CEP18E

Geotechnical Engring. MOIST

·

Boryan) > 8
gamma WET

C1: SOIL COMPOSITION U TWEGHT (8) ; SATURATED

The weight of soil per unit volume or

WEIGHT - VOLUME RELATIONSHIP sometimes called the moist unit weight .

DENSITY (A)

ลวอ
V oids pores

soil particles
<

The mass of only the solid

soil solids
{ divided by their volume

Formulas:

wvw]i
AIR
everyone is
Very Vovo
Ac 1S
WATER VV
e Vs
WS SOLID Very stupid
'
" '

Mandito
Se-wGS
Very Vovo

w =
WS Ww Vy
n
-

- Va + Vw + Vs
v V visita

*
v =
Vv + VS GsOw (1 1 2)
Very Wrong
Gild ay γ te
S -
VIW
Vs -

volume of soil solids VV

very Vous
Vw volume of water in the voids
*
Va volume of air in the voids
zo = WW = MW UUw(Gs + Se)
VV volume of voids WS MS I te

Ws-weight of solids GsPw

Pa
of water I + e
ww-weight
W
Wa weight of air γ
V *
、 (d(1 + 2)

*
Ud- 0
M
Itw
V
VOID RATIO (e) '

The ratio of the volume of voids to the vol .

Of P Psat Pw
WS
Of SodS rl
.
V p
さw
.

Ole : Pwede higher than 1

-e more voids loose &

MS n =

fd
,

e
↓
=
ess voids , dense Ite
V

e n
ROROS 1 Y ( n )
Gs s 1 -

n
↑ he ratio of the of voids to the total γx
Air voids :
volume .

na . Ac
n

DEGREE OF S -
1 URATION (S)

The ratio of volume of water to volume of

VW = INs ( 1 tw )
voids . note : 0 p
# M =
Ms S1 + W)

MOISTURE CONTEN1 (w)omega Pw 1000

K9 ,
19m cm"
The ratio of weight of water to the weight 62 4 1D 3
.
ft
of so ids in a given volume of soil
Uw
.

9 81 k * m3 *
-
.
,
9818 m3 ,
62 4 .
ID
f+3
 EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 3
1.
A moist soil has these values: V = 7.08 x 10-3 m3, m = A saturated soil has a dry unit weight of 16. 2kn/m3. Its Moisture
13.95kg, w = 9.8%, content is 20%. Determine.:(a) sat, (b) GS and (c) e
and Gs = 2.66. Determine the following: Gs (9 . 81]
a. Density, p Se =
WGS 16 2 . Os = 2 47
.
A
1 1 . 20Gs
0
b. Dry density, Pa e =
O 2 OGs .

c. Void ratio, e
d. Porosity, n
e. Degree of saturation, S (%) ( . 47
2 +. 497
e =
0 2 ( 2 47
.
. ) Usat =
(9 81)
.

f. Volume occupied by water 1 . 49

E =
O 49 B
U sat
.

KN
19 44 .

M 13 95 kg 所了
P 1978 34k9m3N
.

v
.

3
m3
-

. 08 X10
7

P Pa( = w)
=
EXAMPLE 4
1 478 34m* .
-
PD(1 + 0 .
098)9a 1794 .
48m The following data are given for a soil: porosity=0.45,
k9
specific gravity of the
. 66 ( 2000 m
3
)
PdGs9w 1794 48 .
: 2 soil solids = 2.68, and moisture content = 10%. Determine
1 e +

I + e the mass of water to be added to 10 m? of soil for full

0 48
saturation
e : .

C 45
0 82
.

A
e .

I Q 45
β
.

=
n 0.3
1+ e
MOISL I MW ( 1207 SATURATED
YW
se = ·S W ㎡
nM
GSPw(1 + w) (Gs + e) Pw
s ( 0 4 %) .
= 0 .
008 ( 3 00 ) .
V .A MIM
1 te
0 54 -
I +π
. 33(7 . 08X18-3 m3)
.

