HIRASUGAR INST OF TECHNOLOGY, NIDASOSHI

MODULE-2
MANAGING INPUT AND OUTPUT, BRANCHING AND
LOOPING

In programming input mean reading data from the input device or a file and Output means
displaying the results on the screen. C provides a number of input and output functions. These
functions are predefined in the respective header files. The input and output functions are
used in the program whose functionality are predefined in the header file
“#include<stdio.h>”

Input and output functions are broadly classified into as

Formatted Input and Output statements

scanf( ): scanf() function reads all type of data value from input device or from a file. the
address operator “&” is used to indicate the memory location of the variable. This memory
location is used to store the data which is read through the keyboard.
Syntax:
scanf(“format specifier”,addresslist);
where:format specifier indicates the type of data to be stored in the variable.
address list indicates the location of the variable where the value of the data is to be stored.
the address list is usually prefixed with an ”&”(ampersand) operator for each variable.

Example: if we want to store the values 50 and 31from the keyboard in variables num1 and
num2 then the input function is read as
scanf(“%d%d”,&num1,&num2);
the value 50 will be assigned to num1 and value 31 will be assigned to num2

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printf( ): In C programming language, printf() function is used to print the “character, string,
float, integer, octal and hexadecimal values” onto the output screen. The features of printf()
can be effectively exploited to control the alignment and spacing of printouts on terminals.

Syntax:

printf(“Text Message”);
OR
printf(“format specifier”,variablelist);
where:
format specifier indicates the type of data to be displayed
variable list indicates the value present in the variable.
the number of format specifier must match the number of variables in the variablelist.

Example: if we want to display the values stored in variables num1 and num2 then the printf
statement can be written as
printf(“The Value of num1 = %d and The value of num2 = %d\n”,num1,num2);
This statement will display the values stored in the respective variables. The output will be
of the form:
The Value of num1 = 50 and The value of num2 = 31

Example: /* C program to demonstrate Formatted Input and Output Statements */

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,sum;
printf(“Enter two numbers\n”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);
sum=a+b;
§
printf(“ Addition of two Numbers=%d\n”,sum);
}

Unformatted Input and Output statements

getch(): is used to read a character from the keyboard, the character entered is not displayed
or echoed on the screen the functions don’t need a return key pressed to terminate the reading
of a character. A character entered will itself terminates reading

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Example:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char ch;
printf(“Enter a character\n”);
ch=getch();
printf(“The entered character is %c\n”,ch);
}

getche(): is used to read a character from the keyboard, the character entered is echoed or
displayed on the screen. the functions don’t need a return key pressed to terminate the
reading of a character. A character entered will itself terminates reading.

Example:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char ch;
printf(“Enter a character\n”);
ch=getche();
printf(“The entered character is %c\n”,ch);
}

getchar(): will reads a character from the keyboard and copy it into memory area which is
identified by the variable ch. No arguments are required for this macro. Once the character is
entered from the keyboard, the user has to press Enter key.

Example:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char ch;
printf(“Enter a character\n”);
ch=getchar();
printf(“The entered character is %c\n”,ch);
}

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putch() and putchar(): This function outputs a character stored in the memory, on the
standard output device.. The variable should be passed as parameter to the functions

Example:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char ch;
printf(“Enter a character\n”);
ch=getchar();
printf(“The entered character is \n”);
putchar(ch);
}

CONDITIONAL BRANCHING AND LOOPING

C program is a set of statements which are normally executed sequentially in the order which
they appear. If there occours a situation where we have to change the order of execution of
the statements we make use of conditional statements.
C provides 5 types of conditional branching statements.
(i) Simple if statement
(ii) if – else statement
(iii) Nested if statement
(iv) Cascaded if statement or else-if ladder
(v) Switch Statement

(i) simple if: This is a one way selection statement which helps the programmer to execute or
skip certain block of statements based on the particular condition.

Syntax:

if(conditional_expression)
{
True block statements;
}

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Flowchart:

Example: /* C programto check the voting eligibility of the person*/

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int age;
printf(“ Enter the age of the person\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&age);
if(age>=18)
{
printf(“The person is eligible to vote\n”);
}
if(age<18)
{
printf(“The person is not eligible to vote\n”);
}
}

(ii) if-else statement: This is a two way selection statement which executes true block or
false block of statements based on the given condition. The keyword “else” is used to shift
the control when the condition is evaluated to false.
Syntax:
if(conditional_expression)
{
True block statements;
}
else
{
False block statements;
}

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Flow chart:

Example: /* C program to check the entered num is even or odd*/

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int num;
printf(“Enter a number\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&num);
if(num%2==0)
{
printf(“%d is a even number\n”,num);
}
else
{
printf(“%d is a odd number\n”,num);
}
}

(iii) Nested if Statement: An if statement within another if statement is called as a nested if

statement. This helps the programmer to select one among many alternatives based on a given
condition.
Syntax:
if(conditional_expression1)
{
if(conditional_expression2)
{
statement1;
}
else
{
 statement2;
}
}
else
{
statement 3;
}
statement X;

Flow chart:

Example: /* C program to find smallest of three numbers*/

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c,small;
printf(“Enter three numbers\n”);
scanf(“%d%d%d”,&a,&b,&c);
if(a<b)
{
if(a<c)
small=a;
else
small=c;
}
else
{
if(b<c)
small=b;
else
small=c;
}

printf(“Smallest among three numbers=%d”,small);

}
(iv) Cascaded if-else or else if ladder: This is another way of putting all if’s togather when
multipath decision are involved The multipath decision is a chain of if statement in which the
statement associated with each else is a if statement. Here the conditions are evaluated from
top to bottom. As soon as the true condition is found the statement associated with it is
executed and the control is transferred to statement X, skipping rest of the ladder.

Syntax:

if(condition 1)
statement 1;
else if(condition 2)
statement 2;
else if(condition 3)
statement 3;

else if(condition n)
statement n;
else
default statement;
statement X;

Flowchart:
Example: /* C program to display the grade of the student based on the average marks
obtained */
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
float avg;
printf(“Enter the Average marks\n”);
scanf(“%f”,&avg);
if(avg>=80)
printf(“Distinction\n”);
else if(avg>=60)
printf(“First Division\n”);
else if(avg>=50)
printf(“Second Division\n”);
else if(avg>=40)
printf(“Third Division\n”);
else
printf(“Fail\n”);
}

(v)Switch Statement: A switch statement tests the value of a variable and compares it with
multiple cases. Once the case match is found, a block of statements associated with that
particular case is executed. Each case in a block of a switch has a different name/number
which is referred to as an identifier. The value provided by the user is compared with all the
cases inside the switch block until the match is found. If a case match is not found, then the
default statement is executed, and the control goes out of the switch block. The break
statement is used at the end of each case to come out of the switch block.

