CODING THEORY AND MODULAR ARITHMETIC - the goal of parity check is to end up with a even

- the study of the properties of codes and their respective foe parity
specific application. TYPES: ODD parity
- codes are used for data compression, cryptography, error EVEN parity
detection and correction, data transmission and data correction Ex. 1.) Perform the channel encoding by adding a redundancy bit
size of 3.
HISTORY 1.) 00 - 00000 = 0 EVEN
- codes are studied by various scientific disciplines, such as 2.) 01 - 01111 = 4 EVEN
information theory, electrical engineering, mathematics linguistic, 3.) 11 - 11111 = 5 ODD
and computer science for the purpose of designing efficient and 11110 = 4 EVEN
reliable data transmission methods. 4.) 10 - 10000 = 1 ODD
10001 = 2 EVEN
CODING THEORY - includes the removal of redundancy and the Ex. 2.) Perform the channel encoding by adding a redundancy bit
correction of detection of errors in the transmitted data. size 4.
1.) 001 - 0011111 = 5 ODD
Sender Noise Receiver 0011110 = 4 EVEN
/ / / 2.) 010 - 010000 = 1 ODD
Source encoder - Communication Channel - Source Decoder 010001 = 2 EVEN
3.) 110 - 1100000 = 2 EVEN
COMMUNICATION CHANNEL 4.) 101 - 1011111 = 6 EVEN
- there are physical medium where information is transmitted. 2. REPETITION CHECK
- telephone lines, internet cables, fiber optic lines, and some - is performed by taking bits than repeat it 2r + 1 times, where
storage data can be considired channels will be the message?

NOISE ,
- it alters message in the channel that will cause disruption and
error in the messages.

SOURCE CODING/CHANNEL CODING

- in transmitting messages, coding is defined as source coding
and channel coding.

TWO PROCESS IN CODING

1. ENCODING - transforming message into bits of message
that is cuitable in communication.
2. DECODING - the opposite of process of encoding.

DATA COMPRESSION OR SOURCE ENCODING

- it is defined as converting the message from sender into BITS
suitable to the communication channel.

BIT/BINARY DIDGIT
BIT (short for “binary digit”) - smallest unit of
measurement used to quantify computer data. It contains
a single binary value of 0 or 1.

ASCII - an example of bit is ASCII that converts each

character of a message into a byte of B bits.

Ex. Consider the source encoding of from direction is required

known as CHANNEL CODING
/
defined as adding same
redundancy to the source
encoded message so the
errors can be detected or
even corrected .

TYPES OF CHECK
1. PARITY CHECK
- also called as “vertical redundancy check”
- this is a process that ensures accurate data
transmission.
MODULAR ARITHMETIC .
- a system of arithmetic for integers a given fixed quantity to
leave a remainder.
- also known as “modulo”
- number “wrap around” upong reaching a given fixed quantity
to leave a remainder.

“Least Residue”
- to determine the least residue simply get the reminder when b
is devided by m.
- b (mod m) means b divided by m.
.
.
EX:
 Ex:
-

encrypt the word “FEEL SPECIAL” (using shift 3 to the right)

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTU
VWXYZ

using the alphabet shift 3 to the right in every letter in the

` word:
“FEEL SPECIAL”
/
IHHO VSHFLDO (cipher text)

CRYPTOGRAPHY
- it is the science of ENCRYPTING and DECRYPTING written
communication MODULO OPERATOR
- express the letters of the alphabet form 0-25
ENCRYPTION - is the process of transforming plain - calculate Y=(C+K) mod 26
text into codes from using certain algorithms. - convert the number Y into a letter following the order of a
DECRYPTION - is the process of returning/converting letter in the alphabet.
back the coded message into plain text.
Ex. Encrypt the message “DANCE NIGHT AWAY” let k=5.
PLAIN TEXT - refers to the original text.
CIPHER TEXT - refers to the coded text.
KEY - refers to the string of information that is used to
reveal the encrypted message into readable form.

SIMPLE METHODS UDES FOR CRYPTOGRAPHY

SHIFT CIPHER (CEASAR CIPHER)
- it is the simple type of substitution cipher.
- it uses shift in forming the key of cryptography.
To decrypt it, simply reverse the process by subtracting 5 rather
than adding 5. This will return the original message, ‘DANCE
THE NIGHT AWAY