OFFICIAL LESSON PLAN – WEEK 1

School: NEW KINGS AND QUEENS MONTESSORI

Teacher’s Name: Tamadu Peter Orukari
Subject: Digital Technologies
Class: JSS 3
Term: Second Term
Week: 1
Date: _______________________________
Duration: 40 Minutes
Topic: Computer Hardware (Internal Components)
Sub-topic: CPU, Motherboard, RAM, Hard Drive, Power Supply

1. Instructional Objectives
By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. Identify the five core internal components of a computer system unit.
2. State the primary function of the CPU, RAM, Motherboard, Hard Drive, and Power Supply.
3. Explain the relationship between the CPU, RAM, and storage using the "Workshop Analogy".
4. Handle internal components with appropriate care and anti-static precautions.

2. Entry Behaviour
Students are familiar with using computers and know basic external parts like the monitor, keyboard, and mouse.

3. Learning Resources / Instructional Materials

 Non-functional desktop computer case (opened to show internal parts)
 Actual components: Old CPU, RAM stick, hard drive, motherboard, power supply (if available)
 Large diagram/poster of computer internals with labels
 Projector with images/videos of components
 Anti-static wrist strap (for demonstration)

4. Reference Materials
 NERDC Curriculum
 Approved Textbook

5. Teaching Methods
 Demonstration with real components
 Analogy and explanation
 Question and Answer
 Group observation

6. Presentation (Teaching–Learning Activities)

Step Teacher's Activities Students’ Activities

Shows the closed computer case. Asks: "What is inside this Suggest guesses (wires,
Introduction
box that makes the computer work?" chips, "brain").

Carefully opens the case, showing the internals. Points out the Observe the real parts inside
Presentation
five major components. the computer.

Uses the "Workshop Analogy" to explain each part's function.

Handle components carefully,
Explanation Passes around safe, disconnected components for close
listening to the analogy.
observation.

Holds up a component (e.g., RAM) and asks for its name and Identify components and state
Evaluation
function. Shows a diagram and asks students to label parts. their roles.

Reviews the five components and their functions. Emphasizes Recite the components and
Summary
that these parts work together as a team. their main jobs.
 Lesson Content (Explanation Section – Core Content)
1. The System Unit: The Computer's "Body"
The system unit (tower or case) is the main box that houses the critical internal components. Understanding what's
inside is the first step to understanding how a computer works and how to maintain it.
⚠️Safety First: Internal components are sensitive to static electricity and physical damage. Always handle them
with care, preferably using an anti-static wrist strap and holding parts by their edges.

2. The "Workshop Analogy": How Parts Work Together

Imagine a carpenter's workshop. This analogy helps explain the flow of work inside a computer:
 The Carpenter (CPU): The Central Processing Unit (CPU or processor) is the "brain" or skilled
worker. It does all the thinking, calculating, and instructing.
 The Workbench (RAM): Random Access Memory (RAM) is the workbench space. It holds the data and
instructions the CPU is actively using. It is fast but temporary (cleared when power is off).
 The Storage Shelves (Hard Drive/SSD): The Hard Disk Drive (HDD) or Solid State Drive (SSD) is the
large storage shelf. It holds all data, software, and files permanently, even when the computer is off. It is
slower than RAM but has much more space.
 The Workshop Floor Plan (Motherboard): The motherboard is the main circuit board. It is like the
floor plan of the workshop—it provides the pathways and slots where all other components (CPU, RAM,
etc.) connect and communicate.
 The Electrical Power (Power Supply Unit): The Power Supply Unit (PSU) converts wall outlet power
(AC) into the stable, lower-voltage power (DC) that all the delicate internal components need.