Syntax:
switch( expression )
{
case value-1: Statement-1;
break;
case value-2: Statement-2;
break;
case value-3: Statement-3;
break;

case value-n: Statement-n;

break;
default: default Statement
break;
}
Statement-x;

Flowchart:

Example: /* C program to find Area of various geometric figures*/

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
float a,b,area;
int choice;
printf(“\n MENU\n”)
printf(“1. Square\t 2. Circle\t 3. Rectangle\t 4. Triangle\n”);
printf(“Enter your Choice as 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&choice);
 switch(choice)
{
case 1: printf(“\nSQUARE\n”);
printf(“Enter the Side\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&a);
area=a*a;
break;
case 2: printf(“\nCIRCLE\n”);
printf(“Enter the Radius\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&a);
area=3.142*a*a;
break;
case 3: printf(“\nRECTANGLE\n”);
printf(“Enter the length and breadth\n”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);
area=a*b;
break;
case 4: printf(“\nTRIANGLE\n”);
printf(“Enter the base and height\n”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);
area=0.5*a*b;
break;
default: printf(“you have entered a wrong choice\n”);
exit(0);
}
Printf(“Area=%f\n”,area);
}

Introduction to Conditional looping statements.

A set of statements have to be repeatedly executed for a specified number of times until a
condition is satisfied. The statements that help us to execute the set of statements repeatedly
are called as looping constructs or loop control statements.
The various looping constructs in C are:
(i) while Loop (ii) do-while Loop (iii) for Loop
(i) while Loop: It is an entry-controlled loop. In while loop, a condition is evaluated before
processing a body of the loop. If a condition is true then and only then the body of a loop is
executed. After the body of a loop is executed then control again goes back at the beginning,
and the condition is checked if it is true, the same process is executed until the condition
becomes false. Once the condition becomes false, the control goes out of the loop. After
exiting the loop, the control goes to the statements which are immediately after the loop.
Syntax:
initialization;
while(test condition)
{
set of statements to be executed
including increment/decrement opetator
}

Flow chart:

Example: /* C program to print Numbers from 1 to 5 using while loop*/

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
i=1;
while(i<=5)
{
printf(“%d\t “,i);
i++;
}
}

(ii) do-while loop : A do-while loop is similar to the while loop except that the condition is
always executed after the body of a loop. It is also called an exit-controlled loop. The body is
executed if and only if the condition is true. In some cases, we have to execute a body of the
loop at least once even if the condition is false. This type of operation can be achieved by
using a do-while loop. In the do-while loop, the body of a loop is always executed at least
once. After
the body is executed, then it checks the condition. If the condition is true, then it will again
execute the body of a loop otherwise control is transferred out of the loop. Similar to the
while loop, once the control goes out of the loop the statements which are immediately after
the loop is executed.

Syntax:
initialization;
do
{
set of statements to be executed
including increment/decrement opetator
}while(test condition);

Flowchart:

Example: /* C program to print Numbers from 1 to 5 using do- while loop*/

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
i=1;
do
{
printf(“%d\t “,i);
i++;
} while(i<=5);
}
Difference between while loop and do-while loop
While loop Do while loop
Syntax Syntax:
initialization; initialization;
while(test condition) do
{ {
set of statements to be executed set of statements to be executed
including increment/decrement including increment/decrement
opetator opetator
} }while(test condition);

Condition is checked first. Condition is checked later.

Since condition is checked first, Since condition is checked later, the body
statements may or may not get executed. statements will execute at least once.
The main feature of the while loop is,its The main feature of the do while loops is it is
an entry controlled loop. an exit controlled loop
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
void main() void main()
{ {
int i; int i;
i=1; i=1;
while(i<=5) do
{ {
printf(“%d\t “,i); printf(“%d\t “,i);
i++; i++;
} } while(i<=5);
} }

While loop Flowchart Do while loop Flowchart

(iii) for loop : A for loop is a more efficient loop structure in 'C' programming which is used
when the loop has to be traversed for a fixed number of times. The for loop basically works
on three major aspects (i) The initial value of the for loop is performed only once. (ii) The
condition is a Boolean expression that tests and compares the counter to a fixed value after
each iteration, stopping the for loop when false is returned. (iii) The incrementation
/decrementation increases (or decreases) the counter by a set value.

Syntax:
for (initial value; condition; incrementation or decrementation )
{
statements;
}

Flowchart:

Example: /* C program to print Numbers from 1 to 5 using for loop*/

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
printf("%d\t",i);
}
}
Nested for loop : Nested loop means a loop statement inside another loop statement. That is
why nested loops are also called as “loop inside loop“.In nested for loop one or more statements
can be included in the body of the loop. In nested for loop, The number of iterations will be
equal to the number of iterations in the outer loop multiplies by the number of iterations in
the inner loop. When the control moves from outer loop to inner loop the control remains in
the inner loop until the inner loop condition fails, once the condition fails the control
continues with the outer loop condition Again when the control comes to inner loop the inner
loop is reset to the initial value. The Nested for loop stops execution when the outer for loop
condition fails.

Syntax:
for ( initialization; condition; increment )
{
for ( initialization; condition; increment )
{
statement of inner loop
}
statement of outer loop
}
Flowchart:
Example: C program to print the following pattern

*
* *
* * *
* * * *

#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j;
for(i=1;i<=4;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
printf(“ * ”);
}
printf("\n");
}
}

Example: C program to print the following pattern

1
2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9 10

#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i, j, n=1;
for(i=1;i<=4;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
printf("%d\t",n);
n++;
}
printf("\n");
}
}
 Programming examples on Looping constructs:

1. Write a C program to find factorial of a given number using while loop.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,i,fact=1;
printf(“Enter a Number\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
i=1;
while(i<=n)
{
fact=fact*i;
i=i+1;
}
printf(“Factorial of a given number = %d\n”,fact);
}

2. Write a C program to print even numbers in the range of 1 to10 using while loop.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i=1;
while(i<=10)
{
if(i%2==0)
printf(“%d\t”,i);
i=i+1;
}
}

3. Write a C program to print sum of first n natural numbers using do-while loop
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,i sum;
printf(“Enter the number of elements\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
sum=0;
do
{
sum=sum+i;
i++;
}while(i<=n);
 printf(“Sum of natural numbers=%d\n”,sum);
}

4. Write a C program to print multiplication table of a given number using do-while

loop
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,i,p;
printf(“Enter a number\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
i=1;
do
{
p=n*i;
printf(“%d X %d = %d\n”,n,i,p);
i=i+1;
}while(i<=10);
}

5. Write a C program to print sum of first n natural numbers using for loop
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,i sum=0;
printf(“Enter the value of n\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
sum=sum+i;
}
printf(“Sum of natural numbers=%d\n”,sum);
}

6. Write a C program to print sum of all odd numbers and even numbers up to a
given range n using for loop
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,i,osum=0,esum=0;
printf(“Enter the value of n\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
 if(i%2==0)
esum=esum+i;
else
osum=osum+i;
}
printf(“The sum of even numbers=%d\n”,esum);
printf(“The sum of odd numbers=%d\n”,osum);
}

7. Write a C program to print fibonacci series up to n numbers using for loop

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,i,fib1,fib2,fib3=0;
printf("Enter the number of series to to be genetared:");
scanf("%d",&n);
fib1=0;
fib2=1;
if(n==1
)
printf("%d\n",fib1);
else if(n==2)
printf("%d\n%d\n",fib1,fib2);
else
printf("%d\n%d\n",fib1,fib2);
for(i=3;i<=n;i++)
{
fib3=fib1+fib2;
printf("%d\n",fib3);
fib1=fib2;
fib2=fib3;
}
}

7. Write a C program to print the following pattern

1
1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3 4

#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j;
for(i=1;i<=4;i++)
{
 for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
printf(“ %d ”,j);
}
printf("\n");
}
}

Unconditional Looping Statements

An unconditional statements are the statements which transfer the control or flow of execution
unconditionally to another block of statements. They are also called jump statements.
There are four types of unconditional control transfer statements.
(i) break (ii)continue (iii) goto (iv)return

(i) break Statement: A break statement terminates the execution of the loop and the control
is transferred to the statement immediately following the loop. i.e., the break statement is
used to terminate loops or to exit from a switch.

