Faculty of engineering

Manual physics
practical
 Physics lab safety

1-Food and drink are not permitted in lab at any time.

2-Do not come in the lab early unless the instructor is present.
3-Keep the window in the laboratory rooms closed at all times.
4-Do not set equipment too close to the edge of the table.
5-Do not activate any circuit or apparatus until the instructor
inspects it.
6-All trash and waste material should be disposed in the proper
in the container.
7-Never touch a possibly live circuit.
8-All damaged equipment should be immediately reported to the
laboratory instructor.
9-Any equipment not in use should be turned off.
10-Leave your lab station neat, clean and organized at the end of
each lab period.
 Experiment No. (1)
The vernier
Object (Aim):
To calculate the volume of the block.
Tools (apparatus):
Vernier – Block.
Theory:
𝑉 =𝐿×𝑤×ℎ
Where:
V=volume. L=length. w=Width. h=height.
Results:
Z.E=0.000 cm
Variable Fixed scale Moving scale reading Final reading
reading ±0.002 𝑐𝑚 ±0.002 𝑐𝑚
±0.1 𝑐𝑚 Number of value of Total Correct
division division reading reading
L1
L2
w1
w2
h1
h2
Calculation:
𝑉 =𝐿×𝑤×ℎ

𝑉1 = 𝐿1 𝑤1 ℎ1
𝑉2 = 𝐿2 𝑤2 ℎ2
𝑉1 + 𝑉2
𝑉̅ =
2
|𝑉̅ − 𝑉1 | + |𝑉̅ − 𝑉2 |
∆𝑉 =
2
Method:
When using vernier make sure that is clean. Then open the vernier till
the object placed between the jaws. Then take the readings from fixed
scale and the moving scale. Repeat this procedure for different positions.

Conclusion:
The volume of the block was found to be (𝑉̅ ± ∆𝑉)𝑐𝑚3 .
 Experiment No. (2)
The micrometer

Object(Aim):
To calculate the volume of the sphere.
Tools (apparatus):
Micrometer – Sphere.

Theory:
𝜋𝐷 3
𝑉=
6
Where:
V=volume. D=diameter.

Results:
Z.E.=-------------mm

No. Fixed scale Moving scale reading Final reading

reading ±0.01 𝑚𝑚 ±0.01 𝑚𝑚
±0.5 𝑚𝑚 Number of value of Total Correct
division division reading reading
1
2
3
Calculations:
𝜋𝐷 3
𝑉=
6
𝜋𝐷1 3
𝑉1 =
6
𝜋𝐷2 3
𝑉2 =
6
𝜋𝐷3 3
𝑉3 =
6
𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3
𝑉̅ =
3
|𝑉̅ − 𝑉1 | + |𝑉̅ − 𝑉2 | + |𝑉̅ − 𝑉3 |
∆𝑉 =
3

Method:
When using the micrometer make sure that it is clean. Then determine
the zero error when the micrometer is empty. Then open the micrometer
till the object placed between the jaws. Then take the readings from the
fixed scale and the moving scale. Repeat this procedure for different
positions.

Conclusion:
The volume of the sphere was found to be(𝑉̅ ± ∆𝑉)𝑚𝑚3 .
 Exp. No. (3)
The spherometer

Object (Aim):
To calculate the radius of curvature of convex lens by using spherometer

Tools (apparatus):
spherometer – testing paper - convex lens– flat surface.

Theory:
𝐿2 + ℎ2
𝑅=
2ℎ
Where:
R=radius of curvature.
L=distance between the middle leg and the other legs.
h=high.

