Topic: Ecosystem (15-04-2026)

BOTANY 3. (i) Productivity (ii) Species composition

1. (iii) Energy flow (iv) Nutrient cycling
(v) Stratification (vi) Decomposition
In above how many are included under
structural and functional features of an
ecosystem respectively
(1) 2,4 (2) 3,3
(3) 4,2 (4) 1,5
4. In following diagram total new synthesis of
biomass in unit area in unit time is given.
Consider the following diagram and select the
correct option with correct statements
Indicator - U  Unit of 1 productivity
(i) C belongs to secondary consumer level.
U   Unit of 2 productivity
(ii) During energy flow between F and A,
Lindemann's 10% energy rule is not applicable.
(iii) In given diagram, energy flow follows only
first law of thermodynamics, but not second law
of thermodynamics between A and B .
(iv) Only A are essentially required to sustain
an ecosystem.
Select the correct option
(1) Only 2 statements are correct (A) 1 productivity  7U
(2) Only 1 statement is correct (B) 2 productivity  2U 
(3) Only 3 statements are correct (C) U and U' remains same
(1) Only A and C
(4) All 4 statements are correct
(2) Only B and C
2. Decomposition is largely an ____(A)____
(3) All A, B and C
requiring process. The rate of decomposition is (4) Only A and B
controlled by ____(B)____ composition of 5. The most limiting nutrient of the marine
detritus and ____(C)____ factors ecosystem
(1) (A) Oxygen (B) Chemical (C) Climatic (1) Carbon (2) Hydrogen
(3) Nitrogen (4) Oxygen
(2) (A) Oxygen (B) Physical (C) Abiotic
6. The annual net primary productivity (dry
(3) (A) Oxygen (B) Physical (C) Biotic weight) of whole biosphere and terrestrial
(4) (A) CO 2 (B) Chemical (C) Biotic ecosystem respectively in billion tons is
(1) 170, 55 (2) 115,170
(3) 170,115 (4) 55, 115