Syntax :
Jump-statement;
break;
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i=0;
while(i<=5)
{
i++;
if(i==3)
break;
printf(“%d\t”,i);
}
}
OUTPUT:
1 2
(ii) continue statement: The continue statement is used to bypass the remainder of the
current pass through a loop. The loop does not terminate when a continue statement is
encountered. Instead, the remaining loop statements are skipped and the computation
proceeds directly to
the next pass through the loop. It is simply written as “continue”. The continue statement tells
the compiler “Skip the following Statements and continue with the next Iteration”.

Syntax :
Jump-
statement;
Continue;
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i=0;
while(i<=5)
{
i++;
if(i==3)
continue;
printf(“%d\t”,i);
}
}
OUTPUT:
1 2 4 5

(iii)goto statement : C supports the “goto” statement to branch unconditionally from one
point to another in the program. Although it may not be essential to use the “goto” statement
in a highly structured language like “C”, there may be occasions when the use of goto is
necessary. The goto requires a label in order to identify the place where the branch is to be
made. A label is any valid variable name and must be followed by a colon (: ). The label is
placed immediately before the statement where the control is to be transferred. The label can
be anywhere in the program either before or after the goto label statement.

Syntax : Forward jump Backward jump

goto label; goto label; label:
............. ............. statement;
............. ............. .............
............. ............. .............
label: label: .............
statement; statement; goto label;
If the label statement is below the goto statement then it is called forward jump. if the label
statement is above the goto statement then it is called backward jump

Example:
Program without using goto Program using goto
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
void main() void main()
{ {
printf(“MITE \t”); printf(“MITE \t”);
printf(“is \t in\t”); goto label1;
printf(“Moodbidri\n”); printf(“is \t in\t”);
} label1: printf(“Moodbidri\n”);
OUTPUT }
MITE is in Moodbidri OUTPUT
MITE Moodbidri

Write a C Program to check if the entered number is positive Negative or Zero using
goto statement.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h
> void main()
{
int num;
printf(“Enter the number\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&num);
if(num==0)
goto zero;
else if(num>0)
goto pos;
else
goto neg;
zero: printf(“The entered number is Zero\n”);
exit(0);
pos: printf(“The entered number is Positive\n”);
exit(0);
neg: printf(“The entered number is Negative\n”);
exit(0);
}

return statement: The return statement terminates the execution of a function and returns
control to the calling function. Execution resumes in the calling function at the point
immediately following the call. A return statement can also return a value to the calling
function.

Syntax :
Jump-statement:
return expression;

Finding Roots of a Quadratic Equation:

A quadratic equation, or a quadratic in short, is an equation in the form of ax2 + bx + c = 0,
where a is not equal to zero. The “roots” of the quadratic are the numbers that satisfy the
quadratic equation. There are always two roots for any quadratic equation, although
sometimes they may coincide.

The possible roots of the quadratic equation are:

(i) Roots are Real and Equal

(ii) Roots are real and distinct

(iii) Roots are imaginary

How to decide on calculation of roots?

Given the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, substitute the values of the coefficients a,b,c in the
discriminant b2-4ac

−𝑏
Outcome1: if the value of b2-4ac is equal to zero then we say the “Roots are Real and Equal”
The formula to calculate the real and equal root is 𝑥 =
2𝑎

Outcome2: if the value of b2-4ac is grater than zero i.e if the discriminant value is positive
we say the “Roots are real and distinct” the formula to calculate real and distinct roots are

𝑥 = 2−4𝑎𝑐
−𝑏±√𝑏 2
𝑎

Outcome3: if the value of b2-4ac is lesser than zero i.e if the discriminant value is negative
we say that the “ Roots are imaginary ” the formula to calculate imaginary roots are

𝑥 = 2−4𝑎𝑐
−𝑏±𝑖√𝑏 2
𝑎
Develop a program to compute the roots of a quadratic equation by accepting the
coefficients. Print appropriate messages

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h
>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
float a,b,c,x1,x2,disc;
printf("Enter the values of a,b,c\n");
scanf("%f%f%f",&a,&b,&c);
if(a==0)
{
printf("Invalid Input\n");
exit(0);
}
disc=b*b-4*a*c;
if(disc>0)
{
printf("Roots are Real and Distinct\
n"); x1=((-b)+sqrt(disc))/(2*a);
x2=((-b)-sqrt(disc))/(2*a);
printf("Root1= %f\n Root2= %f\n",x1,x2);
}
else if(disc==0)
{
printf("Roots are Real and Equal\n
"); x1=(-b)/(2*a);
printf("Root1=Root2=%f\n",x1);
}
else
{
printf("Roots are Imaginary\n");
x1=(-b)/(2*a);
x2=(sqrt(fabs(disc)))/(2*a);
printf("Root1= %f +i %f\
n",x1,x2); printf("Root2= %f -i
} %f\n",x1,x2);
}
Table of Binomial Coefficients:
Problem Statement :-The Binomial coefficients are used in the study of binomial

𝑚 𝑚!
distribution and reliability of multi component redundant system. It is given by
𝐵(𝑚, 𝑥) = ( ) = ,𝑚 ≥𝑥
𝑥 𝑥! ( 𝑚 − 𝑥 ) !
A binomial Coefficient table is required to determine the binomial coefficient of any set of m
and x
Analysis :- The binomial coefficient can be recursively calculated as follows
B(m,0) = 1

𝐵(𝑚, 𝑥) = 𝐵(𝑚, 𝑥 − 𝑚−𝑥+1

] , 𝑥 = 1,2,3, … . . , 𝑚
1) = [ 𝑥

Further, B(0,0) = 1
i.e. The binomial coefficient is 1 when either x is 0 or m is 0

/*C Program to print the table of binomial coefficients*/

#include<stdio.h>
# define MAX 10
void main()
{
int m,x,binom;
printf(“mx”);
for(m=0;m<=10;m++)
printf(“%4d”,m)
printf(“\n \n”);
m=0;
do
{
printf(“%2d”,m);
x=0;
binom=1;
while(x<=m)
{
if(m==0||x==0)
printf(“%4d”,binom);
else
{
binom=binom*(m-x+1)/x;
printf(“%4d”,binom);
}
x=x+1;
 }
printf(“\n”);
m=m+1;
}while(m<=MAX);
}