3. Detailed Look at Each Component

A. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Function: Executes instructions from software. It performs calculations, makes decisions, and manages
data flow.
 Location: Mounted on the motherboard, usually under a heat sink and fan to keep it cool.
 Visual: A small, square, flat chip with many pins or contacts on the bottom.
 Analogy: The boss or the brain of the computer.
B. Random Access Memory (RAM)
 Function: Provides temporary, fast-access storage for data the CPU is actively using. More RAM allows a
computer to run more programs smoothly at once.
 Location: Long, thin slots on the motherboard.
 Visual: Rectangular circuit boards (sticks) with chips on them.
 Analogy: The computer's short-term memory or active workspace.
C. Storage Drive (HDD/SSD)
 HDD: Uses spinning magnetic platters. Higher capacity, lower cost, slower, more fragile.
 SSD: Uses flash memory chips (like a USB drive). Much faster, more durable, uses less power, but more
expensive per gigabyte.
 Location: Mounted in a drive bay, connected to the motherboard and PSU.
 Visual: HDD is a sealed metal box. SSD is often a smaller rectangular circuit board.
D. Motherboard (Mainboard)
 Function: The central hub. It houses the CPU, RAM slots, expansion slots (for graphics cards), and
connectors for storage drives, power, and all other internal components. It contains the BIOS/UEFI chip,
which initializes hardware on startup.
 Visual: The largest circuit board in the case, with many chips, slots, and connectors.
E. Power Supply Unit (PSU)
 Function: Converts AC power to DC. Supplies stable, clean power to all components. Its wattage (e.g.,
500W) must be sufficient for all parts.
 Location: Typically at the top or rear of the case, with a fan for cooling.
 Visual: A metal box with a fan grill and a bundle of coloured wires coming out.
Table: Internal Components at a Glance
Component Primary Function Analogy Key Characteristic

Processes instructions and The Carpenter / Speed measured in Gigahertz

CPU
performs calculations. Brain (GHz).

Volatile (loses data when power is

Provides temporary storage
RAM The Workbench off). Size measured in Gigabytes
for active data.
(GB).
Component Primary Function Analogy Key Characteristic

Non-volatile. Capacity measured

Storage Stores all data and software The Storage
in Gigabytes (GB) or Terabytes
(HDD/SSD) permanently. Shelves
(TB).

Connects and allows

The Workshop Has specific sockets for specific
Motherboard communication between all
Floor Plan CPU types.
components.

Power Supply Provides electrical power to The Electrical Must have correct connectors and
(PSU) all components. Power sufficient wattage.

4. The Data Flow Process

When you open a program:
1. It is loaded from the Storage Drive (slow) into RAM (fast).
2. The CPU fetches instructions and data from RAM.
3. The CPU processes the data.
4. Results are sent back to RAM or saved to the Storage Drive.
5. The Motherboard facilitates all this communication.
6. The PSU provides power for every step.

7. Evaluation (Assessment)
1. What is the function of the CPU?
2. Differentiate between RAM and a Hard Disk Drive in terms of speed and data permanence.
3. Which component acts as the main connecting board for all other internal parts?
4. Why is it important to use an anti-static strap when handling internal components?

8. Assignment
1. Draw a simple labelled diagram of the inside of a computer system unit, showing the five components
learned today.
2. Research the difference between an HDD and an SSD. Write down two advantages of using an SSD over
an HDD.
 OFFICIAL LESSON PLAN – WEEK 2
School: NEW KINGS AND QUEENS MONTESSORI
Teacher’s Name: Tamadu Peter Orukari
Subject: Digital Technologies
Class: JSS 3
Term: Second Term
Week: 2
Date: _______________________________
Duration: 40 Minutes
Topic: Computer Hardware (Peripheral Devices)
Sub-topic: Printers, Scanners, Projectors, External Drives

1. Instructional Objectives
By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. Define a peripheral device.
2. Classify common peripherals as input, output, or storage devices.
3. Describe the basic function and use of printers, scanners, projectors, and external drives.
4. Identify common connection types for peripherals (USB, HDMI, VGA).

2. Entry Behaviour
Students can identify internal computer components and know basic input devices (keyboard, mouse).

3. Learning Resources / Instructional Materials

 Actual peripheral devices or good models/photos: Printer, Scanner, Projector, External HDD
 Poster showing classification of peripheral devices
 Sample cables: USB, HDMI, VGA, power cables
 Projector to show images of different device types

4. Reference Materials
 NERDC Curriculum
 Approved Textbook

5. Teaching Methods
 Demonstration with real devices
 Classification activity
 Discussion on uses
 Question and Answer

6. Presentation (Teaching–Learning Activities)

Step Teacher's Activities Students’ Activities

Points to a printer and asks: "Is this printer part of the Identify it as an external
Introduction
computer's system unit? What do we call it?" device/peripheral.

