for which var cannot be used.

8. Which class is used for converting the data types?

The [Link] class provides a complete set of methods for converting the data
types.

[Link] - .NET Interview Questions and Answers

1. What is ASP?

Active Server Pages (ASP), also known as Classic ASP, is a Microsoft's server-side
technology, which helps in creating dynamic and user-friendly Web pages. It uses
different scripting languages to create dynamic Web pages, which can be run on any
type of browser. The Web pages are built by using either VBScript or JavaScript and
these Web pages have access to the same services as Windows application, including
ADO (ActiveX Data Objects) for database access, SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol) for e-mail, and the entire COM (Component Object Model) structure used
in the Windows environment. ASP is implemented through a dynamic-link library
([Link]) that is called by the IIS server when a Web page is requested from the server.

2. What is [Link]?

[Link] is a specification developed by Microsoft to create dynamic Web

applications, Web sites, and Web services. It is a part of .NET Framework. You can
create [Link] applications in most of the .NET compatible languages, such as
Visual Basic, C#, and J#. The [Link] compiles the Web pages and provides much
better performance than scripting languages, such as VBScript. The Web Forms
support to create powerful forms-based Web pages. You can use [Link] Web
server controls to create interactive Web applications. With the help of Web server
controls, you can easily create a Web application.

3. What is the basic difference between ASP and [Link]?

The basic difference between ASP and [Link] is that ASP is interpreted; whereas,
[Link] is compiled. This implies that since ASP uses VBScript; therefore, when
an ASP page is executed, it is interpreted. On the other hand, [Link] uses .NET
languages, such as C# and [Link], which are compiled to Microsoft Intermediate
Language (MSIL).

32
4. In which event are the controls fully loaded?

Page load event guarantees that all controls are fully loaded. Controls are also
accessed in Page_Init events but you will see that view state is not fully loaded during
this event

5. How can we identify that the Page is Post Back?

Page object has an "IsPostBack" property, which can be checked to know that is the
page posted back.

6. What is the lifespan for items stored in ViewState?

The items stored in ViewState live until the lifetime of the current page expires
including the postbacks to the same page.

7. How information about the user's locale can be accessed?

The information regarding a user's locale can be accessed by using

the [Link].

8. What is the difference between SQL notification and SQL invalidation?

The SQL cache notification generates notifications when the data of a database
changes, on which your cache item depends. The SQL cache invalidation makes a
cached item invalid when the data stored in a SQL server database changes.

9. Which is the parent class of the Web server control?

The [Link] class is the parent class for all Web server controls.

10. Can you set which type of comparison you want to perform by
the CompareValidator control?

Yes, by setting the Operator property of the CompareValidator control.

11. What is the behavior of a Web browser when it receives an invalid element?

The behavior of a Web browser when it receives an invalid element depends on the
browser that you use to browse your application. Most of the browsers ignore the
invalid element; whereas, some of them display the invalid elements on the page.

12. What are the advantages of the code-behind feature?

The code-behind feature of [Link] offers a number of advantages:

 Makes code easy to understand and debug by separating application logic

from HTML tags

33
  Provides the isolation of effort between graphic designers and software
engineers
 Removes the problems of browser incompatibility by providing code files to
exist on the Web server and supporting Web pages to be compiled on demand.
 13. How do you sign out from forms authentication?
 The [Link]() method is used to sign out from the forms
authentication.
 14. What is AutoPostBack?
 If you want a control to postback automatically when an event is raised, you
need to set the AutoPostBackproperty of the control to True.
 15. What is the function of the ViewState property?
 The [Link] 4.0 introduced a new property called ViewStateMode for
the Control class. Now you can enable the view state to an individual control
even if the view state for an [Link] page is disabled.
 16. Why do you use the App_Code folder in [Link]?
 The App_Code folder is automatically present in the project. It stores the files,
such as classes, typed data set, text files, and reports. If this folder is not
available in the application, you can add this folder. One of the important
features of the App_Code folder is that only one dll is created for the complete
folder, irrespective of how many files it contains.
 17. Define a multilingual Web site.
 A multilingual Web site serves content in a number of languages. It contains
multiple copies for its content and other resources, such as date and time, in
different languages.
 18. What is an [Link] Web Form?
 [Link] Web forms are designed to use controls and features that are almost
as powerful as the ones used with Windows forms, and so they are called as
Web forms. The Web form uses a server-side object model that allows you to
create functional controls, which are executed on the server and are rendered
as HTML on the client. The attribute, runat="server", associated with a server
control indicates that the Web form must be processed on the server.

19. What is the difference between a default skin and a named skin?

The default skin is applied to all the Web server controls in a Web form, which are of
similar type, and it does not provide a Skin ID attribute. The named skin provides a
Skin ID attribute and users have to set the Skin ID property to apply it.

20. What is IIS? Why is it used?

Internet Information Services (IIS) is created by Microsoft to provide Internet-based

services to [Link] Web applications. It makes your computer to work as a Web
server and provides the functionality to develop and deploy Web applications on the
server. IIS handles the request and response cycle on the Web server. It also offers the
services of SMTP and FrontPage server extensions. The SMTP is used to send emails
and use FrontPage server extensions to get the dynamic features of IIS, such as form
handler.

34
21. What is Query String? What are its advantages and limitations?

The Query String helps in sending the page information to the server.

The Query String has the following advantages:

 Every browser works with Query Strings.

 It does not require server resources and so does not exert any kind of burden
on the server.

The following are the limitations of Query String:

 Information must be within the limit because URL does not support many
characters.
 Information is clearly visible to the user, which leads to security threats.

22. What is actually returned from server to the browser when a browser
requests an .aspx file and the file is displayed?

When a browser requests an .aspx file then the server returns a response, which is
rendered into a HTML string.

23. How can you display all validation messages in one control?

The ValidationSummary control displays all validation messages in one control.

24. Which two new properties are added in [Link] 4.0 Page class?

The two new properties added in the Page class

are MetaKeyword and MetaDescription.

25. What is tracing? Where is it used?

Tracing displays the details about how the code was executed. It refers to collecting
information about the application while it is running. Tracing information can help
you to troubleshoot an application. It enables you to record information in various log
files about the errors that might occur at run time. You can analyze these log files to
find the cause of the errors.

In .NET, we have objects called Trace Listeners. A listener is an object that gets the
trace output and stores it to different places, such as a window, a file on your locale
drive, or a SQL Server.

The [Link] namespace contains the predefined interfaces, classes, and

structures that are used for tracing. It supplies two classes, Trace and Debug, which
allow you to write errors and logs related to the application execution. Trace listeners
are objects that collect the output of tracing processes.

35
26. What is the difference between authentication and authorization?

Authentication verifies the identity of a user and authorization is a process where you
can check whether or not the identity has access rights to the system. In other words,
you can say that authentication is a procedure of getting some credentials from the
users and verify the user's identity against those credentials. Authorization is a
procedure of granting access of particular resources to an authenticated user. You
should note that authentication always takes place before authorization.

27. How can you register a custom server control to a Web page?

You can register a custom server control to a Web page using

the @Register directive.

28. Which [Link] objects encapsulate the state of the client and the browser?

The Session object encapsulates the state of the client and browser.

29. Differentiate globalization and localization.

The globalization is a technique to identify the specific part of a Web application that
is different for different languages and make separate that portion from the core of the
Web application. The localization is a procedure of configuring a Web application to
be supported for a specific language or locale.

30. What is ViewState?

The ViewState is a feature used by [Link] Web page to store the value of a page
and its controls just before posting the page. Once the page is posted, the first task by
the page processing is to restore the ViewState to get the values of the controls.

31. Which method is used to force all the validation controls to run?

The [Link]() method is used to force all the validation controls to run and to
perform validation.

32. Which method has been introduced in [Link] 4.0 to redirect a page
permanently?

The RedirectPermanent() method added in [Link] 4.0 to redirect a page

permanently. The following code snippet is an example of
the RedirectPermanent() method:

RedirectPermanent("/path/[Link]");

33. How can you send an email message from an [Link] Web page?

36
You can use the [Link] and
the [Link] classes to send an email in your Web pages. In order
to send an email through your mail server, you need to create an object of
the SmtpClient class and set the server name, port, and credentials.

34. What is the difference between

the [Link]() and [Link]() methods?

The [Link]() method allows you to write the normal output; whereas,
[Link]() method allows you to write the formatted output.

35. What does the Orientation property do in a Menu control?

Orientation property of the Menu control sets the horizontal or vertical display of a
menu on a Web page. By default, the orientation is vertical.

36. Differentiate between client-side and server-side validations in Web pages.

Client-side validations take place at the client end with the help of JavaScript and
VBScript before the Web page is sent to the server. On the other hand, server-side
validations take place at the server end.

37. How does a content page differ from a master page?

A content page does not have complete HTML source code; whereas a master page
has complete HTML source code inside its source file.

38. Suppose you want an [Link] function (client side) executed on the
MouseOver event of a button. Where do you add an event handler?

The event handler is added to the Add() method of the Attributes property.

39. What is the default timeout for a Cookie?

The default time duration for a Cookie is 30 minutes.

40. What are HTTP handlers in [Link]?

HTTP handlers, as the name suggests, are used to handle user requests for Web
application resources. They are the backbone of the request-response model of Web
applications. There is a specific event handler to handle the request for each user
request type and send back the corresponding response object.

Each user requests to the IIS Web server flows through the HTTP pipeline, which
refers to a series of components (HTTP modules and HTTP handlers) to process the
request. HTTP modules act as filters to process the request as it passes through the
HTTP pipeline. The request, after passing through the HTTP modules, is assigned to
an HTTP handler that determines the response of the server to the user request. The

37
response then passes through the HTTP modules once again and is then sent back to
the user.

You can define HTTP handlers in the <httpHandlers> element of a configuration file.
The <add> element tag is used to add new handlers and the <remove> element tag is
used to remove existing handlers. To create an HTTP handler, you need to define a
class that implements the IHttpHandler interface.