The Table of Binomial Coefficient

mx 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0 1
1 1 1
2 1 2 1
3 1 3 3 1
4 1 4 6 4 1

5 1 5 10 10 5 1

6 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
7 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
8 1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
9 1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1
10 1 10 45 120 210 252 210 120 45 10 1

Plotting of Pascal’s Triangle:

The construction of triangular array in Pascal’s triangle is related to binomial coefficient by
Pascal’s rule.
To build a triangle start with a ‘1’ at the top continue putting numbers below in the triangular
pattern so as to form a triangular array. So,each new number added below the top ‘1’ is just
the sum of the two numbers above except for the edge which are all ‘1’’s This can be
summarised as
0 row = 1
1 row = (0+1) , (1+0) = 1 , 1
2 row = (0+1) , (1+1) , (1+0) = 1 , 2 , 1
3 row = (0+1) , (1+2) , (2+1) , (1+0) = 1 , 3 , 3 , 1
/*C program to plot pascal’s triangle */
#include<stdio.h
> void main()
{
int num,rows,cols,space,ans;
printf(“Enter the number of levels\
n”); scanf(“%d”,&num);
for(rows=0;rows<num;rows++)
{
for(space=1;space<=num-rows;space+
+) printf(“ ”);
for(cols=0;cols<=rows;cols++)
{
if(cols==0||
rows==0)
ans=1
else
ans=ans*(rows-cols+1)/cols;
printf(“%4d’,ans);
}
printf(“\n”);
}

DepartmentofComputerScience&Engineering 1
DepartmentofComputerScience&Engineering 2
 MODULE-3

ARRAYS AND STRINGS

WhyArrays?

Consider a situation, where we need to store 5 integer numbers. If we use simple

variableanddatatypeconcepts,then weneed 5variablesofintdatatypeandprogram willbe
something as follows:

#include<stdio.h>vo
id main()
{
int number1;
int number2;
int number3;
int number4;
int number5;
number1=10;
number2=20;
number3=30;
number4=40;
number5=50;
printf("number1:%d\n",number1);
printf("number2:%d\n",number2);
printf("number3:%d\n",number3);
printf("number4:%d\n",number4);
printf( "number5: %d ", number5);
}
It was simple, because we had to store just 5 integer numbers. Now let's assume we have to
store 5000 integer numbers, so what is next???

Tohandlesuchsituation,Clanguageprovidesaconcept calledtheARRAY

Exampleswherearrayscanbeusedare

 List oftemperaturesrecordedeveryhourinaday,oramonth,ora year

 Listofemployees inan organization
 List ofproductsandtheircostsold byastore
 Testscoresofaclassof students
DefinitionofanArray:-Arrayisacollectionofelementsofsamedatatype. The

DepartmentofComputerScience&Engineering 3
elements are stored sequentially one after the other in memory.
Anyelementcan beaccessedby using

DepartmentofComputerScience&Engineering 4
→nameofthe array

→positionofelementinthearray (index)

Typesofarray

 Singledimensional array orOnedimensionalarray

 Twodimensionalarray
 Multidimensional array

SingleDimensionalArray:-AnArraywhichhasonlyonesubscriptisknownasSingle dimensional
array or One dimensional array

The individual array elements are processed by using a common array name withdifferent
index values that start with Zero and ends witharray_size-1

SyntaxofDeclaringSingleDimensional Arrays

data_typearray_name[array_size];

where

data_type:canbeint,floatorchar array_name:is

name of the array

array_size:anintegerconstantindicatingthemaximumnumberofdataelementstobestored.

Example: int a[5];

HereaisanIntegerArraythatcanholdupto5valuesinit. Array

Representation

DepartmentofComputerScience&Engineering 5
Here

a[0]holdsthefirstelementinthearray

a[1] holds second element in the array

a[2] holds third element in the array

and so on..

Memoryoccupiedby1Darray

Totalmemory=arraysize*sizeofdatatype For
example :int a[5];
Totalmemory=5*sizeof(int)
=5*2
=10bytes.

StoringValuesinArrays
Thevaluescanbestoredinarrayusingfollowingmethods:
 Staticinitialization
 Initializationof arrayelementsonebyone.
 Partialinitialization ofarray
 Arrayinitialization without specifyingthesize
 RunTimearrayInitialization
1. Static initialization:- We can initialize the array in the same way as the ordinary
valueswhen they are declared.

Thegeneralsyntaxofinitialization ofarrayis

data_typearray_name[array_size]= {Listof values};

Example:

intb[4]={10,12,14,16};

Hereeachvaluewill bestoredinrespectiveindex valuesofthearray.

DepartmentofComputerScience&Engineering 6
[Link] locationb[0]westorethe value10, in locationb[1] westorethevalue12and soon…

Supposeifwetrytoinsertmorevaluesthenthesizeofthearrayitwillgiveusanerror“Excess elements
in array initializer”

Example:

intb[4]={10,12,14,16,18};

Herethesizeofthearraybis4butwearetryingtostore5valueshencewewillbegettingthe error in this

case.

2. Initialization of array elements one by one:- Here the user has the liberty to select
[Link]

Example

intb[4];

b[0]=10;

b[2]=14;

Onlythearraylocationsspecifiedbytheuserwillcontainthevalueswhichtheuserwantsthe other
locations of array will either be 0 or some garbage value.

DepartmentofComputerScience&Engineering 7
3. Partial initialization ofarray :- Ifthenumberof valuesinitialized in thearray is less than the
size of the array then it is called partial initialization. The remaining locations in the array
will be initialized to zero or NULL(‘\0’) value automatically

Example:

int b[4]={10,12};

Heretheremaininglocations inthearraywill beinitialized tozero.

4. Arrayinitializationwithoutspecifyingthesize:-Herethesizeorthearrayisnotspecified by the
user, the compiler will decide the size based on the number of values declared in the array.

Example:

intb[]={6,12,18};

Here the size of the array is specified and the compiler will set the array size as 3 for this
example

5. RunTimearrayInitialization:-Ifthevaluesarenotknownbytheprogrammerinadvance then
the user makes use of run time initialization. It helps the programmer to read unknown values
from the end users of the program from keyboard by using input function scanf().
Herewemakeuseofaloopingconstructtoreadtheinputvalues fromthekeyboard andstore them
sequentially in the array.

