Prats oF Seeecr, Parts of Speech > Words are divided into different groups based on how they are used in a sentence. (There are 8 Parts of Speech} 1) Name of a person, place, thing , or idea 2) Used in place of a noun 3) Shows action or state 4) | Adjective > Describes a noun 5) Describes a verb, adjective, or adverb 6) (Preposition}—> om relation between wor 7?) Joins words or sentences 8) (Interjection} > Shows sudden feelingFavs of Speech - NOUN . Noun — A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. ae _____llypes of Neus > 1. r Name of a specific person or place ° Ram * Delhi Ea, 25 Name of a general person or place * boy * city — 3. (Collective Noun) Name of a group eteam * class 4, Name of a material or substance * gold ¢ water me: Name of a quality, state, or idea ehonesty * happinessee -y “Favils of, Speech - PRONOUN. © Pronoun — A pronoun is a word rit in place of a noun. Types _of Pronoun ab Used for persons or things +I, we, you, he, she, it, they 2 Shows ownership * mine, yours, his, hers 3. (Reflexive Pronoun} Refers back to the subject + myself, yourself, himself , Points to something « this, that, these, those 5. (lifterrogative Pronoun/ Used to ask questions ¢ who, what, whichDust cf Speech ~ VERB. Verb — A verb is a word that shows action or state of being. [Types of Verb] (1.[ Action Verb] > Shows an action erun * write .2.[Helping Verb] > Helps the main verb is, am, are «has, have [3] Linking Verb] > Links subject with description eis’ «seem '4.| Transitive Verb] > Needs an object She reads a book. Intransitive Verb|—> Does not need an object «He sleeps:- Pesits, of Speech - ADJECTIVE @ => Adjective > An adjective is a word that describes a noun or pronoun. Types of Adjective 1.| Adjective of Quality|—> Tells about kind or nature ° tall’ 2.[Adjective of Quantity|— Tells how much * some! : * little: 3.[Adjective of Number]—> Tells how many eone * many: 4.|Demonstrative Adjective|—> Points out noun * those’ 5.| Possessive Adjective] —> Shows ownership *imy’ * her’Broil of, Speech — ADVERB. c =» Adverb > An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Types of Adverb 4.[Adverb of Manner}> Tells how an action happens * slowl ~earefly 2.|Adverb of Time }—> Tells when an action happens + today’ + yesterday 3.|Adverb of Place |}—> Tells where an action happens : * here * outside _ 4.|Adverb of Frequency Tells how often * always) j * often) 5.|Adverb of Degree} Tells how much or how far ° very! «tooPats. of Speech - PREPOSITION ¢ => Preposition > A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in a sentence. Types of Preposition — 1.|Preposition of Place | —> Shows position cin eon * under’ — 2.|Preposition_of Time | —> a time - ein — 3.|Preposition of Direction motors movement sinto | >-4.[Preposition of Manner|—> Shows how something ens —>5.|Compound Preposition |—> Formed. by two wordsa Parity of Speech — CONJUNCTION => Conjunction A conjunction is a word that joins words, phrases, or sentences. Types of Conjunction Af Coordinating —> Joins words or sentences Conjunction of equal importance ° and ° outs ° or a Subordinating — Joins dependent clause Conjunction to independent clause * because’ * although’ 3.|Correlative | —> Used in pairs Conjunction e either ... or) e neither ... nor’“ Sewits of, Speech — INTERTECTION => Interjection—> An interjection is a word. that expresses sudden feeling or emotion. [Examples of Interjection —|1. Joy — (2. Surprise * wow! coh * hooray! ° ah — =|4. Greeting ouch’ * hello’ * alas! © hi’ —[5. Attention | ieWVVVVVVUVAVEVVVELELEDESLYLEEDIOS Articles: A/An/ The Articles are words used before nouns. They show whether a noun is general or specific. “ARTICLE A A is used before singular countable nouns that |begin with a consonant sound. *a boy *a university *a pen +a European country ARTICLE _AN ‘An is used before singular countable nouns that begin with a vowel sound. + an apple + an honest man + an_hour *an umbrella ‘ARTICLE THE {The is used to refer to a specific person, place, or_thing. + the sun *the teacher in the class + the Taj Mahal *the book you gave me IMPORTANT_POINT Articles are used according to sound, not spelling. T ; Correct use of articles makes sentences clear and grammatically correct.ENGLISH GRAMMAR ot Gin, AL = He ° He , . he ° she 15 =e . ‘e— * We were * You > They we—> are “They ° Wwe “They Ie -f = clo eh “Neb * He - she does ~ hte* Active & Passive Voice — Formulas “ * | ns Present. Simple - Active > Sub + V' + Obj | Passive — [Obj + is/am/are + V5 + by + Sub : Past Simple — Active > Sub + V* + Obj Passive —> [Obj + was/were + V> + by + Sub Future Simple - Active -> Sub + will/shall + V' + Obj Passive ->[Obj + will/shall + be + V3 + by + Sub Present Continuous - Active > Sub + is/am/are + V' + ing + Obj Passive ->[0bj + is/am/are + being + V>+b by+ Sub] | Past Continuous — Active > Sub + was/were + V'+ ing + Obj | Passive ->[Obj + was/were + being + V>+ by + Sub + Present Perfect — Active > Sub + has/have + V3 + Obj | Passive [Obj + has/have + been + V5+ by + Sub] | __| Past Perfect — Active > Sub +had + V3 + Obj Passive —> [Obj + had + been + V5 + by + Sub Future Perfect - Active > Sub + will/shall + have + V3 + Obj | Passive — [Obj + will/shall + have + been + V3 + by + Sub] _ Modal Verbs — Active -> Sub + can/may/must/should + V'+ Obj Passive > Obj + can/may/must/should + be + V+ by Sub |_ ¥, Imperative Sentence - Active > V' + Obj Passive > Let + Obj + be + V5 + Infinitive — Active > to +V'+ Obj ,_ Passive -> to + be + V> \Gerund — Active > V'+ ing + Obj , Passive > being + VS \Wh-Questions — Active > Wh-word + aux + Sub + V + Obj ? Passive > Wh-word + aux + Obj + V3+ by + Sub ? ¥, Negative Sentence - Active > Sub + aux + not + V + Obj ___ Passive > Obj + aux + not + be/been/being+V2+ byes : |@|Note_for Students Passive Voice is_used only when the object is important. Not_all_sentences _can_be changed _into_passive.Modals — Uses, Meanings & Formulas Modal Verb | Formula Example Usage / Meaning Sub + can + V'+ Obj| Sub + could + V'+ Obj ‘Sub + may + V'+ Obj [Sub + might + V'+ Obj] Sub + must + V'+ Obj| [Sub + shall + V'+ Obj] Sub + should + V'+ Obj Sub + will + V'+ Obj [Sub + would + V'+ bj] I can swim. He could run fast You may go now. Tt might rain today. You must obey your parents. We shall meet tomorrow. You should study daily. I would help you if I could. Sub + ought to +V'+ Obj ‘Sub + dare not + V' Sub + had better + V" ‘Sub + need to + V'+ Obj Sub + used to + V'+ Obj You ought to respect elders. You need to practice more. to the teacher. cricket. T have to go now. Sub + have/has to+V'+ Obj You had better leave now. when he was young. Kgermisiop/ She will come soon. He dare not speak ability / permission], lr possibility past ability / polite possibility possibility / wish weak possibility / uncertainty necessity / duty/ certainty future intention/ suggestion advice / moral duty future / willingness polite offer / imagination moral duty / strong advice necessity courage (formal) He used to play —> past habit obligation strong advice/ warningDIRECT _& INDIRECT SPEECH: DETAILED CONVERSION RULES . BASIC CONCEPT & PUNCTUATION Direct: She said to me, “I am busy.” (Quotation marks “ ” used) Indirect: She told me that she was busy. (No quotes, conjunction ‘that’ often used) . TENSE CHANGE (The ‘Backshift’ Rule) Simple Present (‘play’) — Simple Past (‘played’) Present Cont. (‘is playing’) —> Past Cont. (‘was playing’) Present Perfect (‘has eaten’) —> Past Perfect (‘had eaten’) Simple Past (‘played’) — Past Perfect (‘had played’) Past Cont. (‘was playing’) —> Past Perf. Cont. (‘had been playing’) Modals (can, may, will) __—> (could, might, would) ject (of Reporting Verb) What is S.0.N.? | O = Object (of Reporting Verb) N= No Change 1 Person (I, we, my, our) > Changes to S (Subject) of R.V. (e.g., He said, ‘I am ill’ > He said that he was ill.) 2°4 Person (You, your) —> Changes to O (Object) of RV. (e.g., She said to me, ‘You are nice’ -> She told me that I was nice.) 3° Person (He, she, it, they) —> N (No Change) (eg., I said, ‘She is busy’ -> I said that she was busy.) . TIME & PLACE WORD CHANGES now —> then tonight —> that night _here —> there tomorrow - the next day | this _—> that yesterday —> the previous day these —> those ago = before . REPORTING VERB CHANGES _Statement (-) —> ‘said to’ becomes ‘told’ Question (?) —> ‘said to’ becomes ‘asked’ or ‘inquired’ Command/Request (!) > ‘said to’ becomes ‘ordered’, ‘requested’, ‘advised’Examples: He iis playing (Auxiliary). They ani swim (Modal). Birds fly (Intransitive). Examples: 7? (Main Verb) ~~ She writes a letter. (Action) He jis playing. (State) Ls (Helping + Main Verb)"Enalish Gistammast. 