Electrical Distribution
System Design
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Electric Power
Distribution
Electricity distribution is the end stage in the
delivery (before retail) of electricity to end users.
A distribution system's network carries electricity
from the transmission system and delivers it to
consumers. Typically, the network would include
medium-voltage (less than 50 kV) power lines,
electrical substations and pole-mounted
transformers, low-voltage (less than 1000 V)
distribution wiring and sometimes electricity
meters.
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General
layout of
electricity
networks
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Distribution network
configurations
Distribution networks are typically of two types, radial and loop/
interconnected type. A radial network leaves the station and passes
through the network area with no normal connection to any other
supply. This is typical of long rural lines with isolated load areas. An
interconnected or loop network is generally found in more urban
areas and will have multiple connections to other points of supply.
These points of connection are normally open but allow various
configurations by the operating utility by closing and opening
switches. Operation of these switches may be by remote control from
a control centre or by a lineman. The benefit of the interconnected
model is that in the event of a fault or required maintenance a small
area of network can be isolated and the remainder kept on supply.
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The simplest and least expensive
(as well as least reliable)
configuration is the radial
distribution system shown in Fig.
4-4a, because it depends on a
single power source. Despite their
lower reliability, radial systems
remain the most economical and
widely used distribution systems
for serving homes because an
electrical power outage there is
less likely to have serious
economic or public safety
consequences. As a hedge against
outages, most utilities plan their
distribution systems so that they
will have backup if those events
occur.
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The reliability of the primary feeder can be improved with the
installation of a loop distribution system, as shown in Fig. 4-
4b. In loop systems the feeder, which originates at one bulk
power source, “loops” through the service area and several
substations before terminating at the original substation or
another bulk source. The strategic placement of switches at
the substations permits the electric utility to supply
customers in either direction. If one power source fails,
switches are opened or closed to bring an alternative power
source online.
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Radial VS Loop
Loop systems provide better service continuity than
radial systems, with only short service interruptions
during switching. However, they are more expensive than
radial systems because of the additional switching
equipment requirements. As a result, loop systems are
usually built to serve commercial and light industrial
buildings and shopping malls, where power outages are
more likely to endanger human lives or result in property
losses.
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Steps in Designing Electrical
Distribution System for
Residential Subdivision
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Steps in Designing Electrical
Distribution System for
Residential Subdivision
STEP 1
Established Load Density (VA/sq.m)
20 VA/sq. m FOR RESIDENTIAL
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Sample Project : Saratago Hills
Location : Tanauan, Batangas
Lot Area 400 m2
Percentage Building Area 30% (Architect Provided)
Building floor area/floor 120 m2
Number of floors 2
Total Building Area 240 m2
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1.0 Lighting & C.O. @ 24VA/m2 5,760.00 VA
Demand factor 1.00
Demand load 5,760.00 VA
2.0 Cooking Load
a) Oven 4,800.00 VA
b) Micro-wave 1,600.00 VA
Total Connected Cooking Load 6,400.00 VA
Demand factor 0.65
Demand load 4,160.00 VA
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3.0 Miscellaneous Loads
a) Small appliances 1,500.00 VA
b) Laundry Equipment 1,500.00 VA
c) Clothes Dryer 5000.00 VA
d) Water Heater 1,500.00 VA
Total Connected Misc. Load 9,500.00 VA
Demand factor 0.55
Demand load 5,225.00 VA
4.0 Cooling Load 8,666.67 VA
(50% of floor area)
Demand factor 0.80
Demand Load 6,933.33 VA
Total Connected Load 30,326.67 VA
Load Density, va/m2 (lot area) = 30.326.67 / 400sqm = 75.82 VA/m2
Load Density, va/m2 (floor area) = 30,326.67VA / 240sqm = 126.4 VA/m2
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Total CL = 5,760.00 + 6,400.00 + 9,500 + 8,666.67
= 30,326.67 VA
Total DL = 5,760.00 + 4,160.00 + 5,225.00 + 6,933.33
= 22, 078.33 VA
Overall DF = DL/CL = 22, 078.33 / 30,326.67 = 0.728
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Follow the same procedure having 500 sq.m this time.
The result will be:
Total Connected Load 33,933.33 VA
Load Density, va/m2 (lot area) 67.87
Load Density, va/m2 (floor area) 113.1
GET THE AVERAGE OF THE TWO LOTS
Load Density Tabulation
lot area floor area
Lot Area va/m2 va/m2
400 75.82 126.4
500 67.87 113.11 ESTABLISHED LOAD
DENSITY 120 VA/m2
ave. 71.84 119.74
Use 120 va/m2 - based on floor area
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Steps in Designing Electrical
Distribution System
STEP 2
Established Computed Load (kVA)
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BLOCK LOT LOT AREA ( m2 ) BLDG. AREA NO. OF STOREYS
(%) LOAD DENSITY CL (kVA) DF DL (kVA)
(VA/m2 )
1 1 467.98 30% 2 120 33.69 65% 21.90
1 2 468.00 30% 2 120 33.70 65% 21.90
1 3 666.25 30% 2 120 47.97 65% 31.18
1 5 466.85 30% 2 120 33.61 65% 21.85
1 6 468.00 30% 2 120 33.70 65% 21.90
1 7 468.00 30% 2 120 33.70 65% 21.90
1 8 468.00 30% 2 120 33.70 65% 21.90
max. AT
Sub-Total 3,473.08 250.06 162.54
* Follow the same procedure depending on the no. of blocks to get the computed load.
- gagawa ng table
- group the blocks
467.98 x .30 x 2 = 142.394 VA m2 -
142.394 m2 x 120 VA/m2 = 33, 694,56 VA
33,694.56 / 1000 = 33.69 kVA 33.69 x 0.65 = 21.9 kVA
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Steps in Designing Electrical
Distribution System
STEP 3
Established Transformer Load/Rating (kVA)
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1,000,000 VA = 1000kVA = 1MVA
100kVA No of T = 1,000 kVA/100 kVA = 10
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Table Summary
Transformer. AREA SERVED KVA
NO. BLOCK LOT LOAD
T-2 Blk 1 1 21.90
2 21.90
3 31.18
5 21.85
6 21.90
7 21.90
8 21.90
Blk 8 10 17.69
11 17.69
Blk 9 1 17.69
2 17.69
10 17.69
11 17.69
Blk 10 1 17.69
2 17.69
10 17.69
11 17.69
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Continue…
AREA SERVE KVA DIVERSITY COMPUTED
NO. BLOCK LOT LOAD FACTOR KVA
Blk 2
2 21.90
3 21.90
5 21.90
6 21.90
1 21.90 Div F = Sum of Ind Max D/Max Sys D
7 21.90 Max Sys D (Transfo) = Sum of Ind MaxD / Div F
8 21.90
9 21.90
TOTAL = 514.66 / 1.86 = 276.70 kVA
USE: 300 kVA, 3Ø, 13.2 kV-240V, 3Ø, 60 Hz
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Steps in Designing Electrical
Distribution System
STEP 4
Get Total of Transformer load (kVA)
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X'FORMER X'FORMER
No. Diversified Load,kVA
T-1 222.47
T-2 276.70
T-3 272.96
T-4 235.07
T-5 236.66
T-6 236.66
T-7 236.66
T-8 260.63
Total 1977.83 kVA
Total System Load = Total Transfo Load / Div F Bet Transfo
= 1977.83 / 1.35 (refer to Std Tables)
= 1464 kVA = 1.464MVA say 1.5MVA
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1,000,000 VA = 1000kVA = 1MVA
100kVA No of T = 1,000 kVA/100 kVA = 10
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