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Example:/*Cprogramtodemonstraterun timeinitialization*/
#include<stdio.h>vo
id main()
{
intb[5],i;
printf(“Enter5elements\n”);
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&b[i]);
}
}

Accessingarrayelements:

Eg: int b[5]={12,14,16,18,20};

We can access the elements of array using index or subscript of element. An index gives the
portion of element in the array .To access an array element make use of array_name[index]

Toaccessvalue16wewriteb[2]=16similarlyifwewishtoprintthevalue18wewrite
printf(“%d”,b[3]);

Programmingexamplesononedimensional array:

1. WriteaCprogramtoreadand printnintegerelements in anarray.

#include<stdio.h>vo
id main()
{
int a[20],n,i;
printf(“Enterthearraysize”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
Printf(“Enterthearrayelements\n”);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&a[i]);
}
printf(“Theelementsenteredinthearrayare\n”);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)

DepartmentofComputerScience&Engineering 9
 {
printf(“%d\t”,a[i]);
}
}

2. Writeacprogramtodisplayfirstnnaturalnumbersin an array.

#include<stdio.h>vo
id main()
{
int a[20],n,i;
printf(“Enterthenumberofelements\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
printf(“Thefirst%dnaturalnumbersare:\n”,n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
a[i]=i+1; printf("a[%d]=%d\
n",i,a[i]);
}
}

3. Writeacprogram toaddtwoonedimensional array

include<stdio.h>voi
d main()
{
inta[20],b[20],c[20],n,i;
printf(“Enterthenumberofelements\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
printf(“EntertheelementsofArrayA\n”); for(i=0;i<n;i+
+)
scanf(“%d”,&a[i]);
printf(“EntertheelementsofArrayB\n”); for(i=0;i<n;i+
+)
scanf(“%d”,&b[i]);
printf(“ArrayAddition\n”);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
c[i]=a[i]+b[i];
printf(“Theresultantarrayis\n”);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf(“%d\n”,c[i]);
}

DepartmentofComputerScience&Engineering 10
4. WriteCprogram tofindlargestandsmallestnumberinanarrayofn elements

include<stdio.h>voi
d main()
{
inta[10],n,i,max,min
printf(“Enterthenumberofelements\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
printf(“Enterthevalues\n”);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf(“%d”,&a[i]);
max=min=a[0];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(a[i]>max)
max=a[i];
if(a[i]<min)
min=a[i];
}
printf(“Largest number=%d\n”,max);
printf(“Smallestnumber=%d\n”,min);
}

5. WriteaCprogramtoreadnintegerelementsinanarrayandprintthesamein reverse
order.

#include<stdio.h>vo
id main()
{
int a[20],n,i;
printf(“Enterthearraysize”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
Printf(“Enterthearrayelements\n”);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf(“%d”,&a[i]);
printf(“Theelementsenteredinthearrayare\n”);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf(“%d\t”,a[i]);
printf(“Theelementsofthearrayinreverseorderare\n”);
for(i=n-1;i>=0;i--)
printf(“%d\t”,a[i]);
}

DepartmentofComputerScience&Engineering 11
6. Write a C Program to find the sum of odd, even, all and average of n numbers using
arrays
#include<stdio.h>vo
id main()
{
inta[20],sum=0,esum=0,osum=0,n,i;
float avg;
printf(“Enterthearraysize”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
printf(“Enterthearrayelements\n”);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&a[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
sum=sum+a[i];
if((a[i]%2)==0)
esum=esum+a[i];
else
osum=osum+a[i];
}
avg=sum/n;
printf(“The sum of all numbers is %d”,sum);
printf(“Thesumofevennumbersis%d”,esum);
printf(“The sum of odd numbers is %d”,osum);
printf(“The average of all numbers is %f”,avg);
}

7. WriteaCProgram togenerateFibonacci seriesusingarrays

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
intfib[20],n,i;
printf(“[Link]\n”); scanf("%d",&n);
fib[0]=0;
fib[1]=1;
if(n==1)
printf(“fibonacciseriesis%d”,fib[0]);
else if(n==2)
printf(“fibonacciseriesis%d\t%d”,fib[0],fib[1]);
else
for(i=2;i<n;i++)

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 {
fib[i]=fib[i-1]+fib[i-2];
}
printf(“Thefibonacciseriesare:\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d\t",fib[i]);
}
}

SortingTechniques:-

TheProcessofarranging theelementsinascendingordescendingorderiscalled sorting

Bubble sort: The sorting algorithm is a comparison based algorithm in which each pair of
adjacent elements is compared and the elements are swapped if they are not in order. This
algorithm is not suitable for large datasets as its average and worst case time complexity are
of O(n2). where n is the number of items.

/*Cprogram tosortn numbersusingBubblesort*/

#include<stdio.h>vo
idmain()
{
int a[50],n,i,j,temp;
printf("Enterthenumberofelements\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter%delements\n",n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
printf("Theenteredelementsare\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d\t",a[i]);
}
printf("\n*****SORTING******\n"); for(i=1;i<n;i+
+)
{
for(j=0;j<n-i;j++)
{
if(a[j]>a[j+1])
{
temp=a[j];
 a[j]=a[j+1];
a[j+1]=temp;
}
}
}
printf("Thesortedelementsare\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d\t",a[i]);
}
}

Selection sort: This is an in-place comparison based algorithm It is comparison based

algorithm in which list is divided into 2 parts. The sorted part at left and unsorted part at right
end. Initially sorted part is empty and unsorted part is [Link] smallest element is taken
from the unsorted array and swapped with the leftmost element and the element becomes the
part of sorted array.

/*Cprogram tosortnumbersin ascendingorderusingselectionsort technique*/

#include<stdio.h>vo
idmain()
{
int a[20],n,i,j,temp;
printf("Entertotalelements\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter%delements\n",n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
{
if(a[i]>a[j])
{
temp=a[i];
a[i]=a[j];
a[j]=temp;
}
}
}
printf("Thesortedelementsare\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
 {
printf("%d\t",a[i]);
}
}

SearchingTechniques:

Theprocessoffindinga particularelementin thelargeamount ofdataiscalledsearching.

Linearsearch:-[Link] for a
given specific element called as key element in the large list of data in sequential order.
Ifthekeyelementispresentinthelistofdatathen thesearchissuccessfulotherwisesearchis
unsuccessful.

Benefits:

• Simpleapproach
• Workswell forsmallarrays
• Usedtosearchwhentheelementsarenotsorted
Disadvantages:

• Lessefficientifthearrayislarge
• Iftheelementsarealready sorted, linearsearchisnot efficient.

/*Cprogram tosearch anelementinan arrayusinglinearsearch*/

#include<stdio.h>vo
idmain()
{
int a[100],n,i,key,flag=0;
printf("Enterthenoofelements\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter%delements",n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
printf("Entertheelementtobesearched\n");
scanf("%d",&key);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
 if(key==a[i])
{
flag=1;
break;
}
}
if(flag==1)
printf("Elementfoundatposition%d\n", i+1);
else
printf("Elementnotfound\n");
}

BinarySearch:Itisfastsearchalgorithmwhichworksontheprincipleofdivideandconquer. for this

algorithm to workproperly the data collection should be in the sorted form

1. Dividesthearrayintothreesections:

– middleelement

– elements on onesideofthemiddle element

– elements on theothersideofthemiddle element

2. Ifthemiddleelementisthecorrectvalue,[Link],[Link] half of
the array that may contain the correct value.

3. [Link] examine

Advantages:

• Veryefficicentsearchingtechnique.

Disadvantages:

• Array elementshouldbe sorted.