G =
54 O 5 1
.
. 0
3 2. 68 (1080) (1 10) ( } 08 5 ε R } ( ↓ C00 )
m3
- .
.

Vw 1 25 X10
.

+ MW
8
.

1 .
+
82 1 .

6 9
VW- 302 . 6
(10m3)
m㎥

EXAMPLE 2 M .n -
3026 kG

A representative soil specimen collected from the field

weighs 1.8 kn and has a vol. Of 0.1m3. The moisture
content as def. In the lab is 12.6%. Given gs= 2.71, deter.
The FF.: EXAMPLE 5
5. A 75mm diameter and 150mm high clay specimen has a
G .MO 1 S UNIT WFIG T mass of 1392.5 [Link] it is dried, the mass becomes 1196.5
-
8
W 1 8
.
kN
18
KN g. Find the degree of saturation in the specimen, assuming
- 0. 1 m 3 m
the specific gravity of the soil grains is 2.70.
D . DRY UNIT WFIG T ー
aan (7 . 5 < m)2 (15 (m)

8(d(1 + w) 150 mm
6 62 . 68 (m3 A

18
- Up (1 126) .
. 99
15 * A

75 mm

C . VOID RATIO
2 71 ( 9 @ ) HN 1393 59 1196 5 g
60
.
.

15 99 . O 1 6 B
.

e
.

W
=

= 0

MS 1 196 59
.

Ite .

s 1196 5 2 70
2 (19 <m3)
DEGREE OF SAT
Pl 览 :
發
.

e = 0 50a.

6 . POR OSITY 、 e . . 600 68 . Ite

n
= e
= . 40c
0 Se-wEs

S ( O 66 ) .
:
O 126 ( 2 71 )
.
.

S = 51 50 % .
比
 EXAMPLE 6
6. The moist unit w. And degrees of saturation of a soil are
given in the table.
γ SL 1
.
)

16 62 .

17 .
YI

(6s+ . 75e) 9 81
0 .

17 1 =
tte
+ Se)Ow
y(Gs . 81Gs
9
-
10 . 35252 17 . 71E
I te

Cos to 50 el ( 9 81 )
. .

1.65 2 = =0.
IG 6 . = OS
I te

9 8I OS
. I 1 なら e ー 16 62
.

=os
, re
w
ra -

Wh
90078 - 1445 )
W (
2 = (9 81 )
WS
.

se = . . 88
·W ⑥S 1

( )
4
0 80 w 1 82
WS KI B
.
=
.

z - 0 30. A Ww 0 31 .
kN
月
 specific gravity of saturated Gm > S = .D
hass a
·

C2: SOIL CONSISTENCY SOL NDICES IIDEX PROPER " = S ·

hass specific gravity of a dry
SR

Gs
hass specific gravity of soil
·
a

LBER I MAUPIl[ ATTEREERG Gm =

Gstt
lte
, sat .
Gm =

YS
Mime initas
EWSe
:
os
Dev . a method to describe the consistency of fined On: , , , > dry .

grained soils .

ㄗI Plasticity Type of soil

Y, e

l consistency
O
non PIas sand
QUID HM | TI S 1 · SL
" Brittle solid
low Blas . sitt
casagrande cup method
下 1T silty 0-0 . 25 Stiff
in the Med. Plas .
Soil is place grooving too which consists of clay
0 25- 0 5
0 . Med to soft
Drass Cup and a hard rubber base ... highly Plas .
clay
0 3 .
-

6 75 . 50ft

X .
: ↑ W 0 75.
-

1 very soft
zu Nciog
_

Quality
IIl .
70S
soil
of soil
Ac type
正 ALWAYS ㄙㄞ Good
<A河
\ +> #( 109 .

Inactive
50 % 5 5 .
IO Med .
0 .75 - . 巧 1
normal

!O -

15 poor
3 1 35.

