Part I A

i. Nuclear Chemistry

Nuclear chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the study of changes in the nucleus of an
atom.

ii. Rate of Chemical Reaction

The rate of a chemical reaction is a measure of how fast the reactants are converted into products.

iii. Energy and Energy Changes

Energy is the ability to do work, and it comes in various forms such as kinetic energy, potential energy,
thermal energy, and more.

iv. State of Matter

The state of matter refers to the physical state of a substance, which can be solid, liquid, gas, or plasma.

v. Redox Reaction

A redox reaction is a chemical reaction that involves the transfer of electrons from one species to
another.

vi. Acids, Bases, and Salts

Acids are substances that donate H+ ions, while bases are substances that accept H+ ions. Salts are
formed when acids and bases react with each other.

Part II B

Identification of Cations and Anions

Cations are positively charged ions, while anions are negatively charged ions. To identify cations and
anions, various tests can be performed, such as:
- Flame test: to identify metal ions

- Precipitation test: to identify anions

- Complexation test: to identify metal ions

Part III

1. A. What is Radioactivity?

Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of ionizing radiation from an unstable nucleus.

i. Distinguish between Natural and Artificial Radioactivity

Natural radioactivity occurs naturally in the environment, while artificial radioactivity is induced by
human activities.

ii. Explain the Three Radiations, α, β & γ in Terms of Nature and Ionisation Power

Alpha (α) radiation: high ionization power, low penetration power

Beta (β) radiation: medium ionization power, medium penetration power

Gamma (γ) radiation: low ionization power, high penetration power

iii. Write Three Uses of Radioisotopes

1. Medical applications: cancer treatment, imaging

2. Industrial applications: sterilization, food irradiation

3. Scientific research: dating, tracing

iii. What is Half-Life?

Half-life is the time required for half of the atoms in a sample to decay.

iv. How Long Would it Take 40mg of a Fresh Bone to Reduce to 2mg if the Half-Life of
the Bone is 60 Years?

Using the half-life formula:

Where t = time, t1/2 = half-life, N0 = initial amount, N = final amount

T = 60 * log2(40/2)

T ≈ 180 years

2. A. What is Rate of Chemical Reaction?

The rate of a chemical reaction is a measure of how fast the reactants are converted into products.

i. Write the Factors that Influence the Rate of Reaction

1. Concentration of reactants

2. Temperature

3. Surface area of reactants

4. Presence of catalysts

ii. Explain Briefly How Temperature Influences Rate of Reaction

Increasing temperature increases the kinetic energy of reactant molecules, leading to more frequent
and effective collisions, which increases the rate of reaction.

b. What is Meant by the Following Terms?

i. Overall Order

The overall order of a reaction is the sum of the exponents of the concentration terms in the rate law
equation.

ii. Zero Order

A zero-order reaction is a reaction whose rate is independent of the concentration of the reactants.

iii. First Order

iv. Rate Law Equation

The rate law equation is a mathematical expression that relates the rate of a reaction to the
concentrations of the reactants.

v. Rate Constant

The rate constant is a proportionality constant that relates the rate of a reaction to the concentrations
of the reactants.

c. Consider the Reaction NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl

i. Order with Respect to [NH3] and [HCl]

From Expt I and II, [NH3] is doubled, and the rate decreases. Therefore, the order with respect to [NH3]
is -1.

From Expt I and III, [HCl] is halved, and the rate decreases. Therefore, the order with respect to [HCl] is
1.

ii. Rate Law Equation

Rate = k[NH3]^-1[HCl]^1

iii. Overall Order of the Reaction

Overall order = -1 + 1 = 0

3. a. Explain the Following Terms:

i. Enthalpy

Enthalpy (H) is the total energy of a system, including internal eHere are the answers:

3a. Explain the following terms:

Enthalpy (H) is the total energy of a system, including internal energy (U) and the energy associated with
the pressure and volume of a system.

ii. Enthalpy Change

Enthalpy change (ΔH) is the change in enthalpy of a system during a chemical reaction or physical
process.

iii. Exothermic Reaction

An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases heat energy, resulting in a decrease in
enthalpy.

iv. Endothermic Reaction

An endothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that absorbs heat energy, resulting in an increase in
enthalpy.

v. Standard Enthalpy of Formation

Standard enthalpy of formation (ΔHf°) is the enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is formed
from its constituent elements in their standard states.

vi. Standard Enthalpy of Combustion

Standard enthalpy of combustion (ΔHc°) is the enthalpy change when one mole of a substance is
completely burned in oxygen at standard conditions.

vii. Activated Complex

An activated complex is a temporary state of high energy that occurs during a chemical reaction, where
the reactants are transformed into products.