CprogramtosearchanelementinanarrayusingBinarysearch

#include<stdio.h>vo
idmain()
{
inta[100],n,i,low,high,mid,key,flag=0;
printf("Enter the size of the array\n");
 scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter%delementsinascendingorder\n",n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
printf("Entertheelementtobesearched\n");
scanf("%d",&key);
low=0;
high=n-1;
while(low<=high)
{
mid=(low+high)/2;
if(key==a[mid])
{
flag=1;
break;
}
else
if(key>a[mid])
low=mid+1;
else
high=mid-1;
}
if(flag==1)
printf("Elementfoundat position%d\n", mid+1);
else
printf("Elementnotfound\n");
}

Twodimensional array
The simplest form of multidimensional array is two dimensional array. Arrays with two or
moredimensions arecalledmulti-dimensionalarrays.(interms ofrowsandcolumns)ofsame
[Link]
subscript represents rows and the second subscript represent column.

Syntax:

data_typearray_name[size1][size2];

where,

data_type:isthetypeofdatatobestoredandprocessedinthecomputer’smemory array_name:

is a valid identifier representing name of the array

[size1]: indicates number of rows in the

array[size2]:indicatesthenumberofcolumnsinthearray

. Example:

int a[2][3];

Representsaisatwodimensionalintegerarraythatholdstworowsandthree columns.

Initializationoftwodimensionalarray:

1)Initializingallelementsrowwise:-Amultidimensionalarraycanbeinitializedbyspecifying
bracketed values for each row.

Example:

int[2][3]={{5,3,4}{6,1,2}};

thisinitialization canalsobewrittenasint a[2][3]={5,3,4,6,1,2}

Accessing twodimensional array elements:- An element in a two dimensional array is

accessed by using thesubscripts i.e. row indexand column index of the array.

Thefeasiblewayof accessingelementsinatwodimensionalarray isbyusingnested loops.

Readingandprinting2dimensionalarray:-
Reading2Darray
wherem-rowsize,n-columnsize,i-rowindexandj-columnindex for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
}

Printing2Darray
wherem-rowsize,n-columnsize,i-rowindexandj-columnindex for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
printf("%d",a[i][j]);
}
printf(“\n”)
}

ProgrammingexamplesonTwodimensional array:

1. Writeacprogram toreadandprint thematrixofm rowsandncolumns

#include<stdio.h>vo
id main()
{
inta[20][20]m,n,i,j;
printf(“entertherowandcolumnsize\n”); scanf(“%d
%d”,&m,&n);
printf(“Entertheelementsofmatrix\n”); for(i=0;i<m;i+
+)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
}
printf(“Theelementsofmatrixare\n”); for(i=0;i<m;i+
+)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
 {
printf("%d\t",a[i][j]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
}

Output
Entertherowandcolumnsize 2
3
Entertheelementsofmatrix 3
45 9 10 12
Theelementsofmatrixare

3 4 5

9 10 12

2. WriteaCprogram toperform addition oftwomatrices

include<stdio.h>voi
d main()
{
inta[20][20],b[20][20],c[20][20],m,n,i,j;
printf(“entertherowsandcolumnofmatrix\n”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&m,&n);
printf(“EntertheelementsofMatrixA\n”);
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&a[i][j]);
}
}
printf(“EntertheelementsofMatrixB\n”);
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&b[i][j]);
}
}
printf(“MatrixAddition\n”);
 for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
c[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j];
}
}
printf(“Theresultantmatrixis\n”);
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
printf(“%d\n”,c[i]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
}

3. WriteaCProgram tofindTransposeofmatrix

include<stdio.h>voi
d main()
{
inta[20][20],b[20][20],m,n,i,j;
printf(“entertherowsandcolumnofmatrix\n”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&m,&n);
printf(“EntertheelementsofMatrix\n”); for(i=0;i<m;i+
+)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&a[i][j]);
}
}
printf(“EntertheelementsofMatrixare\n”);
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
printf(“%d\t”,a[i][j]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
printf(“MatrixTranspose\n”);
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
 {
b[j][i]=a[i][j];
}
}
printf(“TheTransposeofthematrixis\n”);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<m;j++)
{
printf(“%d\t”,b[i][j]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
}

4. WriteaCProgramtoprintDiagonal elementsofthematrix

include<stdio.h>voi
d main()
{
inta[20][20],m,n,i,j;
printf(“enterthenorowsandcolumnofmatrix\n”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&m,&n);
printf(“EntertheelementsofMatrix\n”); for(i=0;i<m;i+
+)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&a[i][j]);
}
}
printf(“MatrixAis\n”); for(i=0;i<m;i+
+)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
printf(“%d\t”,a[i][j]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
printf(“ThediagonalElementsare\n”); for(i=0;i<m;i+
+)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
if(i==j)
{
 printf(“%d”,a[i][j]);
}
}
printf(“\n”);
}
}

5. WriteaC Program to findsum ofthetherowsandcolumns ofgiven matrix

#include<stdio.h>vo
id main()
{
int a[20][20],m,n,i,j,sum;
printf(“enterthenorowsandcolumnofmatrix\n”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&m,&n);
printf(“EntertheelementsofMatrix\n”); for(i=0;i<m;i+
+)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&a[i][j]);
}
}
printf(“MartixAisDisplayedas\n”); for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
printf(“%d\t”,a[i][j]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
sum=0;
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
sum=sum+a[i][j];
}
printf(“sumoftheelementsofrow%dinmatrix=%d”,i,sum);
}
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
sum=0;
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
sum=sum+a[j][i];
 }
printf(“sumoftheelements ofcolumn %din matrix=%d”,i,sum);
}

6. WriteaCProgramtofind sumoftheDiagonalelementsofthematrix

#include<stdio.h>vo
id main()
{
int a[20 ][20], m,n, i,j,sum=0;
printf(“entertheorderofmatrix”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&m,&n);
printf(“EntertheelementsofMatrix\n”); for(i=0;i<m;i+
+)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&a[i][j]);
}
}
printf(“MartixAisDisplayedas\n”); for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
printf(“%d\t”,a[i][j]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
sum=sum+a[i][i];
}
printf(“Thesum ofthediagonalelementsof matrix=%d\n”,sum);
}

7. WriteaCProgramtofindthelargestelementin givenmatrix

#include<stdio.h>vo
id main()
{
int a[20 ][20], m,n, i,j,large;
printf(“entertheorderofmatrix\n”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&m,&n);
 printf(“EntertheelementsofMatrix\n”); for(i=0;i<m;i+
+)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&a[i][j]);
}
}
printf(“MartixAisDisplayedas\n”); for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
printf(“%d\t”,a[i][j]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}

large=0; for(i=0;i<m;i+
+)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
if(a[i][j]>large)
large=a[i][j];
}
}
printf(“Thelargestelement in thematrix =%d\n”,large);
}

Multidimensionalarray
Anarrayhaving3ormoresubscriptordimensionsisknownasmultidimensionalarray. It is
also known as arrays of arrays or matrix.
The general form of multidimensional array is
data_typearray_name[s1][s2][s3]….[sn];
Wheres1 is the sizeof ith dimension.
RepresentationofMultidimensionalArray

Strings:-
Definition:- A string constant or a string literal can be defined as a sequence of characters
enclosed in double quotes that will be treated as a single data element followed by a null
character ‘\0’

