DATABASES
WHAT IS A DATABASE?
• A database is a collection of data that is
organized so that its contents can easily be
accessed managed and updated
• To create a database, we need to have a
Database Management Software (DBMS)
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DATABASES
Problems that databases are made to address
1. Unnecessary duplication of data
2. Boredom and time wastage while
searching for a record
3. Misleading reports due to poor data entry
and organization
4. Poor update of records
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DATABASES
Common examples of DBMS - Software
1. Microsoft Access
2. Lotus Approach
3. MySQL
4. DbaseIV
5. FoxPro
6. Oracle -dBASE -Libre Office Base
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DATABASE - LESSON
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11TH JANUARY 2026
DATABASES
Functions of DBMS
1. Allow users to delete or add records
2. Update and modify existing records
3. Organize data for easy access, retrieval
and manipulation of records
4. Ensuring the security of data
5. Keep statistics of data in the database.
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MODELS
A data model is a collection of concepts and rules
for the description of the structure of the
database.
Structure of the database means the data types,
the constraints and the relationships for the
description or storage of data respectively.
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Database Models
Databases can be classified according the method used to
organize data namely:
1. Flat file
2. Hierarchical
3. Network
4. Relational
5. Object Oriented Models
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DATABASES
Database Models- Flat File
In flat file model, a database holds only one set of data
and its neither different from manual files
Either
In databases a flat file refers to data files that contain
records with no structured relationships. Flat files may
contain only basic formatting, have a small fixed number
of fields
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DATABASES
Database Models- Hierarchical models
• Data items are
arranged in tree
form. To access LEVEL3
level two data LEVEL2
items, you have to LEVEL3
first access level 1 LEVEL1
data item called LEVEL3
the root LEVEL2
component LEVEL3
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DATABASES
Database Models- Network Model
• Links are used to
express the item1 item6 item7
relationship
between
different data
items, forming a item2 item5 item8
network of
items. Accessing
to one item can
be through item3 item4 item9
multiple paths
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DATABASES
Database Models- Relational Model
• Related data items are stored together in structures called
relations or tables. Relationship can be created between tables
such that a record or records from one table relates to another
or other records in another table.
Relational database model
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DATABASES
Database Models- Object Oriented Models
• Object-oriented models define a database as a collection of
objects with features and methods
Other database models include Object-Relational model
• This is database model extended by some basic object-oriented
concepts. These allow us to work with the widely know relational
database model but also have some advantages of the object-
oriented model without its complexity.
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DATABASES
Features of DBMS Software
DBMS software comes with features that help the user to
manipulate the database. These features include:
1. Tables
2. Queries
3. Report generators
4. Form interface
5. Macros and
6. Modules
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DATABASES
Features of DBMS Software - Tables
- Tables in a
database are used
to hold related data
items
- Tables are arranged
in rows and
columns with each
row representing a
record and
columns represent
common fields
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Features of DBMS Software - Queries
- A query is a statement used to extract, change, analyze or
request for specific data from one or more tables
- For example, you might only want to see how many
individuals in your database live in a given city. Or you might
only want to see which individuals have registered with your
database within a given time period.
- As with many other tasks, you can query a database either
programmatically or via a user interface.
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DATABASES
Features of DBMS Software – Forms/Input Screen
- A form is a graphical
interface that
resembles an ordinary
paper form. They are
used to enter and
view data in a
database
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DATABASES
Features of DBMS Software – Forms/Input Screen
- Report carry the output from the database.
- Reports are used in decision making and analysis
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DATABASES
Features of DBMS Software – Macros & Modules
- Macros is used to automate processes in the database
- When the database becomes more and more complex, a
programming language is used to further automate the processes,
these languages are included in a module in the software
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DATABASES
Data Organization in a database
- Data is organized from the simplest form called a
field to a very complex structure called a database
- These forms are:
1. Fields
2. Records
3. Tables
4. Database
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DATABASES
Data Organization in a database- Fields
- A field is a character or a logical combination
of characters that represent a data item.
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DATABASES
Data Organization in a database- Records
- A record is a collection of related fields that
represent a single entity.
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DATABASES
Data Organization in a database- Tables
- A table is a collection of related records.
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DATABASES
Data Organization in a database- Database
- A database holds related files or tables
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END OF LESSON
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