7 have/have been Qed have / have been = ae nas / has been has 7 has been i has has been We have /have-been pney have /have been 71 —hadthad been Pas cine e ha ad-been ~— ad/ had been She h wr had/ had been We-——had/ had been The —had/ had been Twill have + been — you will have + been —> fe will have+ been wis She will have tbeen \ Tt will have +been [= Rs will have +tbeen They: will havet+ beenPresent Past utune Lam T was_ Lwillibe == _1 have- IT hod tT will have — Ido T did | T will do ___ I Sind T found Twill find _I come T came st T will come — Lsoy T said || T will say _ Tsun T san dt Twill sun T become I became T bu T bought — ‘ choosd! T chose T will choos reat T ate T will ea [ heas1 T heasd Twill heast L_hide T hid Twill hide L_keep I kept T will keep aneak T broke Twill break ‘make __ | I_made Twill make _send T_ sent __ || Twill send Twill undesistan: undesistandl I undeststoodwill have will have will have will have will have will have will-have/ Poreserd Pexfect Continuous — He ue Past Penfect ai Continuous eee I__haqve been You have been has-been have been have been had been had-been had-been had—been had_been had been had been T vill have been Fulune Pesfect | ayYou will have been Beal nuous He will have been ontinu —she—witt-h SF it-have been \ 1 wil! have been ae will have been e will have beenPresent Tense PRESENT SIMPLE 'Used to show daily habits, routines, facts, and general truths. Structure: +S +V/V-s/V-es +O *S+am/is/are +0 Examples: +I eat rice. *She reads a book. * You play football. + We drink water. *He goes to school. _* They work hard. PRESENT CONTINUOUS Used to show an action that is happening now or at this Moment. Structure: S + am /is/ are + V-ing + O Examples: * I am eating rice. * She is reading a book. + You are playing football. * We are drinking water. * He is going to school. _* They are working hard. PRESENT PERFECT Used to show an action that has just finished or has a connection with the present. Structure: S + have /has + V3 + 0 Examples: + I have eaten rice. * She has read a book. + You have played football. * We have drunk water. | He has gone to school. + They have worked hard. "PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS Used to show an action that started in the past and is still S + have / has been + V-ing +O = T have been eating rice. __* He has been reading a book. = You have been playing football.» We have been drinking water. He has been going to school. + They have been working hard. * She has been reading a book.Past Tense PAST SIMPLE Used to show an action that happened in the past. Structure: S + V?/V-ed +O Examples: +I ate rice. *She read a book. *You played football. +We drank water. +He went to school. + They worked hard. PAST_CONTINUOUS Used to show an action that was going on at a specific time in the_past. Structure: S + was / were + V-ing + O Examples: +I was eating rice. *She was reading a book. +You were playing football. + We were drinking water. +He was going to school. + They were working hard. PAST PERFECT. Used to show an action that was completed before another action in the past. | Structure: S+-had + Ve+0 | Examples: +I had eaten rice. *She had read a book. _*You had played football. *We had drunk water. _+He had gone to school. * They had worked hard. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS Used to show an action that had been continuing for some time before another past action. Structure: S + had been + V-ing + 0 _ Examples: _ +I had been eating rice. * She had been reading a book. _*You had been playing football. *We had been drinking water. *He had been going to school. * They had been working hard.Future Tense FUTURE SIMPLE Used to show an action that will happen in the future. Structure: S + will + V +0 +I will eat rice. * She will read a book. + You will play football. *We will drink water. + He will go to school. * They will work hard. FUTURE CONTINUOUS Used to show an action that will be going on at a specific time in the future. |Structure: S + will be + V-ing + 0 +I will be eating rice. *You will be playing football. * He will be going to school. + She will be reading a book. io will be drinking water. + They will be working hard. FUTURE PERFECT Used to show an action that will be completed before ‘a specific time in the future. Structure: S + will have + V5 +0 +I will have eaten rice. * She will have read a book. + He will have gone to school. We will have drunk water. +He will have girunk water. _* They will have worked hard. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS Used to show an action that will have been continuing for some time before a future point. Structure: S + will have been + V-ing + 0 +I will have been eating rice. _* You will have been playing football. |= You will have been playing football.» She will have been reading a book. |+ He will have been going to school. We will have been drinking water. |+ We will have been working hard.