41. What are the events that happen when a client requests an [Link] page
from IIS server?

The following events happen when a client requests an [Link] page from the IIS
server:

1. User requests for an application resource.

2. The integrated request-processing pipeline receives the first user request.
3. Response objects are created for each user request.
4. An object of the HttpApplication class is created and allocated to
the Request object.
5. The HttpApplication class processes the user request.

42. Explain file-based dependency and key-based dependency.

In file-based dependency, you have to depend on a file that is saved in a disk. In key-
based dependency, you have to depend on another cached item.

43. How can you implement the postback property of an [Link] control?

You need to set the AutoPostBack property to True to implement

the PostBack property of controls.

44. Explain how Cookies work. Give an example of Cookie abuse.

The server tells the browser to put some files in a cookie, and the client then sends all
the cookies for the domain in each request. An example of cookie abuse is large
cookies affecting the network traffic.

45. Explain login controls.

Login controls are built-in controls in [Link] for providing a login solution to
[Link] application. The login controls use the membership system to authenticate
a user credentials for a Web site.

There are many controls in login controls.

 ChangePassword control - Allows users to change their password.

 CreateUserWizard control - Provides an interface to the user to register for
that Web site.

38
  Login control - Provides an interface for user authentication. It consists of a
set of controls, such asTextBox, Label, Button, CheckBox, HyperLink.
 LoginView control - Displays appropriate information to different users
according to the user's status.
 LoginStatus control - Shows a login link to users, who are not authenticated
and logout link, who are authenticated
 LoginName control - Displays a user name, if the user logs in.
 PasswordRecovery control - Allows users to get back the password through an
e-mail, if they forget.

46. What is the use of PlaceHolder control? Can we see it at runtime?

The PlaceHolder control acts as a container for those controls that are dynamically
generated at runtime. We cannot see it at runtime because it does not produce any
visible output. It used only as a container.

47. What setting must be added in the configuration file to deny a particular
user from accessing the secured resources?

To deny a particular user form accessing the secured resources, the [Link] file
must contain the following code:

<authorization >
<deny users="username" />
</authorization>

48. What are the event handlers that can be included in the [Link] file?

The [Link] file contains some of the following important event handlers:

 Application_Error
 Application_Start
 Application_End
 Session_Start
 Session_End

49. What is the difference between page-level caching and fragment caching?

In the page-level caching, an entire Web page is cached; whereas, in the fragment
caching, a part of the Web page, such as a user control added to the Web page, is
cached.

50. Make a list of all templates of the Repeater control.

The Repeater control contains the following templates:

 ItemTemplate
 AlternatingltemTemplate

39
  SeparatorTemplate
 HeaderTemplate
 FooterTemplate

51. Describe the complete lifecycle of a Web page.

When we execute a Web page, it passes from the following stages, which are
collectively known as Web page lifecycle:

 Page request - During this stage, [Link] makes sure the page either parsed
or compiled and a cached version of the page can be sent in response
 Start - During this stage sets the Request and Response page properties and
the page check the page request is either a postback or a new request
 Page Initialization - During this stage, the page initialize and the control's
Unique Id property are set
 Load - During this stage, if the request is postback, the control properties are
loaded without loading the view state and control state otherwise loads the
view state
 Validation - During this stage, the controls are validated
 Postback event handling - During this stage, if the request is a postback,
handles the event
 Rendering - During this stage, the page invokes the Render method to each
control for return the output
 Unload - During this stage, when the page is completely rendered and sent to
the client, the page is unloaded.

52. How can you assign page specific attributes in an [Link] application?

The @Page directive is responsible for this.

53. Which method is used to post a Web page to another Web page?

The [Link] method is used to post a page to another page, as shown in the
following code snippet: [Link]("[Link]");

54. What is a Cookie? Where is it used in [Link]?

Cookie is a lightweight executable program, which the server posts to client

machines. Cookies store the identity of a user at the first visit of the Web site and
validate them later on the next visits for their authenticity. The values of a cookie can
be transferred between the user's request and the server's response.

55. What are Custom User Controls in [Link]?

The custom user controls are the controls that are defined by developers. These
controls are a mixture of custom behavior and predefined behavior. These controls
work similar to other Web server controls.

40
56. What does the .WebPart file do?

The .WebPart file explains the settings of a Web Parts control that can be included to
a specified zone on a Web page.

57. How can you enable impersonation in the [Link] file?

To enable impersonation in the [Link] file, you need to include

the <identity> element in [Link] file and set the impersonate attribute to true
as shown in the following code snippet:
<identity impersonate = "true" />

58. How can you identify that the page is PostBack?

The Page object uses the IsPostBack property to check whether the page is posted
back or not. If the page is postback, this property is set to true.

59. In which database is the information, such as membership, role management,

profile, and Web parts personalization, stored?

The aspnetdb database stores all information.

60. What is State Management? How many ways are there to maintain a state in
.NET?

State management is used to store information requests. The state management is

used to trace the information or data that affect the state of the applications.

There are two ways to maintain a state in .NET, Client-Based state management and
Server-Based state management.

The following techniques can be used to implement the Client-Based state

management:

 View State
 Hidden Fields
 Cookies
 Query Strings
 Control State

The following techniques can be used to implement Server-Based state management:

 Application State
 Session State
 Profile Properties

61. What do you understand by aggregate dependency?

41
Aggregate dependency allows multiple dependencies to be aggregated for content that
depends on more than one resource. In such type of dependency, you need to depend
on the sum of all the defined dependencies to remove a data item from the cache.

62. How can you ensure that no one has tampered with ViewState in a Web
page?

To ensure that no one has tampered with ViewState in a Web page, set
the EnableViewStateMac property to True.

63. What is the difference between adding items into cache through
the Add() method and through theInsert() method?

Both methods work in a similar way except that the [Link]() function returns an
object that represents the item you added in the cache. The [Link]() function
can replace an existing item in the cache, which is not possible using
the [Link]() method.

64. Explain the cookie less session and its working.

[Link] manages the session state in the same process that processes the request
and does not create a cookie. It is known as a cookie less session. If cookies are not
available, a session is tracked by adding a session identifier to the URL. The cookie
less session is enabled using the following code snippet:<sessionState
cookieless="true" />

65. What is a round trip?

The trip of a Web page from the client to the server and then back to the client is
known as a round trip.

66. What are the major built-in objects in [Link]?

The major built-in objects in [Link] are as follows:

 Application
 Request
 Response
 Server
 Session
 Context
 Trace
 67. Where should the data validations be performed-at the client side or
at the server side and why?
 Data validations should be done primarily at the client side and the server-side
validation should be avoided because it makes server task overloaded. If the
client-side validation is not available, you can use server-side validation.

42
 When a user sends a request to the server, the validation controls are invoked
to check the user input one by one.
 68. Why do we need nested master pages in a Web site?
 When we have several hierarchical levels in a Web site, then we use nested
master pages in the Web site.
 69. How can you dynamically add user controls to a page?
 User controls can be dynamically loaded by adding a Web User Control page
in the application and adding the control on this page.
 70. What is the appSettings Section in the [Link] file?
 The [Link] file sets the configuration for a Web project.
The appSettings block in configuration file sets the user-defined values for the
whole application.

For example, in the following code snippet, the

specified ConnectionString section is used throughout the project for database
connection:

<configuration>
<appSettings>
<add key="ConnectionString" value="server=indiabixserver;
pwd=dbpassword; database=indiabix" />
</appSettings>
...
 71. What type of code, client-side or server-side, is found in a code-behind
file of a Web page?
 A code-behind file contains the server-side code, which means that the code
contained in a code-behind file is executed at the server.
 72. To which class a Web form belongs to in the .NET Framework class
hierarchy?
 A Web form belongs to the [Link] class.
 73. What does the "EnableViewState" property do? Why do we want it
On or Off?
 The EnableViewState property enables the ViewState property on the page. It
is set to On to allow the page to save the users input between postback
requests of a Web page; that is, between the Request and
corresponding Response objects. When this property is set to Off, the page
does not store the users input during postback.
 74. Which event determines that all the controls are completely loaded
into memory?
 The Page_Load event determines that all the controls on the page are fully
loaded. You can also access the controls in the Page_Init event; however,
the ViewState property does not load completely during this event.
 75. What is the function of the CustomValidator control?
 It provides the customize validation code to perform both client-side and
server-side validation.
 76. What is Role-based security?
 In the Role-based security, you can assign a role to every user and grant the
privilege according to that role. A role is a group of principal that restricts a

43
 user's privileges. Therefore, all the organization and applications use role-
based security model to determine whether a user has enough privileges to
perform a requested task.
 77. Which data type does the RangeValidator control support?
 The data types supported by the RangeValidator control are Integer, Double,
String, Currency, and Date.
 78. What are the HTML server controls in [Link]?
 HTML server controls are similar to the standard HTML elements, which are
normally used in HTML pages. They expose properties and events that can be
used programmatically. To make these controls programmatically accessible,
you need to specify that the HTML controls act as a server control by adding
the runat="server"attribute.
 79. Why a SiteMapPath control is referred to as breadcrumb or eyebrow
navigation control?
 The SiteMapPath control displays a hierarchical path to the root Web page of
the Web site. Therefore, it is known as the breadcrumb or eyebrow navigation
control.
 80. Where is the ViewState information stored?
 The ViewState information is stored in the HTML hidden fields.
 81. Which namespaces are necessary to create a localized application?
 The [Link] and [Link] namespaces are essential to
develop a localized application.
 82. What is the difference between an HtmlInputCheckBox control and
an HtmlInputRadioButton control?
 You can select more than one HtmlInputCheckBox control from a group
of HtmlInputCheckBox controls; whereas, you can select only a
single HtmllnputRadioButton control from a group
ofHtmlInputRadioButton controls.
 83. What is the difference between HTML and Web server controls?
 HTML controls are client-side controls; therefore, all the validations for
HTML controls are performed at the client side. On the other hand, Web
server controls are server-side controls; therefore, all the validations for Web
server controls are performed at the server side.
 84. Explain the AdRotator Control.
 The AdRotator is an [Link] control that is used to provide advertisements
to Web pages. The AdRotatorcontrol associates with one or many
advertisements, which randomly displays one by one at a time when the Web
page is refreshed. The AdRotator control advertisements are associated with
links; therefore, when you click on an advertisement, it redirects you to other
pages.