1 [Contd….
7. Select true (T) or false (F) for the given 11. In an aquatic ecosystem the highest number of
statements individuals are
(A) Break down of complex organic matter into (1) Producers
simple organic matter is known as (2) Primary consumers
decomposition. (3) Secondary consumers
(B) All steps in decomposition operate (4) Decomposer
simultaneously on detritus. 12. Which is odd one w.r.t. NPP of an ecosystem
(C) Leaching is not essentially required for (1) Energy left after respiratory losses at
decomposition. producer level
(D) Organisms having absorptive mode of (2) Energy available to herbivores and
nutrition take part in both fragmentation and decomposers
catabolism. (3) Total amount of organic matter produced by
A B C D producers during photosynthesis
(1) T T T F (4) Biomass available for secondary
(2) F T T T productivity
(3) F T T F 13. Primary succession takes place on/in:
(4) T F T F (1) Burned forest
8. If the energy available at the producer level is (2) Flooded area
10, 000 J , how much energy is available at the (3) Bare rock
tertiary consumer level (4) Abandoned farm lands
(1) 10 J (2) 100 J 14. Statement I : Oceans have the highest net
(3) 1000 J (4) 1 J primary productivity among ecosystems.
9. Consider the following given ecosystems and Statement II : Oceans occupy about 70% of the
select the correct number of those ecosystems Earth's surface but have low nutrient
which are self regulating and self sustaining availability.
(a) Grassland (b) Cropland (1) Statement-I is incorrect and statement-II is
(c) Pond (d) Estuary correct
(e) Aquarium (f) Lake (2) Both statements are correct
(1) 4 (2) 3 (3) Both statements are incorrect
(3) 1 (4) 2 (4) Statement-I is correct and statement-II is
10. Assertion : According to Elton pyramid of incorrect
energy can never be inverted. 15. Which of the following graph represents the
Reason : Energy flow in an ecosystem is not correct pattern of productivity in different
exempted by 2nd law of thermodynamics. ecosystem on earth
(1) Both the assertion and the reason are true
and the reason is a correct explanation of the
assertion.
(2) Both the assertion and reason are true but (1) (2)
the reason is not a correct explanation of the
assertion.
(3) The assertion is true but the reason is false.
(4) Both the assertion and reason are false. (3) (4)
2 [Contd….
16. According to Robert Constanza and his (2) Both the assertion and reason are true but
colleagues, of various ecosystem services, soil the reason is not a correct explanation of the
formation costs assertion.
(1) 6% of total cost (3) The assertion is true but the reason is false.
(2) ~ 50% of total cost (4) Both the assertion and reason are false.
(3) <10% of total cost 22. Statement I: Curd eating person belongs to
(4) 20% of total cost secondary consumer level in their food chain.
17. Assertion : Grazing food chain is the main Statement II: In formation of curd from milk
pathway of energy flow in aquatic ecosystems. used bacteria are not placed at any certain
Reason : In an aquatic ecosystem decomposers trophic level in their food chain.
are fewer in number. (1) Statement-I is incorrect and statement-II is
(1) Both the assertion and the reason are true correct
and the reason is a correct explanation of the (2) Both statements are correct
assertion (3) Both statements are incorrect
(2) Both the assertion and reason are true but (4) Statement-I is correct and statement-II is
the reason is not a correct explanation of the incorrect
assertion 23. (A) Reservoir pool of carbon cycle is
(3) The assertion is true but the reason is false atmosphere
(4) Both the assertion and reason are false (B) Reservoir pool of phosphorus cycle is
18. In an ecosystem stratification refers to earth's crust
(1) Vertical distribution of different species (C) Carbon cycle is not a pure gaseous cycle
(2) Horizontal layering of the soil (D) Phosphorus cycle is a pure sedimentary
(3) Energy flow across trophic levels cycle
(4) Formation of new ecological niches A B C D
19. Primary productivity in an ecosystem is defined (1) F T T F
as the (2) T T T T
(1) Rate of conversion of organic matter to (3) F F T F
energy (4) T F T T
(2) Rate of conversion of solar energy to 24. Assertion : Energy flow in food web is always
chemical energy unidirectional.
(3) Rate of decomposition of organic material Reason : Energy flow in a food web follows the
(4) Transfer of energy between trophic levels Ist law of thermodynamics.
20. The last organisms of the food chain are (1) Both the assertion and the reason are true
generally and the reason is a correct explanation of the
(1) Photosynthetic plants assertion.
(2) Herbivores (2) Both the assertion and reason are true but
(3) Carnivores the reason is not a correct explanation of the
(4) Top carnivores assertion.
21. Assertion : Warm & moist environment favours (3) The assertion is true but the reason is false.
decomposition whereas low temperature and (4) Both the assertion and reason are false.
anaerobiosis inhibit decomposition. 25. Why is dry weight considered more accurate for
Reason : Temperature and soil moisture are measuring biomass
most important climatic factors that regulate (1) It avoids the variability caused by water
decomposition through their effects on activities content in organisms
of soil microbes. (2) It measures energy directly
(1) Both the assertion and the reason are true (3) It includes all trophic levels
and the reason is a correct explanation of the (4) It is easier to measure in all ecosystems
assertion.
3 [Contd….
26. (A) Pyramid of number of a predatory food (1) Statement I and statement II are correct
chain is always upright (2) Statement I and statement II are incorrect
(B) Pyramid of number of a parasitic food chain (3) Statement I is correct and statement II is
is always inverted incorrect
(C) Pyramid of energy of an ocean ecosystem is (4) Statement I is incorrect and statement II is
always upright correct
(D) Pyramid of biomass of an ocean ecosystem 31. Primary productivity of a terrestrial ecosystem
is always inverted can be expressed in terms of
A B C D  
(i) K cal m 3 yr 1
(1) F T T F
(2) T T T T (ii)  g m  yr
2 1