Syntax:
charstring_name[size];
Where,
charisthedatatype ofstrings
string_nameisavalididentifierwhichisthenameforthestringvariable size
indicates the length of the string which is to be stored
Initializationofstrings:
charstr1[10]=“peter”;
or
charstr1[10]={‘p’,‘e’,‘t’,‘e’,‘r’};
Boththeinitializations mentionedaresame
ifwedirectly specifythe entirestringat atimeweuse“ ”
 ifwespecifythecharactersseparatelyweshoulduse‘’,foreachcharacterandfinally enclosing all
thecharacters within { }
Thestringinitialized previouslywillbestoredinmemoryas

Formattedinputandoutput:-
scanf() and printf():-
Thescanf()andprintf()statementsareusedwhen wearereadingor displayingasinglestring (without
space).
Wedo not use “&”symbol in scanfbecause string name itself represent the address whereit is
to be stored.
%sistheformatspecifierusedforstring.
/*Cprogram toread anddisplaystringusingformatted I/Ofunction*/
#include<stdio.h>vo
id main()
{
charstr[20];
printf(“Enterastring\n”);
scanf(“%s”,str);
printf(“Theenteredstringis =%s\n”,str);
}

Unformattedinputandoutput:-
gets() and puts():
ifwewanttoreadordisplaythesetofstrings(sentenceorwordswithspace)wemakeuseof gets() and
puts() function for single display at once
/*Cprogram toread anddisplaystringusingformatted I/Ofunction*/
#include<stdio.h>vo
id main()
{
charstr[20];
printf(“Enterastring\n”);
gets(str);
printf(“Theenteredstringis\n”);
puts(str);
}
ArrayofStrings/MultidimensionalStrings:-
The twodimensionalarrayofstringsisanarrayofonedimensionalcharacterarraywhich consist of
strings as its individual elements.
Syntax:
charstring_name[size1][size2];
where,
charisadatatypeof strings
string_nameisavalididentifierwhich isthenameofthestringvariable size1
indicates thenumber of strings in the array
size2indicatesthemaximumlengthofeachstring. Static
Initialization of strings:-
charstr1[3][10]={“Thomas”,“Bob”,“Alice”};

DynamicInitializationofArrayof strings:-
/*Cprogram forreadinganddisplayingArrayofstrings */
#include<stdio.h>vo
id main()
{
charstr[50][50];
int n,i;
printf(“Enterthenumberofnames\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
printf(“Enter%dnames\n”,n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf(“%s”,str[i]
}
printf(“Enterednamesare\n”);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf(“%s\n”,str[i]
}
}
String Manipulating Functions:- C supports different string handling functions to perform
[Link]
“#include<string.h>”.
Someofthemostcommonusedbuilt-instringmanipulation functionsare
• strlen():Returns thenumberof characterin thegiven string
• strcmp():Compares two stringfortheirsimilarity
• strcpy():Copiessource stringintodestinationstringvariable
• strcat():Concatenates (joins)twostringintosinglestring
• strrev():Reversesagiven string
• strupr():Convertscharacterstouppercase
• strlwr():Convertscharacterstolowercase

StringLength:-Thefunctionstrlen()isusedtofindthelengthofthestringintermsofnumber of
characters in it.

SYNTAX:
strlen(string_data);
/*Cprogram tofindlengthofthestring usingstrlen()function */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>v
oid main()
{
charstr1[50];
int len;
printf("Enterastring\n");
scanf("%s",str1);
len=strlen(str1);
printf("LengthoftheString=%d\n",len);
}

*****OUTPUT*****
Enter a string
mangalore
LengthoftheString=9
/*Cprogram tofindlength ofthestringwithoutusingstrlenfunction*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>v
oid main()
{
charstr1[50];
int i,count;
printf("Enterastring\n");
scanf("%s",str1);
count=0; for(i=0;str1[i]!
='\0';i++)
{
count=count+1;
}
printf("LengthoftheString=%d\n",count);
}

***** OUTPUT *****

Enter a string
Godric_Griffindor
LengthoftheString=17

String Compare:- The function strcmp() is used to compare the string data every character
of one string is compared with the corresponding position character ofsecond string.

SYNTAX
strcmp(str1,str2)
• Thefunctionreturns0if thereiscompletematch(str1==str2)
• Returnspositivevalueifstr1>str2
• Returnsnegativevalueif str1<str2
/*Cprogram tocomparetwostringsusingstrcmp()function*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>v
oid main()
{
charstr1[20],str2[20];
int k;
printf("Enterstring1\n");
scanf("%s",str1);
printf("Enterstring2\n");
scanf("%s",str2);
k=strcmp(str1,str2);
 if(k==0)
printf("Stringsaresame\n");
else
printf("Stringsaredifferent\n");
}

*****OUTPUT*****
Enter string 1
mite
Enterstring2
mite
Stringsare same

/*Cprogramtocomparetwostringswithoutusingstrcmp()function*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
charstr1[20],str2[20];
int len1,len2,i;
printf("Enterstring1\n");
scanf("%s",str1);
printf("Enterstring2\n");
scanf("%s",str2);
len1=strlen(str1);
len2=strlen(str2); if(len1!
=len2)
printf("Stringsaredifferent\n");
else
{
for(i=0;str1[i]!='\0';i++)
{
if(str1[i]!=str2[i])
{
printf("Stringsaredifferent\n");
exit(0);
}
}
printf("Stringsaresame\n");
}
}
StringCopy:-Thefunctionstrcpy()copiesthecontentfromonestringto anotherstring SYNTAX

strcpy(str2,str1);

/*Cprogram tocopythestringusingstrcpyfunction */

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>v
oid main()
{
char str1[30],str2[30];
printf("Enterstring1\n");
scanf("%s",str1);
strcpy(str2,str1);
printf("Thecopied stringis =%s\n",str2);
}

*****OUTPUT*****
Enter string1
mitemangalore
Thecopied string is = mite

/*Cprogram tocopythestringwithoutusingstrcpy()function*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>v
oid main()
{
charstr1[30],str2[30];
int i=0;
printf("Enterstring1\n");
scanf("%s",str1);
while(str1[i]!='\0')
{
str2[i]=str1[i];
i++;
}
str2[i]='\0';
printf("TheOriginalString=%s\n",str1);
printf("The Copied String=%s\n",str2);
}
*****OUTPUT*****
Enter string1
Mangalapuram
TheOriginalString=Mangalapuram
The Copied String=Mangalapuram

StringnCopy:-Thestrncpy()funtioncopiesthencharactersofonestringtoanotherstring SYNTAX

strncpy(dest_string,source_string,n);

Wherenisanintegervaluewhichspecifiesthenumberofcharacterstobecopied

/*Cprogram toillustratestrncpy()function*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>v
oid main()
{
char str1[30],str2[30];
printf("EnterString1\n");
gets(str1);
printf("String1=%s\n",str1);
strncpy(str2,str1,10);
printf("String2=%s\n",str2);
}