Results:
Z.E.=………………mm
No. Fixed scale Moving scale reading Final reading
reading ±0.01 𝑚𝑚 ±0.01 𝑚𝑚
±1 𝑚𝑚 Number of value of Total Correct
division division reading reading
1
2
3
Calculations:
𝐿2 + ℎ2
𝑅=
2ℎ
𝐿1 2 + ℎ1 2
𝑅1 =
2ℎ1

𝐿 2 2 + ℎ2 2
𝑅2 =
2ℎ2

𝐿 3 2 + ℎ3 2
𝑅3 =
2ℎ3
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
𝑅̅ =
3
|𝑅̅ − 𝑅1 | + |𝑅̅ − 𝑅2 | + |𝑅̅ − 𝑅3 |
∆𝑅 =
3

Method:
When using the spherometer make sure that it is clean. Then determine
the zero error when the spherometer is closed. Then open the
spherometer till the legs of the spherometer touch the lens. Then take the
readings from the fixed scale and the moving scale. Repeat this
procedure for different positions.

Conclusion:
The radius of curvature of the convex lens was found to be (𝑅̅ ± ∆𝑅)
mm.
 Experiment No. (4)
Simple pendulum

Object (Aim):
To determine the acceleration due to gravity by using a simple
pendulum.

Tools (apparatus):
Stop watch – Small metal ball – ruler – holder – and thread.

Theory:
𝐿
𝑔 = 4𝜋 2
𝑇2
Where:
g=acceleration due to gravity.
L=length of the thread.
T=periodic time.
𝑇2
Put: 𝑠 =
𝐿

4𝜋2
Then: 𝑔 =
𝑠
Results:
L Time for 20 𝑡 𝑇2
𝑇=
±0.1 𝑐𝑚 0scillations (t) 20 . 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
.sec .sec

Calculations:
Draw a graph of 𝑇 2 𝑉𝑠 𝐿 . Then find the slope (s).
𝑇2
The slope: 𝑠 =
𝐿

4𝜋2
Then: 𝑔 =
𝑠

Method:
Tie a piece of thread to the small sphere. Measure the length of the
thread to the center of the ball. Measure the time it takes for 20 complete
oscillations. Repeat this procedure for different lengths of the wire.

Conclusion:
The acceleration due to gravity was found to be ………..
 Experiment No. (5)
Hook’s law

Object (Aim):
 To verify the Hook’s law.
 To determine the force constant.
Tools (apparatus):
Spring – weight – ruler.

Theory:
𝐹∝𝑥
𝐹 = −𝑘𝑥
Where:
F=force. K=force constant. X=extension.

Results:
No. Mass\Kg Extension due to Mean
Increasing of Decreasing of extension\m
mass mass
1
2
3
4
5
Calculations:
Draw a graph x Vs m
𝑥
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =
𝑚
1
𝑘= ∙𝑔
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒

Method:
- Put different weight on the spring.
- Calculate the extension due to the increase of the weight.
- Calculate the extension due to the decrease of the weight.
- Calculate the average of the extension.
- Calculate the constant k.

Conclusion:
The force constant was found to be …………
 Experiment No. (6)
Specific gravity

Object (Aim):
To determine the specific gravity of two type of liquids.

Tools (apparatus):
Gravity bottle + stopper– balance– funnel– two liquid– water.

Theory:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Specific gravity of a substance =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

Results:
Mass of bottle + stopper (𝑚1 ) = ………….. ± 0.1 𝑔𝑚
Mass of bottle + stopper + water (𝑚2 ) = ………….. ± 0.1 𝑔𝑚
Mass of bottle + stopper + 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑1 (𝑚3 ) = ………….. ± 0.1 𝑔𝑚
Mass of bottle + stopper + 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑2 (𝑚4 ) = ………….. ± 0.1 𝑔𝑚

Note:
Mass of water =𝑚2 − 𝑚1 = ………….. ± 0.2 𝑔𝑚
Mass of 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑1 =𝑚3 − 𝑚1 = ………….. ± 0.2 𝑔𝑚
Mass of 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑2 =𝑚4 − 𝑚1 = ………….. ± 0.2 𝑔𝑚
Calculations:
𝑚3 −𝑚1
The specific gravity of 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑1 =
𝑚2 −𝑚1
𝑚4 −𝑚1
The specific gravity of 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑2 =
𝑚2 −𝑚1

Method:
Take a clean gravity bottle with a clean dry stopper. Using a balance,
find the mass 𝑚1 of the bottle + stopper. Fill the bottle with water, insert
the stopper, then find the mass 𝑚2 of the bottle + stopper + water. Then
calculate the mass of water. Then fill the bottle with 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑1 then find
the mass 𝑚3 of bottle + stopper + 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑1 . Then fill the bottle with
𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑2 then find the mass 𝑚4 of bottle + stopper + 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑2 . Then
calculate the mass of the two liquids. After that calculate the specific
gravity of the two liquids.

