Lecture 3
Dr. Marian wagdy
What is an image?
• An image is defined as a two-dimensional function,
F(x,y), where x and y are spatial coordinates, and the
amplitude of F at any pair of coordinates (x,y) is
called the intensity of that image at that point. When
x,y, and amplitude values of F are finite, we call it
a digital image.
• In other words, an image can be defined by a two-
dimensional array specifically arranged in rows and
columns.
Pixel
Digital Image is composed of a finite number of elements, each
of which elements have a particular value at a particular
location. These elements are referred to as picture elements,
Image elements, and pixels. A Pixel is most widely used to
denote the elements of a Digital Image.
Image as a Matrix
• As we know, images are represented in rows and columns we
have the following syntax in which images are represented:
• The right side of this equation is digital image by definition.
Every element of this matrix is called image element , picture
element , or pixel.
Chapter 2
Image Enhancement
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing
What is Image Enhancement?
• Image enhancement refers to the process of highlighting
certain information of an image, as well as weakening or
removing any unnecessary information according to specific
needs.
• For example,
1. Eliminating noise,
2. Revealing blurred details,
3. Adjusting levels to highlight features of an image.
Cont …,
• Image enhancement techniques can be divided into two
broad categories:
1. Spatial domain — enhancement the image space that divides an
image into uniform pixels according to the spatial coordinates with a
certain resolution. The spatial domain methods perform operations
on pixels directly
1. Frequency domain — enhancement obtained by applying
the Fourier Transform to the spatial domain. In the frequency
domain, pixels are operated in groups as well as indirectly.
1- Spatial domain
• The concept is to map every pixel onto a new image with a
predefined transformation function.
g(x, y) = T ( f(x, y) )
g (x, y) is the output image
T is an operator
f (x, y) is the input image
Categories of Spatial domain
1-Point processing
2-Neighborhood (mask) processing
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Cont …,
Point processing
• The simplest operations are point operations, which act on
individual pixels. Point operations change each pixel in a way
that depends upon its own value, but not upon where it is in
the image nor upon the values of other pixels.
• This is in contrast to neighborhood operations, which
calculate new pixel values based upon the values of pixels
nearby.
Point processing operations:
1. Arithmetic operations
2- Color Images Operations
3- Multiple Image Operations
4- Contrast
1- Arithmetic operations
Importance of Arithmetic Operations on images:
1. Image Blending: Addition of Images is used for image
blending where images are multiplied with different
weights and added together to give a blending effect.
2. Water Marking: It is also based on the principle of
addition of very low weight image addition to the
original image.
3. Detecting changes in image: Image subtraction can
help in identifying the changes in two images as well
as to level uneven sections of the image e.g. to handle
half part of image which has shadow on it.
1. Arithmetic operations
• These operations act by applying a simple function
y = f(x)
• Means that each input pixel value (x) is transformed into a
new output pixel value (y) using a mathematical function f.
• These are called Point Operations because each pixel is
processed independently from other pixels.
• Types of operations: (Grey scale)
1. Addition/Subtraction
2. Multiplications/Division
3. Complementary & Solarization
1- Addition and Subtraction (Brightness Adjustment)
➤ Addition
𝑦 =𝑥+𝑐
𝑐is a constant value.
Increases overall brightness.
Shifts the histogram to the right.
Effect:
Image becomes brighter.
Risk: Pixel values may exceed maximum (e.g., 255 in 8-bit
images), so clipping is required.
Addition
Subtraction
𝑦 =𝑥−𝑐
Decreases brightness.
Shifts histogram to the left.
Effect:
Image becomes darker.
Risk: Pixel values may less than 0.
Subtraction
Example
• Bright the following matrix with 10 degree
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2- Multiplication and Division (Contrast Adjustment)
➤ Multiplication
𝑦 =𝑐⋅𝑥
If 𝑐 > 1→ increases contrast.
If 0 < 𝑐 < 1→ reduces contrast.
Effect:
Expands or compresses intensity range.
Histogram stretches away from zero.
Division
𝑥
𝑦=
𝑐
Reduces intensity values.
Makes image darker.
Multiplications/Division
Complementary
• The complement of a grey scale image is its photographic
negative.
y=255−x
• Used in:
– Medical imaging
– Enhancing white details in dark areas
Cont …,
Image Solarization
Complementing only part of the image.(Solarization combines
original and inverted image above a threshold.)
Effect:
• Creates artistic / pseudo-edge effect.
• Partially negative image.
• Enhances contrast at threshold boundary.
Used in:
• Creative photography
• Special effects
• Pattern highlighting
Image Solarization
The image recorded on a negative or on a print is wholly or
partially reversed in tone. Dark areas appear light or light
areas appear dark.
Example
Apply image Solarization for pixels > 100 ?
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Thanks