The AdRotator control is associated with a data source, which is normally an

xml file or a database table. A data source contains all the information, such as
advertisement graphics reference, link, and alternate text. Therefore, when
you use the AdRotator control, you should first create a data source and then
associate it with the AdRotator control.

85. What do you understand by the culture?

44
The culture denotes a combination of a language and optionally a region or a country.
The contents of a Web page of a multilingual Web site are changed according to the
culture defined in the operating system of the user accessing the Web page.

86. What is the difference between absolute expiration and sliding-time

expiration?

The absolute expiration expires a cached item after the provided expiration time. The
sliding time does not expire the cached items because it increments the specified time.

87. What is the code-behind feature in [Link]?

The code-behind feature of [Link] enables you to divide an [Link] page into
two files - one consisting of the presentation data, and the second, which is also called
the code-behind file, consisting of all the business logic. The presentation data
contains the interface elements, such as HTML controls and Web server controls, and
the code-behind contains the event-handling process to handle the events that are
fired by these controls. The file that contains the presentation data has the .aspx
extension. The code behind file has either the .cs extension (if you are using the
programming language C#) or the .vb (if you are using the programming language
Visual Basic .NET) extension.

88. How can you check if all the validation controls on a Web page are valid and
proper?

You can determine that all the validation controls on a Web page are properly
working by writing code in the source file of the Web page using a scripting
language, such as VBScript or JavaScript. To do this task, you have to loop across
validators collection of pages and check the IsValid property of each validation
control on the Web page to check whether or not the validation test is successful.

89. Explain the validation controls. How many validation controls in [Link]
4.0?

Validation controls are responsible to validate the data of an input control. Whenever
you provide any input to an application, it performs the validation and displays an
error message to user, in case the validation fails.

[Link] 4.0 contains the following six types of validation controls:

 CompareValidator - Performs a comparison between the values contained in

two controls.
 CustomValidator - Writes your own method to perform extra validation.
 RangeValidator- Checks value according to the range of value.
 RegularExpressionValidator - Ensures that input is according to the specified
pattern or not.
 RequiredFieldValidator - Checks either a control is empty or not.

45
  ValidationSummary - Displays a summary of all validation error in a central
location.

90. What is difference between a Label control and a Literal control?

The Label control's final html code has an HTML tag; whereas, the Literal control's
final html code contains only text, which is not surrounded by any HTML tag.

91. How many types of Cookies are available in [Link]?

There are two types of Cookies available in [Link]:

 Session Cookie - Resides on the client machine for a single session until the
user does not log out.
 Persistent Cookie - Resides on a user's machine for a period specified for its
expiry, such as 10 days, one month, and never.

The user can set this period manually.

92. What is the use of the [Link] file?

The [Link] file executes application-level events and sets application-level

variables.

93. What are the Culture and UICulture values?

The Culture value determines the functions, such as Date and Currency, which are
used to format data and numbers in a Web page. The UICulture value determines the
resources, such as strings or images, which are loaded for a Web page in a Web
application.

94. What is the difference between ASP session and [Link] session?

ASP does not support cookie-less sessions; whereas, [Link] does. In addition, the
[Link] session can span across multiple servers.

95. Which control will you use to ensure that the values in two different controls
match?

You should use the CompareValidator control to ensure that the values in two
different controls match.

96. What is the difference between a page theme and a global theme?

A page theme is stored inside a subfolder of the App_Themes folder of a project and
applied to individual Web pages of that project. Global themes are stored inside the

46
Themes folder on a Web server and apply to all the Web applications on the Web
server.

97. What do you mean by a neutral culture?

When you specify a language but do not specify the associated country through a
culture, the culture is called as a neutral culture.

98. What is the use of the <sessionState> tag in the [Link] file?

The <sessionState> tag is used to configure the session state features. To change the
default timeout, which is 20 minutes, you have to add the following code snippet to
the [Link] file of an application:<sessionState timeout="40"/>

99. Can you post and access view state in another application?

Yes, you can post and access a view state in other applications. However, while
posting a view state in another application, the PreviousPage property returns null.

100. Which method do you use to kill explicitly a users session?

The [Link]() method kills the user session explicitly.

101. Which class is inherited when an [Link] server control is added to a

Web form?

The [Link] class is inherited when an [Link] server control

is added to a Web form.

102. What events are fired when a page loads?

The following events fire when a page loads:

 Init() - Fires when the page is initializing.

 LoadViewState() - Fires when the view state is loading.
 LoadPostData() - Fires when the postback data is processing.
 Load() - Fires when the page is loading.
 PreRender() - Fires at the brief moment before the page is displayed to the
user as HTML.
 Unload() - Fires when the page is destroying the instances of server controls.

103. Write three common properties of all validation controls.

Three common properties of validation controls are as follows:

 ControlToValidate - Provides a control to validate

 ErrorMessage - Displays an error message
 IsValid - Specifies if the control's validation has succeeded or not

47
  Text - Displays a text for validation control before validation

104. What are navigation controls? How many navigation controls are there in
[Link] 4.0?

Navigation controls help you to navigate in a Web application easily. These controls
store all the links in a hierarchical or drop-down structure; thereby facilitating easy
navigation in a Web application.

There are three navigation controls in [Link] 4.0.

 SiteMapPath
 Menu
 TreeView

105. What happens if an [Link] server control with event-handling routines is

missing from its definition?

The compilation of the application fails.

106. What are server-side comments?

Server-side comments are included in an [Link] page for the purpose of

documentations as shown in the following code snippet:

<%--This is an example of server-side comments --%>

The server-side comments begin with <%-- and end with --%>.

107. How can we provide the WebParts control functionality to a server control?

We can provide the WebParts controls functionality to a server control by setting

the CreateWebPart property of WebPartManger.

108. How do you prevent a validation control from validating data at the client
end?

You can prohibit a validation control to validate data at the client side by setting
the EnableClientScriptproperty to False.

109. What is cross-page posting in [Link]?

The [Link]() method is used to post data from one page to another. In this
case, the URL remains the same. However, in cross page posting, data is collected
from different Web pages and is displayed on a single page. To do so, you need to set
the PostBackUrl property of the control, which specifies the target page. In the target
page, you can access the PreviousPage property. For this, you need to use

48
the@PreviousPageType directive. You can access the controls of previous page by
using the FindControl()method.

110. Which [Link] configuration options are supported in the [Link]

implementation on the shared Web hosting platform?

There are many [Link] configuration choices, which are not able to configure at
the site, application, or child directory level on the shared hosting environment. Some
options can produce security, performance, and stability problem to the server and
therefore cannot be changed.

The following settings are the only ones that can be changed in the [Link] file(s)
of your Web site:

 browserCaps
 clientTarget
 pages
 customErrors
 globalization
 authorization
 authentication
 webControls
 webServices

111. Explain the Application and Session objects in [Link].

Application state is used to store data corresponding to all the variables of an

[Link] Web application. The data in an application state is stored once and read
several times. Application state uses theHttpApplicationState class to store and share
the data throughout the application. You can access the information stored in an
application state by using the HttpApplication class property. Data stored in the
application state is accessible to all the pages of the application and is the same for all
the users accessing the application. The HttpApplicationState class provides a lock
method, which you can use to ensure that only one user is able to access and modify
the data of an application at any instant of time.

Each client accessing a Web application maintains a distinct session with the Web
server, and there is also some specific information associated with each of these
sessions. Session state is defined in the<sessionState> element of the [Link] file.
It also stores the data specific to a user session in session variables. Different session
variables are created for each user session. In addition, session variables can be
accessed from any page of the application. When a user accesses a page, a session ID
for the user is created. The session ID is transferred between the server and the client
over the HTTP protocol using cookies.

112. How will you differentiate a submaster page from a top-level master page?

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Similar to a content page, a submaster page also does not have complete HTML
source code; whereas, a top-level master page has complete HTML source code
inside its source file.

113. What are Web server controls in [Link]?

The [Link] Web server controls are objects on the [Link] pages that run when
the Web page is requested. Many Web server controls, such as button and text box,
are similar to the HTML controls. In addition to the HTML controls, there are many
controls, which include complex behavior, such as the controls used to connect to
data sources and display data.

114. What is the difference between a HyperLink control and

a LinkButton control?

A HyperLink control does not have the Click and Command events; whereas,
the LinkButton control has these events, which can be handled in the code-behind file
of the Web page.

115. What are the various ways of authentication techniques in [Link]?

There are various techniques in [Link] to authenticate a user. You can use one of
the following ways of authentication to select a built-in authentication provider:

 Windows Authentication - This mode works as the default authentication

technique. It can work with any form of Microsoft Internet Information
Services (IIS) authentication, such as Basic, Integrated Windows
authentication (NTLM/Kerberos), Digest, and certificates. The syntax of
Windows authentication mode is given as follows: <authentication
mode="windows" />
 Forms Authentication - You can specify this mode as a default
authentication mode by using the following code snippet: <authentication
mode="Forms"/>
 Passport - This mode works with Microsoft Passport authentication, as shown
in the following code snippet: <authentication mode = "Passport"/>

116. What are the different ways to send data across pages in [Link]?

The following two ways are used to send data across pages in [Link]:

 Session
 Public properties

117. What does the WebpartListUserControlPath property of

a DeclarativeCatalogPart control do?

The WebpartListUserControlPath property sets the route of the user defined control
to aDeclarativeCatalogPart control.

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118. What do you mean by the Web Part controls in [Link]?

The Web Part controls are the integrated controls, which are used to create a Web
site. These controls allow the users to change the content, outlook, and state of Web
pages in a Web browser.

119. What type of the CatalogPart control enables users to restore the Web Parts
that have been removed earlier by the user?

The PageCatalogPart control.

120. What is the use of [Link]? What is the difference between

[Link] and [Link]?