Active

Falling sone Method > iy

rerypoor
n
≡
s20mm depth
Mass of cone : 11 80g (0 75N)
.

芹 PL 248g (2 35N) .

EXAMPLE 1
P CS 2 )
The following are results from the liquid and plastic limit
-: ho - We" ar test for a soil. The plastic limit is 18 %. .
7

clog ) (( )
No . of bIOWS Moisture content

ㄧ I MODE ,
STAT ,
LOG or 4
For log

40 d อ Yo. %
、 凡
For
+ BxOr
vol . etc
2

て巧 39 I .

1 y9 I .

AC , SHIET .
I ,
REO , 25 Y

しに 39 671 . . A
PIASIIC LIMIL TES 1

A soil sample is rolled into threads until it became

P1= 39 67 % .
-
18 7 %=
. 28 97 %
. @ Highly plastic clay ,

thinner...
24 -
18 7.

Wave しさ = = . 253
0 s plastic , medium-soft
20 97 .

( I トし I =
1 O .
CI :
C.
177

Formulas:

.
7

] P 6S
1 S
SD 100
EXAMPLE 2
>
wu

P S
V, Vz
X 108 %
In a liquid limit, using a cone penetrometer, the following
V2
readings were recorded and tabulated as shown.
C 1.
,
V -
Vz
DOS X 100 %

V
S Wi
=(Vi, Un

"f W
* .
Putang Ina
に 205 - 52 8 より .
.
A
Mass sp gr of dry soil
. .
:
PI = LL P1 =
52 85 -
20 99
□I
. .

㎡ い =

SR Tang Ina
=
31 .℃ 1 . C
V2 Pw
S 11=38 - 20.99: 0.55
SR 1 .6 .

20 - -W2
PI
Gm M2 V2
Ac =
Percent finer
P than 002 mo
.
ร้
一
二
 EXAMPLE 3 EXAMPLE 5
A saturated soil has the following characteristics.
Initial volume = 25 cm3
Final volume = 16 cm3
Mass of wet soil = 45 g
Mass of dry soil = 31 g
Determine the shrinkage limit of soil
Determine the shrinkage ratio.
Determine the [Link]. of soil
Determine the volumetric shrinkage of soil
45 -
31 (25 -
16)(19/cmk)
5) 16 131.
.
=
: . A

634) 25 16
-

SR =
-
1 94 B Vs : : 56 251
1 . . 。

14

1
= 2 82 6
OS 1 do dzy
.

: . .
.

194
1
1001

EXAMPLE 6
Se .
=
WOs Sez : WGS
M. -
M2
e
, =
fs ez = es . = SLOs
M2
er 0 1613 <2 82 )

: )(
= . .

en ( 45 哲 2 . 82 )
8 = 0 45.

t .
:
1 IT
.

3
W =
SL > V
1
= cm

W : C IG 13 .

w 10 % > =
v 16Cm3
5=
=

3 0.20 17.10 cm
w = 20 % 2 V= =17.30 cm

EXAMPLE 4 EXAMPLE 7
The Atterberg's Limit of a given soil are: LL=60%, PL=45%,
SL=25%. The specific gravity of soil solids is 2.67. A sample
of this soil at liquid limit has a volume of 20cc. What will be
its final volume if the sample is brought to its shrinkage
limit.
X Y
3
W -
11 :
60% c v, =
20cm 68

W PL =
性1 s
V =
? 12 82 .

^
3
W2 S1 = 25 % > Vz =
? 45 y = 17 64 sm
.

1 I
S! =

SB Gs
1 1 = 1 GO A
0 25
.

SR て 67
.

20 √

SD. =
1 60 .
=
V2 V2 =
12 . 876m3 B

O 6 -
0 25
[Link]
. .