Conclusion:
The specific gravity of 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑1 was found to be …………….
The specific gravity of 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑2 was found to be …………….
 Experiment No. (7)
Specific heat

Object (Aim):
To determine the specific heat of metal by using method of mixture.

Tools (apparatus):
Calorimeter – thermometer – balance – metal – boiler.

Theory:
(𝑚𝑤 𝑐𝑤 + 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐 ) (𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑤 )
𝑐𝑠 = ×
𝑚𝑠 (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑚 )
Where:
𝑚𝑠 =mass of solid metal.
𝑚𝑐 =mass of calorimeter.
𝑚𝑤 =mass of water.
𝑇𝑠 =temperature of solid metal.
𝑇𝑚 =temperature of mixture (water + calorimeter + solid metal).
𝑇𝑤 =temperature of water.
𝑐𝑠 =specific heat of solid metal.
𝑐𝑐 =specific heat of calorimeter=380 J/kg.k.
𝑐𝑤 =specific heat of water=4200 J/kg.k.
Results:
No. 𝑇𝑠 /k 𝑇𝑚 /k 𝑇𝑤 /k 𝑚𝑠 /Kg 𝑚𝑐 /Kg 𝑚𝑤 /Kg
1

Calculations:
𝑚𝑤 𝑐𝑤 + 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐 𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑤
𝑐𝑠 =
𝑚𝑠 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑚

Method:
By using the balance weight the metal, then weight the calorimeter. Half
fill the calorimeter with the water then weight them (calorimeter +
water).
Then put the calorimeter inside a closed system. Put the metal inside the
boiling water and leave it for a few minutes. Using a thermometer, take
the initial temperature of calorimeter and water (𝑇𝑤 ), then take the initial
temperature of the metal (𝑇𝑠 ). Take the solid quickly from the boiling
water and put it inside the calorimeter. Shake the calorimeter carefully,
and after about 1 minute take the final temperature(𝑇𝑚 ). Then calculate
the specific heat of the metal using the equation above.

Conclusion:
The specific heat of the solid metal was found to be ………….
 Experiment No. (8)
The coefficient of viscosity

Object (Aim):
To determine the coefficient of viscosity for glycerin by falling sphere.

Tools (apparatus):
A long tube – stop watch – small sphere – glycerin.

Theory:
2 2
𝜂= 𝑎 (𝜌 − 𝜎)𝑔
9𝑣
Where:
𝜂=the coefficient of viscosity.
𝑣=the terminal velocity of the sphere inside the liquid.
𝑎 =the radius of the sphere.
𝜌=the density of the material of the sphere (7900 𝐾𝑔⁄𝑚3 ).
𝜎=the density of glycerin (1260 𝐾𝑔⁄𝑚3 ).
𝑔 =the acceleration due to gravity.
Results:
No. t / sec. 𝑣 = 𝐷⁄𝑡 / m/𝑠𝑒𝑐.2
1
2

Calculations:
2 2
𝜂= 𝑎 (𝜌 − 𝜎)𝑔
9𝑣
𝜂1 = ⋯
𝜂2 = ⋯
𝜂̅ = ⋯
∆𝜂 = ⋯

Method:
1/ Make two marks A,B on the tube.
2/ Measure the radius of the small sphere and drop it into the long tube,
which filled with glycerin.
3/ Record the time at which the sphere pass from mark A to mark B.

Conclusion:
The coefficient of viscosity of the glycerin was found to be ……….