*****OUTPUT*****

Enter String1
MANGALORE_INSTITUTE_OF_TECHNOLOGY
String1=MANGALORE_INSTITUTE_OF_TECHNOLOGY
String 2=MANGALORE_
StringConcatenate:-Thefunctionstrcat()isusedtoconcatenate(attach)twostrings. SYNTAX

strcat(str1,str2);

stringstr2 isattachedtotheend ofstring str1

/*Cprogram toconcatenatetwostringsusingstrcatfunction*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>v
oid main()
{
char str1[30],str2[30];
printf("EnterString1\n");
scanf("%s",str1);
printf("EnterString2\n");
scanf("%s",str2);
strcat(str1,str2);
printf("Theconcatenated stringis=%s\n",str1);
}

*****OUTPUT*****
Harry
EnterString2
Potter
Theconcatenatedstring is=HarryPotter

/*Cprogramtoconcatenatetwostringswithoutusingstrcat()function*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>v
oid main()
{
charstr1[20],str2[20],str3[50];
int i,k;
printf("EnterString1\n");
scanf("%s",str1);
printf("EnterString2\n");
scanf("%s",str2);
k=0;
for(i=0;str1[i]!='\0';i++)
 {
str3[i]=str1[i];
k=k+1;
}
for(i=0;str2[i]!='\0';i++)
{
str3[k]=str2[i];
k=k+1;
}
str3[k]='\0';
printf("Theconcatenated stringis=%s\n",str3);
}

*****OUTPUT*****
Enter String1
Ronald
EnterString2
Weasley
Theconcatenated string is=RonaldWeasley

String n Concatenate: - The function strncat() is used to concatenate the specified number
of characters only

SYNTAX
strncat(string1,string2,n);
Wherenisaninteger valuewhichconcatenatesonly n charactersofstring2tostring1

/*Cprogram toillustratestrncat()function*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>v
oid main()
{
charstr1[30],str2[30];
printf("EnterString1andString2\n");
scanf("%s%s",str1,str2);
strncat(str1,str2,5);
printf("Theconcatenated stringis=%s\n",str1);
}
*****OUTPUT*****

EnterString1andString2
Hermoine
Granger
Theconcatenated string is=HermoineGrang

StringReverse:-Thefunction strrev()is usedtoreversethestring .

Thecharactersfromlefttorightintheoriginalstringareplacedinthereverseorder SYNTAX

strrev(str1)

/*Cprogram toreverse a stringusingstrrev()function*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>v
oid main()
{
char str1[30];
printf("EnterString1\n");
gets(str1);
strrev(str1);
printf("TheReversed string=%s\n",str1);
}

*****OUTPUT*****
Enter String1
wingardiamleviosa
TheReversedstring =asoivelmaidragniw

/*Cprogram toreverse a stringwithoutusingstrrev()function*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>v
oid main()
{
charstr1[50],str2[50];
int i,j,len;
printf("EnterString1\n");
 gets(str1);
j=0;
len=strlen(str1);
for(i=len-1;i>=0;i--)
{
str2[j]=str1[i];
j++;
}
str2[j]='\0';
printf("Thereversed string=%s\n",str2);
}

*****OUTPUT*****
Enter String1
Expectopetronum
Thereversedstring=munortepotcepxE

/*Cprogram tocheck ifthegivenstringisaPalindromeornotaPalindrome*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>v
oid main()
{
charstr1[50],str2[50];
int i,j,len,x;
printf("EnterString1\n");
gets(str1);
j=0;
len=strlen(str1);
for(i=len-1;i>=0;i--)
{
str2[j]=str1[i];
j++;
}
str2[j]='\0';
printf("The original String =%s\n",str1);
printf("ThereversedString=%s\n",str2);
x=strcmp(str1,str2);
if(x==0)
printf("%sisapalindrome\n",str1);
else
printf("%sis notapalindrome\n",str1);
}
*****OUTPUT*****
malayalam
The original String =malayalam
ThereversedString=malayalam
malayalam is a palindrome

StringLower:-Thefunctionstrlwr()convertseachcharacterofthestringtolowercase.

SYNTAX
strlwr(string_data);
StringUpper:-Thefunctionstrupr()convertseachcharacterofthestringtouppercase. SYNTAX
strupr(string_data);
/*Cprogramtoconvertstringstouppercaseandlowercaseusingstrupr()andstrlwr()
functions*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>v
oid main()
{
charstr1[50],str2[50];
printf("Enterthestringinlowercaseletters\n");
scanf("%s",str1);
printf("ThestringinUppercaseletteris=%s\n",strupr(str1));
printf("Enter the string in Upper case letters\n");
scanf("%s",str2);
printf("Thestring inLowercaseletteris=%s\n", strlwr(str2));
}

*****OUTPUT*****
Enterthestringinlowercaseletters dumbledore
ThestringinUppercaseletteris=DUMBLEDORE
Enter the string in Upper case letters
HAGRID
Thestringin Lowercaseletteris=hagrid
OtherApplications ofstrings. :-
TheString functions are also used to count thenumberofvowels and consonants in thegiven
string. And also gives the frequency of occurrence of each vowel in the given string.
Thisprogrammakesuseoftheheaderfile“#include<ctype.h>”which isusefulfortestingand
[Link]“isalpha()”whichisusedtocheckifthe parsed
character is an alphabet ornot.

/*CprogramtocountthenumberofVowelsand ConsonantsinagivenSentence*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<ctype.h>
main()
{
charstr1[50],ch;
inti,vc=0,cc=0,ac=0,ec=0,ic=0,oc=0,uc=0;
printf("\n Enter a sentence\n");
gets(str1);
printf("Theenteredsentenceis\n");
puts(str1);
for(i=0;i<strlen(str1);i++)
{
if(isalpha(str1[i]))
{
ch=str1[i]; if(ch=='a'||
ch=='A')
ac++;
elseif(ch=='e'||ch=='E')
ec++;
elseif(ch=='i'||ch=='I') ic+
+;
elseif(ch=='o'||ch=='O')
oc++;
elseif(ch=='u'||ch=='U')
uc++;
else
cc++;
}
}
vc=ac+ec+ic+oc+uc;
printf("\nThetotal numberofvowels =%d\n",vc);
printf("\nThefrequencyofvowelais=%d\n",ac);
printf("\nThefrequencyofvoweleis=%d\n",ec);
 printf("\n The frequency of vowel i is =%d\n",ic);
printf("\nThefrequencyofvowelois=%d\n",oc);
printf("\nThefrequencyofvoweluis=%d\n",uc);
printf("\nTotalnumberofconsonants=%d\n",cc);
}

/*Cprogramtocount thenumberofVowelsandConsonantsina givenStringusing while loop */

#include<stdio.h>vo
id main()
{
chatstr[100];
int i=0,vc=0,cc=0;
printf(“Enteranystring\n”);
gets(str);
while(str[i]!=‘\0’)
{
if(str[i]==‘a’||str[i]==‘e’||str[i]==‘i’||str[i]==‘o’||str[i]==‘u’||str[i]==
‘A’||str[i]==‘E’||str[i]==‘I’||str[i]==‘O’||str[i]==‘U’)
{
vc++;
}
else
{
cc++;
} i+
+;
}
 printf(“Number of Vowels in the string = %d\n”,vc);
printf(“Numberofconsonantsinthestring=%d\n”,cc);
}