(3) F F T F (iii)  g m  yr
1 1

(4) T F T T
27. Assertion : Humus acts as reservoir of (iv)  K cal m  yr
2 1

nutrients. Choose the correct option

Reason : Humus is colloidal/like hydrophilic in (1) Only (ii)
nature. (2) (ii) and (iv) only
(1) Both the assertion and the reason are true (3) All except (iii)
and the reason is a correct explanation of the (4) (i) and (iii) only
assertion. 32. Assertion : In GFC magnitude of energy flow is
(2) Both the assertion and reason are true but lower than DFC.
the reason is not a correct explanation of the Reason : In GFC sun is the direct source of
assertion. energy
(3) The assertion is true but the reason is false. (1) Both the assertion and the reason are true
(4) Both the assertion and reason are false. and the reason is a correct explanation of the
28. Carefully read the following statements and assertion.
select correct option (2) Both the assertion and reason are true but
(A) When a person moves from equator to poles the reason is not a correct explanation of the
then building of dead organic material usually assertion.
increases. (3) The assertion is false but the reason is true.
(B) Humus is an amorphous substance as (4) Both the assertion and reason are false.
humus is with indefinite shape. 33. Suppose 2000 J of solar energy is incident on
(C) Humus is highly resistant to all kinds of green vegetation. On the basis of 10% law of
microbial action. Lindemann. Identify A, B and C .
(D) Humus is partially decomposed dead
organic matter.
A B C D
(1) F T T T
(2) T F F T
(3) T T F T
(4) T F T F
29. Which of the following is ecologically weakest
(1) Grass (2) Rabbit
(1) A - 20 J, B  2 J, C  0.2 J
(3) Lion (4) Wolf
(2) A - 200 J, B  20 J, C  2 J
30. Statement-I : Earth is an open ecosystem for
energy. (3) A - 400 J, B  40 J, C  4 J
Statement-II : Earth is a closed ecosystem for (4) A - 40 J, B  4 J, C  0.4 J
nutrients.
4 [Contd….
34. GPP % of PAR is 39. In following how many are the correct
(1)  1%   10% examples of ecosystem
(2)  10% only (a) Tropical rainforest (b) Distilled water
(3) < 10% only (c) Tree (d) River
(4)  10  50% (e) Fresh volcanic lava
35. Assertion : In an aquatic ecosystem amount of (1) 3 (2) 2
energy at higher trophic level remains lesser (3) 4 (4) 5
than lower trophic level. 40. A carnivore animal in a food chain can not get
Reason : Energy flow in an aquatic ecosystem the complete energy of a herbivore which is
follows the second law of thermodynamics. trapped in its energy from the producers on
(1) Both the assertion and the reason are true which its feed. This is because
and the reason is a correct explanation of the (1) Energy flow do not follows the first law of
assertion. thermodynamics
(2) Both the assertion and reason are true but (2) Energy flow follows second law of
the reason is not a correct explanation of the thermodynamics
assertion. (3) Carnivore animal doesn't consume the whole
(3) The assertion is true but the reason is false. parts of herbivore animal
(4) Both the assertion and reason are false. (4) Mode of nutrition of carnivore animal is
36. How many statements are not correct in different than herbivore animal
relation to the given energy flow diagram 41. Assertion : In a food chain, usually members at
successive higher trophic levels are fewer in
number.
Reason : Number of organisms at any tropic
level depends upon the availability of organisms
which serve as food for the higher level.
(A) A and B are herbivores (1) Both the assertion and the reason are true
(B) C and D are herbivores and the reason is a correct explanation of the
(C) G and H are top carnivores assertion.
(1) One (2) Two (2) Both the assertion and reason are true but
(3) Three (4) Zero the reason is not a correct explanation of the
37. In an aquatic ecosystem the organism present at assertion.
level equivalent to lion in grassland is (3) The assertion is true but the reason is false.
(1) Phytoplankton (2) Whale (4) Both the assertion and reason are false.
(3) Tadpol (4) Zooplankton 42. Given below is an ecological pyramid
38. Select true and false for following statements
(i) Human can occupy any of trophic level in
their food chain.
(ii) Number of trophic levels in DFC depends It represents
on environmental conditions. (1) Pyramid of number of a parasite food chain
(iii) DFC is always slower than GFC. and biomass for tree ecosystem
(iv) Cockroach and crow both are (2) Pyramid of biomass of a grassland
interconnector of food chains in an ecosystem. ecosystem and pyramid of number of a tropical
A B C D rain forest ecosystem
(1) F T T T (3) Pyramid of number for a parasitic food
(2) T F F T chain and for a tree ecosystem
(3) T T F T (4) Pyramid of biomass in pond and in a tree
(4) T F T F dominating forest

5 [Contd….
43. Utricularia belongs to 45. What does the term "standing crop" in an
(1) T1 ecosystem refer to
(2) T1 / T3 (1) Total energy in a trophic level
(2) Total mass of living organic material in a
(3) T3
unit area
(4) T1  T3 (3) Total mass of living inorganic material in a
44. Which of the following ecosystem having unit area
maximum energy in different trophic level (4) Total number of producers in an ecosystem
(1) Tropical rain forest ecosystem
(2) Desert ecosystem
(3) Ocean ecosystem
(4) Tundra and arctic ecosystem