[Link] configuration files are XML-based text files for application-level settings
and are saved with the name [Link]. These files are present in multiple
directories on an [Link] Web application server. [Link] file sets the
configuration settings to the directory it is placed in and to all the virtual sub folders
under it. The settings in sub directories can optionally override or change the settings
specified in the base directory.

The difference between the [Link] and [Link] files is given as follows:

 <WinDir>\[Link]\Framework\<version>\config\[Link] provi
des default configuration settings for the entire machine. [Link] configures
IIS to prohibit the browser directly from accessing the [Link] files to
make sure that their values cannot be public. Attempts to access those files
cause [Link] to return the 403: Access Forbidden error.
 [Link] uses these [Link] configuration files at runtime to compute
hierarchically a sole collection of settings for every URL target request. These
settings compute only once and cached across further requests. [Link]
automatically checks for changing file settings and do not validate the cache if
any of the configuration changes made.

121. Explain the concept of states in [Link].

State is quite an innovative concept in Web development because it eliminates the

drawback of losing state data due to reloading of a Web page. By using states in a
Web application, you can preserve the state of the application either at the server or
client end. The state of a Web application helps you to store the runtime changes that
have been made to the Web application. For example, as already described earlier, a
change in the data source of the Web application might be initiated by a user when
he/she selects and saves some products in the shopping cart.

If you are not using states, these changes are discarded and are not saved. You may
think that the whole concept of storing states is optional. However, under certain
circumstances, using states with applications is imperative. For example, it is
necessary to store states for Web applications, such as an e-commerce shopping site

51
or an Intranet site of a company, to keep track of the requests of the users for the
items they have selected on the shopping site or the days requested for vacation on
the Intranet site.

122. Can we validate a DropDownList by RequiredFieldValidator?

Yes, we can validate a DropDownList by RequiredFieldValidator. To perform this

validation, we have to set the InitialValue property of RequiredFieldValidator control.

123. List the features of the Chart control.

The following are the features of the Chart control:

 Bounds a chart with any data source.

 Simple manipulation of chart data, such as copying, merging, grouping,
sorting, searching, and filtering.
 Support many statistical and financial formulas for data analysis.
 Provide advanced chart outlook, such as 2-D, 3-D, lighting, and perspective.
 Support events and customizations.
 Includes interactivity with Microsoft AJAX.
 Supports AJAX Content Delivery Network (CDN).

Windows Workflow Foundation - .NET Interview Questions and Answers

1. What is Windows Workflow Foundation (WF)?

Windows Workflow Foundation (WF) is a technology that was first introduced in

.NET Framework 3.0. WF consists of a programming model, a workflow runtime
engine, workflow designer, a rules engine, and tools to quickly build workflow-based
applications on Windows. WF facilitates the separation between the business process
code and the actual implementation code.

2. What are the components of WF 4.0?

WF consists of several components that work together to create desired workflow.

The components of WF are given as follows:

 Workflows and activities

 Base activity library
 Custom activities
 Host process
 Activity data mode!
 Runtime engine
 Runtime services

3. What is a workflow?

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A workflow is a collection of actions (called activities) that presents the model of a
process. A workflow provides a way to describe the order of the execution of a long
running process and relationships between different activities. Multiple instances of a
workflow may be active at any given moment in an application.

4. What are the different types of workflow in WF?

In WF 4.0, the following two types of workflows are used:

 Flowchart workflows - Helps you to create workflows using the common

flowchart elements. In WF, the Flowchart activity is generally used to
implement a non-sequential workflow, and occasionally it implements
sequential workflows in case the FlowDecision nodes are not used. The
Flowchart activity contains a collection of flow nodes, which inherit from
the FlowNode class. The following types of nodes or elements can be a part of
a flowchart:
 FlowStep - Executes activities of a flowchart in a sequence.
 FlowDecision - Shows the execution on the basis of a Boolean
condition. It is similar to the If construct.
 FlowSwitch - Shows the execution on the basis of an exclusive switch.
It is similar to the Switch construct.
 Procedural workflows - Helps you to create workflows using basic and
sequential execution standards. In WF, procedural workflows use flow control
constructs, such as While, Switch, ForEach, and If, to execute activities.
These flow control constructs are similar to those found in procedural
languages. Procedural workflows can also contain other flow control
activities, such as Flowchart and Sequence.

5. What are the four workflow principles?

According to Microsoft, there are four major principles that explain the behavior and
working of workflows. Developers can use these principles while developing
workflow-based applications. The four principles are as follows:

 Workflows help in coordinating the work performed by people and software.

 Workflows are long-running and stateful.
 Workflows are based on extensible models.
 Workflows remain transparent and dynamic throughout their lifecycle.

6. What is a base activity library?

The base activity library is a collection of activities used to create workflows.

7. What are XOML files?

WF provides developers a declarative way to create workflows by using extensible

Application Markup Language (XAML). The files used to store such workflow
markups are known as extensible Object Markup Language (XOML) files.

53
8. Can you integrate workflow applications with some other application, such as
Windows Forms applications and Web applications?

Yes.

9. What is the difference between a system workflow and a human workflow?

A system workflow is a workflow that is developed to automate interactions among

applications. Such workflow is usually static and predictable. On the other hand, a
human workflow is a workflow that coordinates interactions of applications with
people. As human workflows involve both software and people, they need to be more
flexible than system workflows.

10. How can you implement a condition in a workflow?

You can implement a condition by using either of the following ways:

 By creating a rule condition - Specifies that you can implement conditions

either directly in code or by using a tool, called the Rule Condition Editor.
Rule conditions are stored in a separate Extensible Markup Language (XML)
file. When a rule condition occurs in a workflow, the expression in a condition
is evaluated and a Boolean value is returned.
 By creating a code condition - Refers to defining a condition directly in
code. A code condition can be created by writing a method in the code. The
method contains code for the condition and returns aBoolean value.

11. What is the function of the Rule Condition Editor dialog box in WF?

You can create and modify declarative rule conditions by using the Rule Condition
Editor dialog box.

12. Explain the concept of Bookmarks in WF 4.0.

In WF 4.0, a bookmark is a mechanism that enables an activity to wait for an input

without interrupting a workflow thread. When an activity signals that it is waiting for
the input from a user, it can create a bookmark. A bookmark is created by using
the BookmarkOptions class. This class provides the following bookmark types:

 None - Represents a bookmark that can be resumed exactly once. This is the
default bookmark type.
 MultipleResume - Refers to a bookmark that you can resume multiple times.
 NonBlocking - Refers to a bookmark that does not block the functioning of
the workflow.

13. What is a host process?

A host process is an executable program that hosts a workflow. It may be a Windows

Forms application, a Web application, or a Web service application. You can use

54
Web services in the host process or remoting to enable other applications to
communicate with the workflow.

14. What are runtime services?

Runtime services consist of predefined and user-defined classes that are available to
the workflow runtime engine during execution to customize the behavior of workflow
runtime. Some of the runtime services available in WF 4.0 are as follows:

 Scheduling services - Enable creating and scheduling new workflow

instances for execution.
 Work batch services - Enable behavior to maintain a stable and consistent
execution environment.
 Persistence services - Enable you to save or restore the state of a running
workflow for later use. You can restart the saved workflow anytime in future,
even after weeks of inactivity.
 Tracking services - Enable you to monitor the state of the workflows. This is
particularly useful when you have multiple workflows active at the same time
(for example, in a shopping cart application).
 Timer service - Manages the timing required by the DelayActivity activity.
 Transactions services - Provide the transaction support needed for data
integrity.
 Data exchange services - Manage custom communication services.
 Threading services - Administer physical threads used to execute workflow
instances.

15. Which component of WF architecture is responsible to execute each

workflow instance?

WF runtime engine is responsible to execute each workflow instance.

16. Which option do you need to select for the Condition property, if you want to
create a code condition?

You can select the Code Condition option to create a code condition.

17. Explain Custom Activities.

In addition to the standard activities available within the base activity library, you can
create new activities to meet specific business needs. Creating custom activities may
be required to support a particular application that you want to integrate with WF.
Custom activities are generally created through attributes and inheritance. You can
create two types of custom activities, base and composite. You can create basic
custom activity by inheriting the Activity class and custom composite activity by
inheriting the compositeActivity class or a derived type.

18. What is a dynamic update?

55
Dynamic update is a powerful feature of WF that describes the ability of WF to
modify the execution path of a running workflow. This feature is used in
circumstances that call for extraneous behavior that was not modeled by the original
workflow developer.

19. What is a runtime engine?

A runtime engine of WF provides the basic functionality to execute and manage the
workflow lifetime. It runs within the host process and is responsible for executing
each workflow instance. A host process can interact with multiple runtime engines at
a time, where each engine executes multiple workflow instances. The host process
interacts with runtime engine by using any of the following classes:

 WorkflowInvoker - Invokes a workflow as its method.

 WorkflowApplication - Controls the execution of a single workflow instance
explicitly.
 WorkflowServiceHost - Hosts the workflows and allows sending and
receiving messages among various instances of workflows.

20. What is an activity?

In Windows Workflow Foundation 4.0, an activity is the basic unit of composition

and execution of a workflow. Each activity in a workflow consists of its own
variables and arguments and is a subclass of the Activity class. These activities
provide facilities for flow control, exception handling, data persistency, loading or
unloading workflows, tracking, and transaction flow.

21. Explain why workflows are based on Extensible Models.

Workflows serve the purpose of automating business processes. Now, since each type
of business has a wide range of problems; therefore, a workflow platform needs to be
extensible. WF provides you with a set of base activities, such as IfElse, Code, and
Delay, to build a workflow. You can extend these activities or build new activities to
meet your requirements. Besides activities, you can also extend services, such as
tracking, management, and persistence, provided by the runtime engine.

22. Write the steps that are involved in the sequential workflow, by default.

By default, a sequential workflow has only two steps:

 Start
 Finish

Application Deployment - .NET Interview Questions and Answers

1. What is deployment?

56
Deployment refers to the distribution of an application among various end-users. It is
a process that makes software available for use by just installing it on the client
computer.

