Created by T.
Madas
COMPLEX
VARIABLES
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
CALCULATIONS
OF RESIDUES
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 1
sin z
f (z) ≡ , z ∈ .
z2
Find the residue of the pole of f ( z ) .
MM3-A , res ( z = 0 ) = 1
Question 2
f ( z ) ≡ e z z −5 , z ∈ .
Find the residue of the pole of f ( z ) .
MM3-F , res ( z = 0 ) = 1
24
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 3
z2 + 2z +1
f ( z) ≡ , z ∈ .
z2 − 2z +1
Find the residue of the pole of f ( z ) .
MM3-B , res ( z = 1) = 4
Question 4
2z +1
f (z) ≡ 2
, z ∈ .
z −z−2
Find the residue of each of the two poles of f ( z ) .
MM3-E , res ( z = 2 ) = 5 , res ( z = −1) = 1
3 3
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 5
z
f (z) ≡ 2
, z ∈ .
2z − 5z + 2
Find the residue of each of the two poles of f ( z ) .
( 2 )
MM3-J , res z = 1 = − 1 , res ( z = 2 ) = 2
6 3
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 6
1 − ei z
f ( z) ≡ , z ∈ .
z3
a) Find the first four terms in the Laurent expansion of f ( z ) and hence state the
residue of the pole of f ( z ) .
b) Determine the residue of the pole of f ( z ) by an alternative method
MM3-K , res ( z = 0 ) = 1
2
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 7
z2 + 4
f ( z) ≡ , z ∈ .
z3 + 2 z 2 + 2 z
Find the residue of each of the three poles of f ( z ) .
res ( z = 0 ) = 2 , res ( z = −1 + i ) = 1 ( −1 + 3i ) , res ( z = −1 − i ) = − 1 (1 + 3i )
2 2
Question 8
tan 3z
f (z) ≡ , z ∈ .
z4
Find the residue of the pole of f ( z ) .
MM3L , res ( z = 0 ) = 9
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 9
z2 − 2z
f ( z) ≡ , z ∈ .
( )
z 2 + 4 ( z + 1)
2
Find the residue of each of the three poles of f ( z ) .
res ( z = 2i ) = 1 ( 7 + i ) , res ( z = −2i ) = 1 ( 7 − i ) , res ( z = −1) = − 14
25 25 25
Question 10
1
f (z) ≡ z
, z ∈ .
e −1
Find the residue of the pole of f ( z ) , at the origin.
res ( z = 0 ) = 1
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 11
z
f ( z) ≡ 2
, z ∈ .
( 3z 2
− 10i z − 3 )
Find the residue of each of the two poles of f ( z ) .
5 5
res ( z = 3i ) =
256
( 3 )
, res z = 1 i = −
256
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 12
cot z coth z
f (z) ≡ , z ∈ .
z3
Find the residue of the pole of f ( z ) at z = 0 .
MM3-D , res ( z = 0 ) = − 7
45
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 13
z6 +1
f ( z) ≡ , z ∈ .
2 z5 − 5z 4 + 2 z3
Find the residue of each of the three poles of f ( z ) .
65 65 21
(
res z = 1 = −
2 )24
, res ( z = 2 ) =
24
, res ( z = 0 ) =
8
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 14
4
f (z) ≡ , z ∈ .
z 2 (1 − 2i ) + 6 z i − (1 + 2i )
Find the residue of each of the two poles of f ( z ) .
( )
res ( z = 2 − i ) = i , res z = 1 ( 2 − i ) = −i
5
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 15
z e kz
f ( z) ≡ , z ∈ , k ∈ , k > 0 .
z4 +1
Show that the sum of the residues of the four poles of f ( z ) , is
k k
sin sinh .
2 2
MM3-C , proof
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
LAURENT
SERIES
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 1
Determine a Laurent series for
1
f ( z) = ,
z
which is valid in the infinite annulus z − 1 > 1 .
1 ( −1)r +1
MM3-A , = r
z ( z − 1)
r =1
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 2
Determine a Laurent series for
e2 z
f (z) = ,
( z − 1)3
about its singularity, and hence state the residue of f ( z ) about its singularity.
e2 2r ( z − 1) r −3
MM3-G , f ( z ) = , res ( z = 1) = 2e2
r!
r =0
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 3
Determine a Laurent series for
1
f ( z ) = ( z + 2 ) sin ,
z−2
about z = 2 .
MM3-H ,
4 1 4 1 4
f ( z ) = ... + 5
+ 4
− 3
− 2
+ +1
5!( z − 2 ) 5!( z − 2 ) 3!( z − 2 ) 3!( z − 2 ) z−2
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 4
Determine a Laurent series for
1
f ( z) = 2
,
z −1
which is valid in the punctured disc 0 < z − 1 < 2 .
1 ( z − 1)r ( −1)r +1
MM3-B , =
z2 −1 2r + 2
r =−1
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 5
Determine a Laurent series for
1
f (z) = ,
z+4
which is valid for z > 4 .
1 ( −4 ) r
MM3-C , = r +1
z+4 z
r =0
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 6
Determine a Laurent series for
5 z + 3i
f ( z) = ,
z ( z + i)
which is valid in the annulus 1 < z − i < 2 .
∞ ∞
5 z + 3i 3 ( −i ) r ( z − i )r
MM3-D , = r 1
− i
( z − i ) +
z ( z + i) r
( −2i )
r =0 r =0
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 7
Determine a Laurent series for
1
f ( z) = ,
( z − 1)( z + 2 )
which is valid in ...
a) ... the annulus 1 < z − 2 < 4 .
b) ... in the region for which z − 2 > 4 .
∞ ∞
1 1 r z−2
r
( −1) r +1 −r
( −1)
MM3-E , f ( z ) =
( z − 2) −
12 ,
3 4
r =1 r =0
f (z) =
r =0
( −1)r − ( −4 )r
3( z − 2)
r +1
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
VARIOUS
PROBLEMS
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 1
The complex number z = c + a cos θ + i b sin θ , 0 ≤ θ < 2π , traces a closed contour C ,
where a , b and c are positive real numbers with a > c .
By considering
1
dz ,
z
C
show that
2π
a + c cos θ 2π
2 2
dθ = .
( c + a cosθ ) + ( b sin θ ) b
0
proof
Created by T. Madas