391861508/0132368692-Ch04-ism
C3: SOIL CLASSIFICATION O dl
. 6 18200 15 ) [ P 1 70 )
:
-

round ofs
-

6)1 =
(200 357[0 2
-
.
+0 005(L3
.
48)1 + 0
-
. 801(F200 15)(PI
-
-
1a)

V
√

Sravel: PF200 odetstateie

e

/ AETM -
CS

( R)

Note : effective size =

Dio .
Do ,
Doo

:
Uniformity coefficient =
Cu

: coefficient ofgradation =
Cc

同 line
-
: I = 」 K ーロし
 lame of

organization
Grave sand Sil Cay
7 2 2 to 06
. .
06 to .
002 .
002

USDA 2 2 to . 05
05 to. 002 .
002

- S-TO 76 2 + 022
.
+0 . 075 075 +0
.
.
002 '
OO2

0 875.

ines
USCS 76 2 +8
.
4
. 754 75
.
+0 . 075
<

EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2
A 65% of the soil sample retained on Given soil having the particle size distribution as follows : 10%
No. 4 sieve,30% retained on No. 200 Sieve, cu=3 sand, 45% silt, and 25% clay. Use the given figure below.
and Co = 0.9. Also, the LL = 28% and PL = 24.5%, ["A"-line: PI Sand ==
IO
12 5 % .
Silt : 15 80 = 56 25 %
.

- 0.73 (LL-20) ] ℃
25
Clay : 80 = 11
. 251 %

RH 4 = 65

R # 200 = 30 + 65 :
45 3 50 ( (o)

Rㄩ
=
68 42 7 50 ( oravels )
R. 200

C : 65 % .

S =
35 5 -
=
30 %

F = 51 . ( dual )

Fㄩ :
35

F 2 OO =
与 P に 28 - 24 . 5 - 与 1
3

Cu :
3 < 4 O 13 ( 28 30)
.
- =
5 84
.
> P1 -
below

Cc =
O 9 .

- GD-GM /Poorly graded gravel with silt

and sand)
 EXAMPLE 3 EXAMPLE 4
The figure shows the grain size distribution of four soils A,
B, C, and D. The plastic limit and liquid limit of the fines
are
as follows.
soil

A 5q 3

B 42 22

C
D 巧

Classify solls A ,
B . and D Using HSCS .

@ A: F200 = =341% F1 に
49 % F 200 = 4O FU : 88

D IOO
.
=
661 .
7 CG B. 4
=5 I 1 R. 200 =
60 > 50 ( aos ) RH :
12

Pu
B4
.
:
77 77 % 750 (Gravels) : = 10 % (50 % (sands s
R200 60
.

6 = 51 %
S :
49 -

34 =
151 。
G =
12 . F =
40 %

F :
34 % <12 % (Gravels with fines) s =
QQ -
40 = 18 l
□
( 0 . 03 )

=9 Cc 0 97
=
P に 5℃ -
34 =
241 =
2570 = .

(0 . 49)(0 0019)
.

. 73 (58
0 -

28) =
27 747PI :
.
CMssilty gravel
· Below with sand)
B

FIOQ =
11 . F 4 13 % =

R. 200 =
931 .
> 50 ( (6 ) D. 4 = 27 % EXAMPLE 5
·
19 . 83 < 50 (sand)
RICO
Nasan
and DGg
27 % F で. t
σ : :

> 6
.: 56 %
5 (dual) Cu =
0 16
.
= 17 5 .

2
DI = 11222: 201 . CC :
(0 9 ) .

1 81
: .

. 73(42-207
0 =
16 86 % . (PI 2. (0 .
16) between
13

· SW-SC /Well graded sand

with clay and gravel)

a
D10 = 10x = 0 16 mm A Doo = 60 X = 2 22 mm B Use InX
EL1 5 F4 1 dO %
. .

FIOO
=
= .

R 2 CO = I5 5 .
< 50 ( FO) P.1 :
O Cu :
路 : る . aア

75 Inorganic
7 * C : しい
-

30 =
171 .
< P1

P1 =
75 31 : 141 . F200 = 43. ( 36 min
6 :
( 43 -
35 ) 0 2 + O 005
. .