2. List different ways of deployment that are supported by .NET Framework 4.0.

 Windows Installer
 ClickOnce
 XCOPY
 Copy Web Site
 Publish Web Site tool

3. What is XCOPY?

XCOPY enables you to deploy an application by copying the application directory

and all subdirectories to the target computer and then executing the application on the
client. The application starts executing on the target computer by using its assembly
file, which is a self-description file that contains all the information about the
application. The XCOPY deployment does not make any impact on the target system
while configuring the components and registering entries, and is therefore known as
zero-impact installation.

4. Does XCOPY copy the hidden and system files?

No. By default, XCOPY excludes the hidden and system files. However, you can
include the hidden and system files using the /h switch.

5. Why do you use Windows Installer?

The Windows Installer deployment technique allows you to deploy Windows-based

and Web applications by creating a Windows Installer Package. The installer package
has an extension of .msi and it contains the application, any dependent files, registry
entries, and the rest. The installer package can then be distributed to various end-users
by simply copying it on the target computers.

The end-users can then run the installer package to install the application anywhere in
their computers. The installation takes place using the installation wizard; therefore,
the users can easily install the application on their system. Once your application is
installed on the target computer, end-users can open the application from the installed
location.

6. Can you deploy an [Link] Web application project using the Copy Web
Site option?

No. The Copy Web Site option can only be used to deploy the Web sites.

7. How can you determine whether you should deploy the application or publish
the application?

57
If you want to host the application on a shared hosting environment, you should use
publishing; whereas, if you want to create a Web application that is downloaded from
a Web site, you should deploy the application to create a [Link] file.

8. How can you deploy an [Link] Web application?

You can deploy an [Link] Web application using either the Windows Installer
deployment or ClickOnce deployment technique.

9. What is Application Cache?

When a ClickOnce application is installed locally or hosted online, it is stored in the

ClickOnce application cache of the client computer. The ClickOnce application cache
is a set of hidden directories placed under the Local Settings directory of the current
user's Documents and Settings folder. The application cache contains all the
application files, assemblies, configuration files, application and user settings, and
data directory. In case the ClickOnce applications are hosted online, the size of the
ClickOnce application cache gets limited to a specified amount; whereas, the installed
applications do not restrict to the cache size limitation. The cache storage quota is
responsible to determine the size of the application cache.

10. What are the enhancements in ClickOnce deployment in .NET 4.0?

In .NET 4.0, the ClickOnce deployment technology is enhanced with the following
features:

 Support for .NET Framework 4.0 version - Creates applications by using

Visual Studio 2010 that can target .NET Framework 4.0 and its new features.
 Support for multiple versions of the .NET Framework - Creates
applications that are compatible with multiple versions of the .NET
Framework. You can specify the target framework for an application as .NET
Framework 3.5 or .NET Framework 4 while creating the application.
 Enhanced logging feature - Stores logging information that includes various
parameters passed to the ClickOnce runtime, the browser settings, and
ClickOnce security options.
 Custom Installer and User Interface - Allows you to create a custom
graphical user interface for installing and updating the .exe applications. In
addition, the custom installer can have custom dialog boxes for security and
maintenance operations.

11. What is the difference between deploying and publishing an application?

In deployment, you can create a new setup and deployment project. In this project,
you can add the project output and create a [Link] file. After creating an
executable file, you need to login into the server and execute the [Link] file to
install the application. On the other hand, in publishing, you need to right-click the
application in the Solution Explorer and select Publish to publish the application.
Then, you specify a location where the application is to be published. The users can

58
then install the application from the location where you have published it and run
locally even when the computer is offline.

12. What do you mean by Merge Module projects?

Merge Module projects are used to package the files and components that are shared
between multiple applications. The Merge Module project file contains
the .msm extension. The .msm file includes files, resources, registry entries, and setup
logic. This file is merged with a Windows installer (.msi) file to correctly install the
shared files. If a single merge module is used by more than one application, then you
need to add that merge module in the package only once.

13. What is the need of Copy Web Site?

Copy Web Site is a tool used to deploy the Web site by copying its content files. The
Copy Web Site tool also checks whether or not the latest version of a file is present at
the destination. If files of the most recent version are found at the destination, then the
Copy Web Site tool does not superimpose the older version of files. The Copy Web
Site deployment tool consists of the following main entities:

 Project source - Specifies the source directory, which contains the contents
and references of a Web site at development time. In simple words, you can
say that the project source specifies the site that you currently have opened in
Visual Studio 2010. The Copy Web Site tool picks all the files for deployment
from this location.
 Project destination - Specifies the destination folder where you have to
deploy the application. This destination directory can be placed on remote
computers or servers, which allow you to copy the Web site contents using the
Front Page Server Extensions, FTP, or HTTP protocol implementations for
content transfer.
 Synchronizing two Web sites - Synchronizes two Web sites by copying each
other's files. Synchronization checks the files on the local and remote sites and
ensures that all files on both sites are up to date.

14. What is the use of the Copy Project command?

The Copy Project command copies only the files required to run the project and
pastes it on the target server. It does not deploy the complete project; therefore, IIS
directory settings are not automatically configured.

15. Can Windows applications and the Web applications be deployed using the
same template of Setup and Deployment project?

No. the Windows applications use the Setup Project template; whereas, the Web
applications use the Web Setup Project template. After the deployment, their
installation takes place in the similar way.

16. Explain the .NET Framework deployment features.

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In a general context, .NET Framework includes the following deployment features:

 No-impact applications - Provides application isolation and removes DLL

conflicts.
 Private components by default - Enables the components to deploy to the
application directory and to be visible only to the containing application.
 Side-by-side versioning - Enables you to select one of the multiple versions.
 XCOPY deployment and replication - Refers to the self-descriptive
application that is deployed without the need to store registry entries.
 On-the-fly updates - Allows for the updating of the DLLs of the remote
computers.
 Integration with the Microsoft Windows Installer - Makes the features,
such as advertising, publishing, repairing, and install-on-demand available
during deployment of an application.
 Enterprise deployment - Eases the task of software distribution.
 Downloading and caching - Specifies that the downloads are kept smaller
and the components are isolated for application use.
 Partially trusted code - Enables code-based identification.

Cloud Computing - .NET Interview Questions and Answers

1. What is cloud computing?

The cloud computing is the computing which is completely based on the Internet. It
can also be defined as the next stage in the evolution of the Internet. The cloud
computing uses the cloud (Internet) that provides the way to deliver the services
whenever and wherever the user of the cloud needs. Companies use the cloud
computing to fulfill the needs of their customers, partners, and providers. The cloud
computing includes vendors, partners, and business leaders as the three major
contributors. The vendors are the one who provide applications and their related
technology, infrastructure, hardware, and integration.

The partners are those who offer cloud services demand and provide support service
to the customers. The business leaders are the ones who use or evaluate the cloud
service provided by the partners. The cloud computing enables the companies to treat
their resources as a pool and not as independent resources.

2. What is a cloud?

A cloud is a combination of hardware, networks, storage, services, and interfaces that

helps in delivering computing as a service. It has broadly three users which are end
user, business management user, and cloud service provider. The end user is the one
who uses the services provided by the cloud. The business management user in the
cloud takes the responsibility of the data and the services provided by the cloud. The
cloud service provider is the one who takes care or is responsible for the maintenance
of the IT assets of the cloud. The cloud acts as a common center for its users to fulfill
their computing needs.

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3. What are the basic characteristics of cloud computing?

The four basic characteristics of cloud computing are given as follows:

 Elasticity and scalability.

 Self-service provisioning and automatic de-provisioning.
 Standardized interfaces.
 Billing self-service based usage model.

4. What is a Cloud Service?

A cloud service is a service that is used to build cloud applications. This service
provides the facility of using the cloud application without installing it on the
computer. It reduces the maintenance and support of the application as compared to
those applications that are not developed using the cloud service. The different kinds
of users can use the application from the cloud service, which may be public or
private application.

5. What are main features of cloud services?

Some important features of the cloud service are given as follows:

 Accessing and managing the commercial software.

 Centralizing the activities of management of software in the Web
environment.
 Developing applications that are capable of managing several clients.
 Centralizing the updating feature of software that eliminates the need of
downloading the upgrades.

6. How many types of deployment models are used in cloud?

There are 4 types of deployment models used in cloud:

1. Public cloud
2. Private cloud
3. Community cloud
4. Hybrid cloud

7. What is the AppFabric component?

The AppFabric component is used to create access control and distribute messages
across clouds and enterprises. It has a service-oriented architecture, and can be
considered as the backbone of the Windows Azure platform. It provides connectivity
and messaging among distributed applications. It also has the capabilities of
integrating the applications and the business processes between cloud services and
also between cloud services and global applications.

The AppFabric component provides a development environment that is integrated

61
with Visual Studio [Link] Communication Foundation
(WCF) services built in VS 2010 can be published on cloud from the Visual Studio
design environment.

The two important services of AppFabric are as follows:

 Access Control Service (ACS) - Allows rules-driven and claims-based access

control for distributed applications. These claims-based rules and
authorization roles can be defined in the cloud for accessing on-premise and
cloud services. The claim can be a user or application attribute, which the
service application expects, such as e-mail address, phone number, password,
and role, for appropriate access control. When any application wants to use
the Web service, it sends the required claims to ACS for requesting a token.
ACS converts the input claims into output claims by following the rules of
mapping. These rules are created during the configuration of ACS. The ACS
issues a token containing the output claims for the consumer application. This
application uses this token in the request header and sends to the Web service.
This service validates the claims in the token and gives suitable access to the
user.
 Service bus - Provides messaging between cross-enterprise and cross-cloud
scenarios. It provides publish/subscribe, point-to-point, and queues message
patterns for exchange of messages across distributed applications in the cloud.
It integrates with the Access Control service to establish secure relay and
communication.

8. Why does an organization need to manage the workloads?

The workload can be defined as an independent service or a set of code that can be
executed. It can be everything from a data-intensive workload to storage or a
transaction processing workload and does not rely upon the outside elements. The
workload can be considered as a small or complete application.

The organization manages workloads because of the following reasons:

 To know how their applications are running.