3b. Draw the energy profile diagram for exothermic and endothermic reactions.

Exothermic reaction:
Energy diagram: ΔE < 0

Endothermic reaction:

Energy diagram: ΔE > 0

3c. Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction.

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

ΔH = ΔHf°(CO2) + 2ΔHf°(H2O) – ΔHf°(CH4) – 2ΔHc°© - 4ΔHc°(H)

ΔH = -393.5 + 2(-285.8) – (-74.8) – 2(-320) – 4(-420)

ΔH = -802.3 kJ/mol

3d. Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction.

CH2=CH2 + H2 → CH3-CH3

ΔH = ΣΔH(bonds broken) – ΣΔH(bonds formed)

ΔH = 2(146) + 164 – 2(184) – 2(98)

ΔH = -136 kJ/mol

4a. State the following laws and write their mathematical expressions:

i. Graham’s Law

Graham’s law states that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its
molecular weight.
Mathematical expression: rate1/rate2 = √(M2/M1)

ii. Boyle’s Law

Boyle’s law states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure, at constant
temperature.

Mathematical expression: P1V1 = P2V2

iii. Charles’ Law

Charles’ law states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature, at constant
pressure.

Mathematical expression: V1/T1 = V2/T2

iv. Avogadro’s Law

Avogadro’s law states that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain an
equal number of molecules.

Mathematical expression: V1/n1 = V2/n2

v. Conditions Why Real Gases Deviate from Ideal Gases

Real gases deviate from ideal gases due to:

- Intermolecular forces

- Molecular size and shape

- Temperature and pressure conditions

4b. Calculate the volume of the gas at the new temperature and pressure.

Initial conditions: P1 = 15 kPa, V1 = 20 cm3, T1 = 300°C

Using Charles’ law and Boyle’s law:

V2 = V1 * (T2/T1) * (P1/P2)

V2 ≈ 34.6 cm3

5a. What is Redox Reaction?

A redox reaction is a chemical reaction that involves the transfer of electrons from one species to
another.

5b. Explain Briefly Why the Reaction Below is a Redox Reaction

MnO4- + Br2 → MnO2 + BrO3-

This reaction is a redox reaction because MnO4- is reduced to MnO2, and Br2 is oxidized to BrO3-.

5c. ii. Balance the Reaction Both in Acidic and Alkaline Media

Acidic Media:

8H+ + MnO4- + Br2 → Mn2+ + 2BrO3- + 4H2O

Alkaline Media:

2OH- + MnO4- + Br2 → MnO2 + 2BrO3- + H2O

5c. iv. Explain the Term Disproportionation Reaction and Give One Example of It.

A disproportionation reaction is a redox reaction where a single substance is both oxidized and reduced.

Example:

2Cu+ → Cu2+ + Cu
6. What is Salt?

A salt is an ionic compound formed when an acid reacts with a base, resulting in the transfer of
electrons and the formation of ions.

6a. Give Two Examples of the Following Salts:

i. Normal Salt =NaCl, KNO3

K4[Fe(CN)6], Na2[Co(NO2)6]

iii. Acidic Salt

NaHSO4, KHSO3

iv. Double Salt

K2SO4·Al2(SO4)3·24H2O, K2SO4·CuSO4·6H2O

6b. Distinguish Between Hydration and Hydrolysis.

Hydration: the process of combining with water, resulting in the formation of a hydrate.

Hydrolysis: the process of reacting with water, resulting in the cleavage of a chemical bond.

6c. State the Nature of the Following Hydrolysed Salts Whether Acidic, Basic or Neutral.

- NH4Cl(aq): acidic

- KCl(aq): neutral

- CH3COOK(aq): basic

- Na2CO3(aq): basic

- (NH4)2SO4(aq): acidic

- K2SO4(aq): neutral
6d. Define the Following Terms:

i. Buffer Solution

A buffer solution is a solution that resists changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added.

ii. pOH

pOH is the negative logarithm of the hydroxide ion concentration.

iii. pH

pH is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration.

iv. Explain How a Buffer Solution of CH3COOH/CH3COOK Will Work

A buffer solution of CH3COOH/CH3COOK will resist changes in pH by neutralizing added hydrogen or

CH3COOH + OH- → CH3COO- + H2O

CH3COO- + H+ → CH3COOH