F 4O 811 15 )
=

C 73 < 75 20 ) 4 O 15 < DI ( 47 40 ) + O O 1 ( 63
-
-
- : . .
.

FIO =
98 %
10 )
( 23
11 =
47 % (41 min)
. IH (fat clay w sand. ) 61 =
12 82 .

P1 =
リ 7 - 21 23 ( II min)
:

.: A 7-6 (13) clayey sois

Classify Soil C using AASHTO :

℃
F 2OO : O A -
1 -
D (o]
F4 5% Stone fragments Gravels & sand
=
,

F !O =
851 .
@ A

# 200 =
17/35 max)
F 11 O :
53

F 1O =
92
=
35(48 max)
A + bXi
D1 =
35 -

2O =
I5 ( II min )
8 . 88 2

61 = 0 01 . ( 1ア -
65 ) ( 15 -
I 0] : 0 1 . = 16 25
.

. A-2-6 S0) clayey gravel sand

Quiz (NO . 5) :

Based chatypt

16 251
Clay : . .

].
-
SIH
1 = 8O % -
16 25
.
: 63 . 75 %
1 2 1
, .

* 100 : . 2 98 %
M 17
.

}
21 .

Sand 100 % 8O 1 301

.
= -
-
=
.
163 2
.
.

6
·
Gravel : 0%

☆4 □

426 2 .

=
421 . 29

1 .
passina
1δ

2 9 .

zaqtol
a1 .
60
.
D3
60 40
.

.G 7

9) Effective size :

D .o = IO ↑ =
 C4: COMPACTION MatteO etal .

W = -
0 86 ( L ) + 3 04
.
.

(‰) + 2 2 .

COMPAS1IO
295)(9/0 032)
- 0

Ud 316/2
.

40 2 4
.

.
.

Compaction, in general, is the densification of soil by removal

of air,which requires mechanical energy. Osman et al .

W [ 1 99.
0 16in E ) ( P ) =
.
14 . 34 + 1 1951nE
.

SIANDARD PROCIORI 1 S 1
M -
=
0
. 19 + 0
. 873 InE
3 layers M 511 = 2 5 .
kg ; 12 in . Oa-1 MW

MODIFIED PROCIOR 1151 specifications of field Compaction :

5 layers M = 1011 = 4 6 kg ; 18 in . Odfield

100
.

R = X
Dr = Ud(field Udminabl Ud (max- lab)
Yd max-lab
Vd (max-1ab) -

Od Ud (fiend)
( min

25 bIOWS
NOte :
constant:
Standard proctor Test <
Umaxian
= 943 33 .
<m

EMPIRICAL RELATIONSIIID :

Omar et. al .

0.5
0.5

9a =
488457465195 55((()3+ 156971(P 4) . ,
-

9527838

195X18" (11)?
·
w :
1 .
-

1 9646s -6 617x18 (14) + 7 651

.
.
.

Mujabaet . al

&a =
11 49xlog(cu)
.
+ 1 51.
xl0gE + 10 1.

1 67 0 193x10g((v) 0 153 XI0gE

log OMC = - -

.
. .

Patra et. al

B emax e
AD 50 Dr
-

Dr = =

& max Smin

A = O 21G | nE
.
-

O 85 . B = -
O O3 \ nE
. + C 3 OG
.

Gurtug and Sridharan

W =
(1 .
95 -
0 .

28/109E)](PL)
- 0.01 83 W

γa = 22 68 e
.
 C5: HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY
m
' '

;
×
'

UA
'

Un UB

UW
y A '

hA ' S
HB
{ ' Δ
2A ZB
≥

DaTUM
" ' '

DARCY S LAW
'

V
v =
kVj =

BERNOULLI'S EQUATION

h=" + + h
= w
+ z

h na hB
=untA juB :
'

: -

-
に