 To know what functions they are performing.
 To know the charges of the individual department according to the use of the
service.

9. Which services are provided by Window Azure operating system?

Windows Azure provides three core services which are given as follows:

 Compute
 Storage
 Management

10. Explain hybrid and community cloud.

62
The hybrid cloud consists of multiple service providers. This model integrates
various cloud services for Hybrid Web hosting. It is basically a combination of
private and public cloud features. It is used by the company when a company has
requirements for both the private and public clouds. Consider an example when an
organization wants to implement the SaaS (Software as a Service) application
throughout the company. The implementation requires security that can be provided
by the private cloud used inside the firewall. The additional security can be provided
by the VPN on requirement. Now, the organization has both the private and public
cloud features.

The community cloud provides a number of benefits, such as privacy and security.
This model, which is quite expensive, is used when the organizations having common
goals and requirements are ready to share the benefits of the cloud service.

11. Explain public and private cloud.

The public cloud (or external cloud) is freely available for access. You can use a
public cloud to collect data of the purchasing of items from a Web site on the
Internet. You can also use public cloud for the reasons, which are given as follows:

 Helps when an application is to be used by a large number of people, such as

an e-mail application, on the Internet.
 Helps when you want to test the application and also needs to develop the
application code.
 Helps when you want to implement the security for the application.
 Helps when you want to increase the computing capacity.
 Helps when you are working on the projects in collaboration.
 Helps when you are developing the project on an ad-hoc basis by using PaaS.

The private cloud allows the usage of services by a single client on a private
network. The benefits of this model are data security, corporate governance, and
reliability concerns. The private cloud is used by the organization when it has a huge,
well-run data center having a lot of spare capacity. It is also used when an
organization is providing IT services to its clients and the data of organization is
highly important. It is best suited when the requirements are critical.

The characteristics of this model are given as follows:

 Provides capability to internal users and allows provision of services.

 Automates the tasks of management and provides the billing of consumption
of a particular service.
 Offers a well-managed environment.
 Enables the optimization of computational resources, such as servers.
 Manages the workload of the hardware.
 Offers self-service based provisioning of hardware resources and software.

12. Give a brief introduction of Windows Azure operating system.

63
The Windows Azure operating system is used for running cloud services on the
Windows Azure platform, as it includes necessary features for hosting your services
in the cloud. It also provides runtime environment that consists of Web server,
computational services, basic storage, queues, management services, and load
balancers. The operating system provides development. Fabric for development and
testing of services before their deployment on the Windows Azure in the cloud.

13. What are the advantages of cloud services?

Some of the advantages of cloud service are given as follows:

 Helps in the utilization of investment in the corporate sector; and therefore, is

cost saving.
 Helps in the developing scalable and robust applications. Previously, the
scaling took months, but now, scaling takes less time.
 Helps in saving time in terms of deployment and maintenance.

.NET Programming Concepts - .NET Interview Questions and Answers

1. Define variable and constant.

A variable can be defined as a meaningful name that is given to a data storage

location in the computer memory that contains a value. Every variable associated
with a data type determines what type of value can be stored in the variable, for
example an integer, such as 100, a decimal, such as 30.05, or a character, such as 'A'.

You can declare variables by using the following syntax:

<Data_type> <variable_name> ;

A constant is similar to a variable except that the value, which you assign to a
constant, cannot be changed, as in case of a variable. Constants must be initialized at
the same time they are declared. You can declare constants by using the following
syntax:

const int interestRate = 10;

2. What is a data type? How many types of data types are there in .NET ?

A data type is a data storage format that can contain a specific type or range of values.
Whenever you declare variables, each variable must be assigned a specific data type.
Some common data types include integers, floating point, characters, and strings. The
following are the two types of data types available in .NET:

 Value type - Refers to the data type that contains the data. In other words, the
exact value or the data is directly stored in this data type. It means that when
you assign a value type variable to another variable, then it copies the value
rather than copying the reference of that variable. When you create a value

64
 type variable, a single space in memory is allocated to store the value (stack
memory). Primitive data types, such as int, float, and char are examples of
value type variables.
 Reference type - Refers to a data type that can access data by reference.
Reference is a value or an address that accesses a particular data by address,
which is stored elsewhere in memory (heap memory). You can say that
reference is the physical address of data, where the data is stored in memory
or in the storage device. Some built-in reference types variables in .Net are
string, array, and object.

3. Mention the two major categories that distinctly classify the variables of C#
programs.

Variables that are defined in a C# program belong to two major categories: value
type and reference type. The variables that are based on value type contain a value
that is either allocated on a stack or allocated in-line in a structure. The variables that
are based on reference types store the memory address of a variable, which in turn
stores the value and are allocated on the heap. The variables that are based on value
types have their own copy of data and therefore operations done on one variable do
not affect other variables. The reference-type variables reflect the changes made in
the referring variables.

Predict the output of the following code segment:

int x = 42;
int y = 12;
int w;
object o;
o = x;
w = y * (int)o;
[Link](w);

/* The output of the code is 504. */

4. Which statement is used to replace multiple if-else statements in code.

In Visual Basic, the Select-Case statement is used to replace multiple If -

Else statements and in C#, theswitch-case statement is used to replace multiple if-
else statements.

5. What is the syntax to declare a namespace in .NET?

In .NET, the namespace keyword is used to declare a namespace in the code.

The syntax for declaring a namespace in C# is:

namespace UserNameSpace;

65
The syntax for declaring a namespace in VB is:
Namespace UserNameSpace

6. What is the difference between constants and read-only variables that are
used in programs?

Constants perform the same tasks as read-only variables with some differences. The
differences between constants and read-only are

Constants:

1. Constants are dealt with at compile-time.

2. Constants supports value-type variables.
3. Constants should be used when it is very unlikely that the value will ever
change.

Read-only:

1. Read-only variables are evaluated at runtime.

2. Read-only variables can hold reference type variables.
3. Read-only variables should be used when run-time calculation is required.

7. Differentiate between the while and for loop in C#.

The while and for loops are used to execute those units of code that need to be
repeatedly executed, unless the result of the specified condition evaluates to false.
The only difference between the two is in their syntax. The for loop is distinguished
by setting an explicit loop variable.

8. What is an identifier?

Identifiers are northing but names given to various entities uniquely identified in a
program. The name of identifiers must differ in spelling or casing. For
example, MyProg and myProg are two different identifiers. Programming languages,
such as C# and Visual Basic, strictly restrict the programmers from using any
keyword as identifiers. Programmers cannot develop a class whose name is public,
because, public is a keyword used to specify the accessibility of data in programs.

9. What does a break statement do in the switch statement?

The switch statement is a selection control statement that is used to handle multiple
choices and transfer control to the case statements within its body. The following
code snippet shows an example of the use of theswitch statement in C#:

switch(choice)
{

66
 case 1:
[Link]("First");
break;
case 2:
[Link]("Second");
break;
default:
[Link]("Wrong choice");
break;
}

In switch statements, the break statement is used at the end of a case statement.
The break statement is mandatory in C# and it avoids the fall through of
one case statement to another.

10. Explain keywords with example.

Keywords are those words that are reserved to be used for a specific task. These
words cannot be used as identifiers. You cannot use a keyword to define the name of
a variable or method. Keywords are used in programs to use the features of object-
oriented programming.

For example, the abstract keyword is used to implement abstraction and the inherits
keyword is used to implement inheritance by deriving subclasses in C# and Visual
Basic, respectively.

The new keyword is universally used in C# and Visual Basic to implement

encapsulation by creating objects.

11. Briefly explain the characteristics of value-type variables that are supported
in the C# programming language.

The variables that are based on value types directly contain values. The
characteristics of value-type variables that are supported in C# programming
language are as follows:

 All value-type variables derive implicitly from the [Link] class

 You cannot derive any new type from a value type
 Value types have an implicit default constructor that initializes the default
value of that type
 The value type consists of two main categories:
 Structs - Summarizes small groups of related variables.
 Enumerations - Consists of a set of named constants.

12. Give the syntax of using the while loop in a C# program.

67
The syntax of using the while loop in C# is:

while(condition) //condition
{
//statements
}
You can find an example of using the while loop in C#:
int i = 0;
while(i < 5)
{
[Link]("{0} ", i);
i++;
}

The output of the preceding code is: 0 1 2 3 4 .

13. What is a parameter? Explain the new types of parameters introduced in C#

4.0.

A parameter is a special kind of variable, which is used in a function to provide a

piece of information or input to a caller function. These inputs are called arguments.
In C#, the different types of parameters are as follows:

 Value type - Refers that you do not need to provide any keyword with a
parameter.
 Reference type - Refers that you need to mention the ref keyword with a
parameter.
 Output type - Refers that you need to mention the out keyword with a
parameter.
 Optional parameter - Refers to the new parameter introduced in C# 4.0. It
allows you to neglect the parameters that have some predefined default values.
The example of optional parameter is as follows:
 public int Sum(int a, int b, int c = 0, int d = 0); /* c and d is optional */
 Sum(10, 20); //10 + 20 + 0 + 0
 Sum(10, 20, 30); //10 + 20 + 30 + 0
 Sum(10, 20, 30, 40); //10 + 20 + 30 + 40
 Named parameter - Refers to the new parameter introduced in C# 4.0. Now
you can provide arguments by name rather than position. The example of the
named parameter is as follows:
 public void CreateAccount(string name, string address = "unknown", int age
= 0);
 CreateAccount("Sara", age: 30);
 CreateAccount(address: "India", name: "Sara");

68
14. Briefly explain the characteristics of reference-type variables that are
supported in the C# programming language.

The variables that are based on reference types store references to the actual data. The
keywords that are used to declare reference types are:

1. Class - Refers to the primary building block for the programs, which is used
to encapsulate variables and methods into a single unit.
2. Interface - Contains only the signatures of methods, properties, events, or
indexers.
3. Delegate - Refers to a reference type that is used to encapsulate a named or
anonymous method.

15. What are the different types of literals?

A literal is a textual representation of a particular value of a type.

