Unit 2: Population and Migration Patterns and Processes

Topic 2.1 – Population Distribution Topic 2.2- Consequences of Population Distribution

1. Identify 4 physical factors that influence the 1. Which three countries have the highest total
distribution of human populations. ​Climate, landforms, population? ​China, India, USA
bodies of water, availability of natural resources 2. What is the difference between population
2. Identify 4 human factors that influence the distribution and population density? ​Population
distribution of human populations. ​Cultural, economic distribution shows where people live. Population
(work opportunities), historical, political density shows how many people live in a specific area.
3. How do you calculate arithmetic population density? 4. Which country has a higher population density:
Total population divided by total land Singapore or the USA? ​Singapore
4. Which country likely has a higher physiological 5. What are three economic/social disadvantages of
population density, Egypt or France? Why?​ Egypt. living in areas with less concentrated populations?
Compared to France, Egypt has relatively little farm Fewer jobs means less opportunities, fewer schools and
land (arable land) since much of the country is desert universities results in less education, fewer hospitals
(arid land) results in limited access to health care.
5. Which types of countries have a lower agricultural 6. Identify two environmental problems associated
population density: more developed countries or less with higher population density? ​Pollution and
developed countries? Why? ​More developed countries depletion of resources
because they utilize advanced farming techniques that 7. Define carrying capacity ​The amount of people that
require fewer farmers per unit of arable land. can be supported without damaging the environment.

Topic 2.3- Population Composition

1. Which country most likely has an Country A Country B
advanced economy? Why? ​Country C. Life
expectancy is higher. Birth rates are low
2. Which country most likely has an
agricultural based economy? Why? ​Country
D. Population growth and birth rates are
often higher in agricultural based
economies.
3. Which country most likely has the most
immigration? Why? ​Country B. Country C Country D
Disproportionate number of males suggest
large amount of guest workers
4. Which country most likely experienced
an internal war? Why?​ Country A. Decrease
in number of men and women 40-44
suggests a civil conflict.
5. Which country has evidence of a baby
boom? Why?​ Country C. The 50-55 cohort
6. Which country has the lowest rate of
natural increase? Why? ​Country C. Low [Link] population pyramids above correspond to which countries?
birth rates and relatively few children . Cambodia _​A​_, Saudi Arabia _​B_​ _, Angola_​D​_, Germany_​C​_
8. Which country will struggle to provide enough jobs for citizens
in the future? ​Country D, due to the large amount of people in the
prereproductive years.
9. Which country will struggle to have enough workers? ​Country
C, due to the low amount of births.
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Topic 2.4- Population Dynamics
1. How do we find the NIR of a country? ​CBR-CDR=NIR
2. What is the difference between the total fertility rate (TFR) and the crude birth rate (CBR)? ​TFR is looking at
the average amount of kids a woman is having, while CBR is looking at all births.
3. Identify two reasons why less economically developed countries have higher death rates. ​1) Less advanced
healthcare system 2)Higher IMR & a more agricultural based economy
4. What is doubling time?​ The amount of time needed for a population to double in size.

Topic 2.5- The Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Complete the chart below showing the characteristics in each stage of the DTM.
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

Very high. High Very high. Need Rapid decrease. No

Birth Rate Flat. Bottoms out
fertility rate. more kids to farm need for many kids
Very high. High
Death Rate Rapid decrease Decreasing Flat. Bottoms out
child mortality
Rate of Natural Little population Increases at a slower Zero population
Rapid increase
Increase (RNI) growth rate growth (ZPG)
Service Industries
Economic Focus Subsistence farming Agriculture for trade Manufacturing
(finance, insurance)
Life Expectancy Low. Poor medical Increasing. Better Increasing. More Highest. Specialized
and Health knowledge nutrition/sanitation access to health care medicine/doctors
Traditional roles of Traditional roles of More women in Economically and
Role of Women
mothers/caretakers mothers/caretakers workforce socially empowered
Increase in
Seasonal migration Suburban living and
Migration Patterns Rural communities rural-to-urban
for food and flocks more immigration
migration
Modern Examples Isolated groups Angola, Sudan Mexico, Vietnam China, USA

