MTH 102

ELEMENTARY
MATHEMATICS II
COURSE CONTENTS
1. Function of a real variable, graphs, limits and OPTIMUM
idea of continuity.
TUTORIALS
2. The derivative as limit of rate of change.
• Techniques of differentiation.
• Extreme curve sketching
3. Integration as an inverse of differentiation.
• Methods of integration and definite integrals.
• Application to areas and volumes.

OPOPTIMUN TUTORIALS
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 MTH 102: FUNCTIONS OF A REAL VARIABLE
KEY CONCEPTS
• Introduction to functions
• Definition of key concepts: domain, co-domain and range
• Transformation
• Even and Odd functions
• Inverse of a function

1. Introduction to Functions
What is a Function?
A function is one of the most fundamental concepts in mathematics. It describes a relationship
between inputs and outputs, establishing how one variable depends on another.
• A function f from a set X to a set Y (written f: X → Y) is a rule that assigns to each
element x in X exactly one element y in Y.
• Input set X is called the domain of the function.
• Output set Y is called the codomain of the function.
The set of actual outputs is called the range (subset of codomain).

Function f(x)
A B

A is called the domain of x

B is called the codomain of X
The values in the co-domain are
called range

Domain Co domain
Definition of Key Terms:
Assume you have 2 sets X and Y. Given that:
Set X = {2,4,6} and set Y = {1,2,3}
This can be represented in a diagram and once it is represented in a
diagram, it’s called a MAPPING.
X Y

Domain Co domain

1. DOMAIN: Is simply ALL POSSIBLE VALUES OF X so the left-hand

side is called the domain. Hence, Domain = Set X = {2,4,6}
2. CO-DOMAIN: ALL POSSIBLE VALUES OF Y so the right-hand side
is called the codomain. Hence, set Y = Codomain = {1,2,3}
3. RANGE: The actual set of values in the codomain i.e. f(x) that are
matched to the domain. Atimes, the domain and co-domain are equal
to one another because they’re found and mean almost the same
thing so you’re to watch out to see if all numbers are matched. Only
the numbers MATCHED in the co-domain are the range.

EXAMPLE 1: Identify the (i) domain (ii) Co-domain (iii) Range

ANSWERS
(i) Domain: {1,2,3,4}
(ii) Co-domain: {3,4,5,6}
(iii) Range: {3,4,5,6}
EXAMPLE 2: Identify the (i) domain (ii) Co-domain (iii) Range

1 2
3 4
5 6
8
X Y
SOLUTION:
(i) Domain: All elements of X = {1,3,5}
(ii) Co-domain: All elements of Y = {2,4,6,8}
(iii) Range: Members of Y connected to X {2,4,6}

NOTE THAT: 8 is a part of the co-domain but it isn’t included in the range
because it has no relationship with the domain (no arrow connects it to the
domain so you have to be very careful)

EXERCISE
Identify the domain, Co-domain and Range in the following mappings:
1.

9 20
13 45
15 16

2.

1 8
2 7
3 6
5
3.

1 8
2 7
3 6
5
Now that we have a thorough understanding of domain, co-domain and
range, how do you calculate them when you’re given questions without the
diagrams??? Most question wont provide diagrams so it’s expected you know
how to interpret them.
HINT:
1. To calculate the Domain, Equate the function to the range.
2. To calculate the Range, Substitute the domain into the function
In hint 1, to remember easily, when you’re looking for domain, letter “d”, the
next letter after d for domain is “e” so you’re to equate

In hint 2, To remember this easily, when you’re looking for range, letter “r”
the letter after r in the English alphabets is s so you substitute
Mathematically: Range = Co-domain. (Most questions ask you to look for this)

THERE ARE SCENARIOS WHEREBY YOU WONT ALWAYS HAVE DIAGRAM

IT’S A CBT COURSE SO HOW DO YOU KNOW THE DOMAIN AND CO-
DOMAIN?
Here is how you identify them:
Given f(x) = 5

Co-domain

Domain

1. f(-1) = 2. What is the domain and range?

Answer: Domain: -1 co-domain/Range: 2

Don’t forget: To find range, substitute value of x in the question

To find domain, equate value of x to the question

#Letter r and s are together; letter d and e are together #

Solution
Assume the domain to be -1, 0, 1. Remember they must be real numbers.
Function, f(x) = 5x + 7
To calculate co-domain(range): You have to be sure of which method to adopt
either equating or substituting. But since you’re looking for the range
HINT: After letter r for range is s so we are to substitute -1, 0, 1 into x from the
question #SUBSTITUTE X INTO THE FUNCTION#
From f(x) = 5x + 7
F(-1) = 5(-1) + 7 = 2
F(0) = 5(0) + 7 = 7
F(1) = 5(1) + 7 = 12