The different types of literals in Visual Basic are:

 Boolean Literals - Refers to the True and False literals that map to the true and
false state, respectively.
 Integer Literals - Refers to literals that can be decimal (base 10), hexadecimal
(base 16), or octal (base 8).
 Floating-Point Literals - Refers to an integer literal followed by an optional
decimal point By default, a floating-point literal is of type Double.
 String Literals - Refers to a sequence of zero or more Unicode characters
beginning and ending with an ASCII double-quote character.
 Character Literals - Represents a single Unicode character of the Char type.
 Date Literals - Represents time expressed as a value of the Date type.
 Nothing - Refers to a literal that does not have a type and is convertible to all
types in the type system.

The different types of literals in C# are:

 Boolean literals - Refers to the True and False literals that map to the true and
false states, respectively.
 Integer literals - Refers to literals that are used to write values of types int,
uint, long, and ulong.
 Real literals - Refers to literals that are used to write values of types float,
double, and decimal.
 Character literals - Represents a single character that usually consists of a
character in quotes, such as 'a'.
 String literals - Refers to string literals, which can be of two types in C#:
 A regular string literal consists of zero or more characters enclosed in
double quotes, such as "hello".
 A verbatim string literal consists of the @ character followed by a
double-quote character, such as @"hello".

69
  The Null literal - Represents the null-type.

16. What is the main difference between sub-procedure and function?

The sub-procedure is a block of multiple visual basic statements within Sub and End
Sub statements. It is used to perform certain tasks, such as changing properties of
objects, receiving or processing data, and displaying an output. You can define a sub-
procedure anywhere in a program, such as in modules, structures, and classes.

We can also provide arguments in a sub-procedure; however, it does not return a new
value.
The function is also a set of statements within the Function and End Function
statements. It is similar to sub-procedure and performs the same task. The main
difference between a function and a sub-procedure is that sub-procedures do not
return a value while functions do.

17. Determine the output of the code snippet.

int a = 29;
a--;
a -= ++a;
[Link]("The value of a is: {0}", a);

/* The output of the code is -1. */

18. Differentiate between Boxing and Unboxing.

When a value type is converted to an object type, the process is known as boxing;
whereas, when an object type is converted to a value type, the process is known as
unboxing.

Boxing and unboxing enable value types to be treated as objects. Boxing a value type
packages it inside an instance of the Object reference type. This allows the value type
to be stored on the garbage collected heap. Unboxing extracts the value type from the
object. In this example, the integer variable i is boxed and assigned to object obj.

Example:

int i = 123;
object obj = i; /* Thi line boxes i. */

/* The object obj can then be unboxed and assigned to integer variable i: */
i = (int)obj; // unboxing

70
19. Give the syntax of using the for loop in C# code?

The syntax of using the for loop in C# code is given as follows:

for(initializer; condition; loop expression)

{
//statements
}

In the preceding syntax, initializer is the initial value of the variable, condition is the
expression that is checked before the execution of the for loop, and loop expression
either increments or decrements the loop counter.

The example of using the for loop in C# is shown in the following code snippet:
for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
[Link]("Hello");

In the preceding code snippet, the word Hello will be displayed for five times in the
output window.
Windows Controls - .NET Interview Questions and Answers

1. How can we auto size a button to fit its text?

The Button control has the AutoSize property, which can be set to true or false. If we
set the value of theAutoSize property to true, then the button control automatically
alters its size according to the content displayed on it.

2. How can we display an icon or a bitmap image on the Button control?

The Button class contains the Image property, which is used to set an image on
the Button control. We can also set the alignment of the image by using
the ImageAlign property of the Button class.

3. Which method is used to generate the click event of the Control class for
the Button control in C#?

The PerformClick() method of the Button class is used to generate the Click event of
[Link] class.

4. A Windows Form will not show the Minimize, Maximize, and Close buttons, if
the ControlBox property of the form is set to False. (True/False)

True.

5. How is anchoring different from docking?

71
Docking refers to attaching a control to either an edge (top, right, bottom, or left) or
the client area of the parent control. On the other hand, anchoring is a process in
which you need to specify the distance that each edge of your control maintains from
the edges of the parent control.

6. How can you display a default value in the text box of an input box?

You can display a default value in the text box of an input box by using
the DefaultResponse argument of theInputBox() function.

7. How will you pick a color from the ColorDialog box?

To pick a color from the color dialog box, you need to create an instance of
the ColorDialog box and invoke to the ShowDialog() method. The code to display the
color dialog box and set the BackColor property of the Label control similar to the
color selected in the color dialog box control is:

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
if ([Link]() != [Link])
{
[Link] = "Here's my new color!";
[Link] = [Link];
}
}

8. How can you get or set the time between Timer ticks?

There is an Interval property, which is responsible to get and set the time in
milliseconds.

9. How can you programmatically position the cursor on a given line or on a

character in the RichTextBoxcontrol in C#?

The RichTextBox control contains the Lines array property, which displays one item
of an array in a separate line. Each line entry has a Length property, which can be
used to accurately position the cursor at a character, as shown in the following code
snippet:

private void GoToLineAndColumn(RichTextBox RTB, int Line, int Column)

{
int offset = 0;
for(int i = 0; i < Line -1 && i < [Link]; i++)
{
offset += [Link][i].Length + 1;
}
[Link]();

72
 [Link](offset + Column, 0);
}

10. What is the difference between

the WindowsDefaultLocation and WindowsDefaultBounds properties?

The WindowsDefaultLocation property makes the form to start up at a location

selected by the operating system, but with internally specified size.
The WindowsDefaultBounds property delegates both size and starting position
choices to the operating system.

11. Where does an ImageList control appear when you add it at the design time?

The ImageList control is a component; therefore, it appears in the component tray at

the design time.

12. How can you programmattically prevent a Combobox from dropping, in

.NET 4.0?

To avoid dropping of a Combobox, you need to override the WndProc() method and
ignore WM_LBUTTONDOWNand WM_LBUTTONDBLCLK events.

13. What is the function of the CheckState property of the CheckBox control?

The CheckState property gets or sets the state of CheckBox.

If the ThreeState property is set to false, the CheckState property value can only be
set [Link] in code and not by user interaction.

Checked - The CheckBox displays a check mark. The control appears sunken.
Unchecked - The CheckBox is empty. The control appears raised.
Indeterminate - The CheckBox displays a check mark and is shaded.

14. Write a code to select an item in the ListView control programmatically in

C#?

To select an item from the ListView control, you can use the following code snippet:

//Make sure the listview has focus

[Link]();
[Link][i].Selected = true;

15. Differentiate between a TextBox control and RichTextBox control.

The TextBox control is an input control, which allows a user to enter text to an
application at runtime. By default, it allows only single line text; however, you can

73
change its property to accept the multiline text as well as scroll bar also.

The RichTextBox control is similar to the TextBox control with the difference that it
allows the user to format its text also. You can format the text in various ways, such
as bold, italic, and underlined as well as change its color and font. You can save
your RichTextBox value to a RTF (Rich Text Format) file and load value of RTF
file to the RichTextBox control.

16. Describe the ToolTip control. How can you associate it with other controls?

The ToolTip control generates a small pop-up window with explanatory text for an
element It is displayed when the user pauses the mouse for a certain period over an
element/control. Tool tips provide a quick help to user to understand about that
element. To associate a tool tip with other control, you need to implement
theSetToolTip() method.

17. What does the DialogResult property of a Button control do?

The DialogResult property retrieves or sets a value that is returned to the parent form
when the button is clicked.

18. How do you create a separator in the Menu Designer?

You can use hyphen (-) to create a separator.

19. Define the TrackBar control.

The TrackBar control, also known as the slider control, works as a navigator to
display a large amount of information or for visual adjustment of numeric setting.
There are two parts in a TrackBar control - thumb (also known as slider) and tick
marks. The thumb part acts as a slider. You can adjust the thumb part using the Value
property. The tick marks are visual indicators that are spaced at regular intervals.

20. How does an MDI form differ from a standard form?

An MDI form closely resembles a standard form with one major difference-the client
area of an MDI form acts as a container for other forms. It means that an MDI form,
also known as an MDI parent form, can display MDI child forms inside it.

21. Which method provides the functionality to display a dialog box at runtime?

The ShowDialog() method is used to display the dialog box at run time.

22. What does the PerformStep() method do?

The PerformStep() method increases the value of Progress bar according to the
amount set by the Stepproperty.

74
23. Write a method to get only the name of a file from the complete path string
in C#.

Use a FileInfo class and instantiate its object with the full path as the constructor
argument and then simply call the [Link] file and you will get just the name
of the file.

24. What does the OpenFile() method of the OpenFileDialog control do?

The OpenFile() method opens the file selected by the user with read-only permission.
The file is specified by the FileName property.

25. How do you retrieve the customized properties of a .NET application from
the XML .config file?

Initialize an instance of the AppSettingsReader class. Call the GetValue() method of

theAppSettingsReader class, passing in the name of the property and the type
expected. Finally, assign the result to the appropriate variable.

26. What is the difference between a toolstrip drop-down button and a toolstrip
split button?

The difference between a toolstrip drop-down button and a toolstrip split button is
that a toolstrip split button is a combination of two controls - a push button and a
drop-down button; whereas, a toolstrip drop-down button is a single control.

27. Which event of a TextBox control helps in restricting a text box from
accepting numeric digits in .NET 4.0?

The KeyPress event of a text box is used to restrict it from accepting numeric digits or
any other character.

28. How would you create an ellipse, which is a non- rectangular window?

Open a new Windows form, which is by default rectangular in design and then set
the TransparencyKeyproperty to the same value as BackColor, which will effectively
make the background of the form transparent. Then, set
the FormBorderStyle property to [Link], which removes the contour
and contents of the form.

29. What does the Checked property of the DateTimePicker control do?

The Checked property holds either true or false value. It holds true, when the Value
property hold a valid date-time value and is updatable; otherwise, false.

30. Name the classes used to handle standard menu in a MenuStrip control.

The two main classes used to handle standard menu in a MenuStrip control are:

75
  MenuStrip - Acts as a container for the menu structure of a form.
 ToolStripMenuItem - Supports the items in a menu system (including the
menus, such as File and Edit).