1. Where are newly industrialized countries (NIC) on the DTM? Why? ​Between stage 2 and 3. NICs are moving
from agricultural economies to manufacturing economies. This results in rapid rural-to-urban migration and more
spending on infrastructure. Example: Vietnam
2. The theoretical Stage 5 is not included on the model above. What are two unique characteristics of Stage 5?
CDR goes above the CBR, causing the population to decrease. This happens to advanced societies that must now
depend on immigration and pronatalist policies for growth.
3. How is the Epidemiological Transition Model different from the DTM? ​The ETM analyzes development and
population growth based on medical advances. Countries in later stages of the ETM have better sanitation,
nutrition, and medicine but more diseases associated with aging like cancer and dementia.
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Topic 2.6- Malthusian Theory Topic 2.7- Population Policies
1. What was Thomas Malthus’s prediction? ​The world 1. What is the definition of sustainability? ​The
population would exceed the carrying capacity, because food use of Earth’s renewable and non-renewable
production grows arithmetically and population grows resources in a manner that does not deplete
exponentially. either resource. Sustainable efforts strive to
find an equilibrium with the environment and
2. What is the difference between ​arithmetic and society, by making sure that the current
exponential growth? ​Arithmetic is when growth increases generation does not hinder future generations.
by a constant number. Exponential growth is
compounded, causing a spike in numbers. 2. Identify two pro-natalist policies. ​Tax
exemption, free child care, propaganda
3. Why didn’t the world experience a Malthusian catastrophe
as population significantly increased? ​The agricultural 3. Identify two anti-natalist policies. ​Limiting
revolutions allowed society to produce more food, and the amount of children per family, reducing tax
population growth slows as society develops. benefits, propaganda

4. Identify two effects of China's one-child

policy. ​Gender selective abortions, human
trafficing, mail order brides, decrease in
population growth

Topic 2.8- Women and Demographic Change Topic 2.9- Aging Populations
1. Identify three reasons why the total fertility rate falls as 1. Identify three reasons why life
countries enter stages 3 and 4 on the DTM. ​More access to expectancy has increased in the last
contraception (more family planning), less need for children as century. ​Medical advancements, increased
source of income, more women enter the workforce access to capital, more goods/services
2. Identify two reasons why women are more empowered in 2. What is the dependency ratio? ​The ratio
stage 4 of the DTM? ​Society views them as equals to everyone of the number of people not in the
else in society. Allowing for women to run for political office,
workforce and those who are in the
move up in the private sector, and have every opportunity that
workforce.
men have.

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Topic 2.10- Causes of Migration

1. What is the difference between immigration and emigration? 4. What are Ravenstein’s laws of
Immigrant is a person permanently moving into a state, while migration?
emigrant is a person permanently moving out of a state. 1. Most migrants travel short distances
2. Identify general examples of push and pull factors for each category and travel in step migration
Push Factors Pull Factors 2. Migrants traveling longer distances go
High unemployment, Job opportunities, to urban areas
Economic high inflation, lack of stability, low inflation 3. Rural residents are more likely to
opportunities migrate than urban residents
Isolated in the Similar cultural 4. Families are less likely to migrate
community, heritage is backgrounds, has across national borders
Social 5. Every migration stream creates a
not shown in society social activities of
interest counterstream
Political Corruption, oppression, Stable, lack of 6. Females are more migratory
abuse of power corruption, protect domestically, males are more migratory
rights of people over long distances
Environmental Harsh climate, Warm, provides 7. Urban areas grow more by migration
difficult to navigate, opportunities for than by NIR
isolated citizens, easy to live in 8. Migration increases economic
3. Explain the idea of intervening opportunities and intervening development
obstacles. ​Intervening obstacles prevent or hinder migration, while 9. Migration is mostly due to economic
intervening opportunities cause a person to stop migrating to their causes
original destination due to a factor that they encounter while 10. Migration goes from agricultural
migrating. regions to urban regions
11. Migration increases with
advancements in technology and
transportation

Topic 2.11- Forced and Voluntary Migration Topic 2.12- Effects of Migration

1. What is the difference between internally displaced persons and 1. Explain the difference between
refugees? ​IDPs are people who were forced to leave their home, due to acculturation and assimilation.
life threatening conditions, however, they do not cross an international Assimilation is when someone loses their
boundary. Refugees flee their home due to life threatening conditions current culture and takes on a new
and do cross an international boundary. culture. Acculturation is when a person
2. What is the difference between step migration and chain migration? becomes integrated into a new culture
Step migration is when migration happens in stages, migrants stop at and takes on some aspects of the new
different places on the way to their final destination. Chain migration culture, while also retaining their original
is a process in which legal immigrants may sponsor a family member culture.
to come into the country. 2. What is Xenophobia? ​A hatred of
3. What type of agriculture would best match with transhumance foreigners based on stereotypes,
migration? ​Pastoral nomadism prejudice, and racism​.
4. What is rural-to-urban migration? ​Urbanization, people move from 3. What is remittance? ​The transfer of
rural settlements to urban areas. money by a foreign worker to an
individual in their home country.

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