-1 2
0 7
1 12

What we did now is using domain (-1,0,1) to find co-domain

But if you want to use co-domain to find domain then….
We say domain is missing so we equate (letter d and e)
Co-domain (2,7,12)
From f(x) = 5x + 7
(i) 2 = 5x + 7
-5 = 5x hence x = -1
(ii) 7 = 5x + 7
0 = 5x hence x = 0
(iii) 12 = 5x + 7
5 = 5x hence x = 1
The domain has been gotten to be (-1,0,1)
Example 1.2: (from your maths manual)
Let F: (-3,7) → R be defined by F(x) = (x - 1)2
Find:
(i) f(-1) (ii) f(0) (iii) f(5) (iv) f(8) (v) f(a)

Solution
In the question, we were given that function f(x) = (x - 1)2
What you should ask yourself next is “are you looking for the domain or
range
Recall: if f(5) = 15
5 is the domain and 15 is the range
Hence, we’re looking for the range so we substitute

So substitute the values for x in the equation

(i) f(-1) = (-1 - 1)2 = (-2)2 = 4
(ii) f(0) = (0 - 1)2 = (-1)2 = 1
(iii) f(5) = (5 - 1)2 = (-4)2 = 16
(iv) f(8) = CANT BE FOUND
REASON: THE QUESTION SAID F(X) EXISTS BETWEEN -3 TO 7 SO YOU’VE GOT
TO BE CAREFUL
(v) f(a) = (a - 1)2
NOTE: THIS ALSO EXISTS IF THE VALUE FOR A IS BETWEEN -3 TO 7
 EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS
FOR A FUNCTION TO BE EVEN THEN F(-X) = F(X)
FOR A FUNCTION TO BE ODD THEN F(-X) = - F(X)

SHORTCUT
1. If all exponents are even, then it’s an even function
Example:
If f(x) = x⁴ + x²
Answer: Since all the powers of x are even numbers (4 and 2) then it’s an
even function. cos (x) is also another example of even function

2. If all exponents are odd, then it’s an odd function

Example:
If f(x) = x3 + x1
Answer: Since all the powers of x are odd numbers (3 and 1) then it’s an odd
function. sin (x) is also another example of odd function

3. If part of the exponent is even and a part of the function is odd, then its
NEITHER an even or odd function.
Example:
If f(x) = x7 + x²
Answer Since one of the powers of x is an odd number (7) and the other is an
even number (2) then its NEITHER an even or odd function.

EXERCISE
Determine if the following is an even function, odd function or neither
1. f(x) = x2 + 2
2. f(x) = x3 – 5
3. f(x) = x40 – x3 – 5
4. f(x) = sin (2x + 3)
HINT: Recall to check the powers of x to determine the type of
function
 INVERSE OF A FUNCTION
The inverse of a function, f(x) is denoted by f-1 (x)
STEPS TO CALCULATE THE INVERSE OF A FUNCTION
STEP 1: Make x the subject of formula
STEP 3: The new x becomes f⁻¹ (x)
NOTE: PLEASE, YOU’RE TO MEMORIZE THESE STEPS
ABOVE BEFORE PROCEEDING WITH THE EXAMPLES
ALSO NOTE THAT THERE IS A LONGER WAY BUT ALL
ARRIVES IN THE SAME ANSWER SO FOLLOW THE
SHORTEST ROUTE SINCE ITS CBT

Example 1:
Find the inverse of f(x) = 3x – 7
Solution
Make x the subject
F(x) + 7 = 3x
𝑓(𝑥)+7
x=
3
Your new x becomes f⁻¹ (x). Easy right……
(𝑥)+7
f⁻¹ (x) =
3
Example 2:
Given that f(x) = 5x -2. Find the inverse of x.
Solution
F(x) = 5x -2
Step 1: Make x the subject
5x = f(x) + 2
𝑓(𝑥)+2
x=
5
Step 2: x becomes f⁻¹(x)
(𝑥)+2
f⁻¹(x) =
5
(3)+2
f⁻¹(3) = = 5/5 = 1
5

EXERCISE
1. Find the inverse of f(x) = - x + 2.
2. Find the inverse of f(x) = 10x2 – 23
2𝑥+1
3. Find the inverse of 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−1
√(𝑥+1)
4. If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = . Find the inverse of f(x)
3
 QUICK EXERCISE
1. Given that f(x) = 3x -2. f(2) becomes ____
a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8
2. Given that f(x) = 3x -2. If f(x) = 1. Find x
a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3
3. Given that f(x) = x2 + 2x -3. Find f(2)
a. 1 b. 3 c. 5 d. 9
4. Given g(x) = |x - 4|. What is g(1)
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 5
5. Let f:{-2,8} → R be defined by F(x) = (x)2. Find:
a. f (5)
b. f (-6)
c. f (u-2)
d. f (10)
3𝑥 − 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 5
6. Let f : R → R be defined by F(x) = [𝑥 2 − 3 𝑖𝑓 − 3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5].
2𝑥 + 7 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < −3
Find:
a. f (7)
b. f (-9)
c. f (2)
3𝑥 − 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 5 (5, ∞)
7. Let f : R → R be defined by F(x) =[ 𝑥 2 − 3 𝑖𝑓 − 3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5 ].
2𝑥 + 7 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < −3(−∞, −3)
Find:
a. f (6)
b. f (-10)
 c. f (0)
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