31. How can you attach a horizontal scroll bar with the ListBox control?

You need to set the the MultiColumn property of the ListBox control to True to attach
a horizontal scroll bar with it.

32. What is the difference between the Add() and Insert() methods of
a ListBox control?

The Add() method simply adds an item into the list box; whereas, the Insert() method
inserts an item at the specified index.

33. Consider a situation where you have added panels in a StatusBar control;
however, they are not displayed at run time. What could be the reason for this?

To display panels in the StatusBar control, the ShowPanels property needs to be set
to true.

34. What is the function of the SizeMode property of the PictureBox control?

The SizeMode property determines how the picture will be displayed in

the PictureBox control. The following five enumerations are used to set the value of
the SizeMode property:

1. Normal - Represents Standard picture box behavior (the upper-left corner of

the image is placed at upper-left in the picture box)
2. StretchImage - Displays image according the PictureBox size
3. AutoSize - Increases or decreases the picture size automatically as per the
actual size of thePictureBox control.
4. CenterImage - Displays the image in the center if it is smaller than
the PictureBox control; otherwise, the center part of the image is placed in
the PictureBox control and its outside edges are clipped
5. Zoom - Helps in stretching or shrinking the image so that it fits
the PictureBox control, by maintaining the aspect ratio of the image

35. How can you prevent users of an application from editing the text in
the ComboBox controls in .NET 4.0?

The ComboBox class contains the DropDownStyle property, which is used to define
the display style of the items in the ComboBox control. The DropDownStyle property
accepts a value from the ComboBoxStyleenumeration, which contains three members
to define the styles for the items: Simple, DropDownList, andDropDown.
The DropDownList value of the ComboBoxStyle enumeration is selected to set
a ComboBox control as non-editable by users, as shown in the following code
snippets:

76
Code for VB:

[Link] = [Link]

Code for C#:

[Link] = [Link];

36. Which class manages the event and layout of all ToolStrip elements?

The ToolStripItem class manages the event and layout of all elements that
the ToolStrip control contains.

37. How can you place a border around a picture box?

The PictureBox control offers the BorderStyle property, which can be set to define
the style of its border. This property can accept any of the three values
from Fixed3D, FixedSingle, or None. These properties can be easily set through code
or through the Properties window of the Visual Studio IDE.

38. How do we format numbers, dates, and currencies in a text box?

Each type has a ToString() method that can used to format date, currencies, and
numbers. You can also use the [Link]() method to format these things as well.
To format dates, use the ToString() member of the DateTime type.

39. What is the use of the Panel control? Does it display at runtime?

Panels acts as a container to group other controls. It is an important control, when you
want to show/hide a group of controls and relocate a number of controls
simultaneously.

When you generate a new control at runtime, it works as a container control. As we

know, it is a container control; therefore, it is not displayed at runtime.

40. Is it possible to add an image on the RadioButton control?

Yes, you can add an image on the RadioButton control by setting the Image property.

41. What is the use of a toolstrip container?

A toolstrip container is used to contain controls, such as ToolStrip, MenuStrip,

and StatusStrip, so that these controls can be docked and moved at the run time.

42. Name the methods, available in .NET 4.0, that are used to add and delete
items from a ListBox control?

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The following methods can be used to add and delete items from a ListBox control.
The [Link]() [Link]() methods are used to add items; whereas,
the [Link](), [Link](), [Link]() methods are used to delete
items from a ListBox control.

43. What is the importance of a Button control?

A Button control is an important Windows control, which provides the most common
way of creating and handling an event in the code with the help of its Click event.

44. How can you unselect the selected items in a ListView control
programmatically in .NET 4.0?

The syntax to unselect the selected items in the ListView control is shown in the
following code snippets:

Code for VB:

[Link]()

Code for C#:

[Link]();

45. How can you get the text of the RichTextBox control, including all rich text
format strings in .NET 4.0?

The Rtf property of the RichTextBox control is used to set or get texts, including the
RTF format code.

46. What is the use of a Timer control? Can a Timer control pause?

The Timer control is a mechanism to perform an iterative task at a specified time

interval. You cannot pause it because it can only start and stop.

47. What is die difference between a CheckBox control and

a RadioButton control?

A CheckBox control is square shaped; whereas, a RadioButton control is round in

shape. Moreover, you can select more than one CheckBox control from a group
of CheckBox controls; whereas, you can select only a single RadioButton control
from a group of RadioButton controls.

48. Can you write a class without specifying a namespace? Which namespace
does it belong to by default?

Yes, we can write a dass without specifying namespace and that class belongs to a
global namespace that has no name.

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49. What are the three states set in the CheckState property of CheckBox?

 Checked
 Unchecked
 Indeterminate

50. How can you display an icon at runtime on the StatusStrip control?

The following code snippet shows the code to display an icon at runtime on
the StatusStrip control:

[Link] = [Link]("D:\\Indiabix\\Images\\[Link]");

51. Can you add more than one item simultaneously in the ListBox control?

Yes, You can add more than one item simultaneously in the ListBox control by using
the AddRange() method.

52. What is the difference between a MenuStrip control and

a ContextMenuStrip control?

The difference between a MenuStrip control and a ContextMenuStrip control is that

a MenuStrip control is associated with the Windows Form; whereas,
a ContextMenuStrip control is associated with a control, which is added to the
Windows Form.

53. What are the values that can be assigned to the DialogResult property of
a Button control?

The DialogResult property of a Button control can be assigned a value from

the DialogResult enumerations, which are as follows:

 Abort-Returns Abort
 Cancel-Returns Cancel
 Ignore-Returns Ignore
 No-Returns No
 None-Nothing is returned from the dialog box
 OK-Returns OK
 Retry-Returns Retry
 Yes-Returns Yes

54. Why do you require user-defined controls?

User-defined controls are particularly useful in situations where you need to enhance
the functionality of an existing control.

55. Is it possible to enter more than one line in a TextBox control?

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Yes, it is possible to enter more than one line in a TextBox control. To do this, you
need to set the Multilineproperty of the TextBox control to True. You can set this
property at design time as well as runtime. The syntax to set this property at runtime
is as follows:

[Link] = true;

56. How can you enable a text box to change its characters format, so that users
can enter password?

You can set the PasswordChar property of the TextBox class to True to enable it to
accept passwords. The code to change the PasswordChar property of
the TextBox class is given as follows:

[Link] = '*';

57. What does the TickFrequency property of the TrackBar control do?

The TickFrequency property gets or sets a value that specifies the distance between
ticks. By default, the distance between ticks is 1.

58. Is it possible to associate a control with more than one ContextMenu control?

No, we cannot associate a control with more than one ContextMenu control.

59. What is the difference between the Panel and GroupBox control?

The Panel and GroupBox controls both can be used as a container for other controls,
such as radio buttons and check box. The main differences between a Panel and
a GroupBox control are as follows:

 Panel does not display captions, while GroupBox do

 Panel has scrollbar, while GroupBox does not

60. Does a Timer control appear at run time?

Timer is a component; therefore, it does not appear at run time.

61. What is the difference between a ListBox control and a ComboBox control?

With a ListBox control, the user can only make a selection from a list of items;
whereas, with a ComboBoxcontrol, the user can make a selection from the list of
items as well as can add custom entry and select the same.

62. What is the function of MinDate and MaxDate properties of

the MonthCalender control?

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The MinDate and MaxDate properties allow users to get and set the minimum and
maximum allowable date.

63. Name the parent class for all Windows controls.

The Control class or [Link] class is the parent class for all
Window controls.

64. What is the MaskedTextBox control? What does the Mask property do?

The MaskedTextBox control is an improvement of the TextBox control. It forces the

user to provide the proper input, which is specified by the Mask property. In other
words, it prevents the user to provide any invalid input to an application.
The Mask property gets or sets the input type to the MaskedTextBox control. There
are many built-in formats for the Mask property, such as phone no., short date, time,
zip code, and custom.

65. How can you adjust the height of a combo box drop-down list?

You can control the height of a combo box drop-down list by setting
the MaxDropDownItems property of the combo box.
The MaxDropDownItems property sets the maximum number of entries that will be
displayed by the drop-down list.

66. How can you enforce a text box to display characters in uppercase?

The TextBox class contains the CharacterCasing property, which is used to specify
the case of the content for a text box. This property accepts a value from
the CharacterCasing enumeration of .NET Framework. The members specified in
the CharacterCasing enumeration are Lower, Upper, and Normal. You can select
any one of these enumerations as a value for the CharacterCasing property of a
specified text box, as shown in the following code snippet:

[Link] = [Link];

67. Is it possible to associate a control with more than one ContextMenu?

No, we cannot associate a control with more than one ContextMenu.

68. How can you check/uncheck all items in the CheckedListBox control in .NET
4.0?

To check all items in .NET, you can use the following code snippet:

Code for VB:

Dim i as Integer

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For i = 0 To [Link] - 1
[Link](i, True)
Next

Code for C#:

for( int i = 0; i < [Link]; i++ )
{
[Link](i, true);
}

69. How can we disable the context menu for a TextBox control?

The TextBox class contains the ContextMenuStrip property. When we set this
property to a dummy instance of the ContextMenu class, the TextBox control is
unable to provide any context menu on the right-click of the mouse.

70. How can you move and resize a control on a Windows form?

You can make use of the SetBounds() method to move as well as resize the control on
a Windows form.

71. What is use of the DropDownStyle property of the ComboBox control?

The DropDownStyle property changes the style of the ComboBox control. It consists
of Simple, DropDown, andDropDownList as its values. When you select Simple,
the list of items are displayed as a ListBox control. When you select DropDown, the
list is displayed in a drop down style. When you select DropDownList, the list
displayed in a drop down style and you cannot edit its text.

72. What is the difference between pixels, points, and em's when fonts are
displayed?

A pixel is the lowest-resolution dot that the computer monitor supports. Its size
depends on user's settings and the size of the monitor. A point is always 1/72 of an
inch. An em is the number of pixels it takes to display the letter M.

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