Defines peripheral devices. Introduces the three categories: Take notes on the
Presentation
Input, Output, Storage. classification.

Holds up each device (printer, scanner, etc.). Explains its Observe the devices and
Explanation
function, category, and shows how it connects. connections.

Holds up a USB cable. Asks: "Which of the devices we

Identify compatible devices
Evaluation learned today would use this cable?" Shows a picture of a
and classify new examples.
barcode scanner and asks for its category.

Reviews the purpose of peripherals: to extend the computer's Summarize one function for
Summary
capabilities for input, output, and storage. each device learned.
 Lesson Content (Explanation Section – Core Content)
1. What are Peripheral Devices?
Peripheral devices are external hardware components connected to a computer system to expand its
functionality. They are not part of the core system unit (CPU, motherboard, etc.) but are essential for specific tasks.
They connect via ports on the system unit.
The Three Main Categories:
 Input Devices: Send data into the computer (e.g., Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Webcam).
 Output Devices: Receive or display data from the computer (e.g., Monitor, Printer, Projector, Speakers).
 Storage Devices: Store data externally (e.g., External Hard Drive, USB Flash Drive).

2. Output Peripherals: Printers and Projectors

A. Printers
Printers produce physical hard copies (printouts) of digital documents.
 Types:
o Inkjet Printer: Sprays tiny droplets of ink onto paper. Good for colour photos and home use.
o Laser Printer: Uses a laser and toner (powdered ink). Faster and more economical for high-
volume text printing (common in offices/schools).
 Connection: Typically via USB cable or Wi-Fi.
 Consumables: Ink cartridges (for Inkjet) or Toner cartridges (for Laser).
B. Projectors
Projectors display the computer's screen image onto a large wall or screen for groups to see.
 Use: In classrooms, offices, and home theatres.
 Connection: VGA (older, analogue), HDMI (modern, digital, carries audio and video), or
sometimes USB.
 Key Spec: Brightness (measured in Lumens). A brighter projector is needed for rooms with more ambient
light.

3. Input Peripherals: Scanners

Scanners
Scanners convert physical documents, photos, or objects into digital image files.
 Function: It's like a digital photocopier that creates a file instead of a paper copy.
 Types: Flatbed scanners (like a photocopier glass) are most common. Document feeders can scan
multiple pages automatically.
 Output: Creates image files (JPEG, PNG) or searchable text files (PDF) if using OCR (Optical Character
Recognition) software.
 Connection: Usually USB.

4. Storage Peripherals: External Drives

External Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) and Solid State Drives (SSDs)
These are portable versions of the internal storage drives, used for:
 Backup: Creating a second copy of important files.
 Additional Storage: When the computer's internal drive is full.
 Portability: Moving large amounts of data between computers.
 Connection: Almost exclusively via USB (USB-A, USB-C). They are enclosed in a protective case and
have their own power supply or are powered through the USB cable.

5. Connection Interfaces
Knowing how to connect peripherals is a key digital skill.
Table: Common Peripheral Connection Types
Interface Visual Description Commonly Used For

USB (Universal Serial Flat, rectangular Almost everything: Printers, scanners, external
Bus) connector. drives, keyboards, mice. The most universal port.

HDMI (High-Definition Slim, trapezoid-shaped Modern projectors, monitors, TVs. Carries high-
Multimedia Interface) connector. quality video and audio in one cable.

VGA (Video Graphics Blue connector with Older projectors and monitors. Carries video only
Array) 15 pins in 3 rows. (needs separate cable for audio).
7. Evaluation (Assessment)
1. Define a peripheral device and give one example.
2. Into which category (Input, Output, Storage) does a scanner fall? What about an external hard drive?
3. What is the primary difference between an Inkjet and a Laser printer?
4. You need to give a presentation to the class using slides. Which peripheral device would you use, and what
type of cable would you likely need to connect it?

8. Assignment
1. Survey your school's computer lab or a computer at home. List three peripheral devices you find and state
their category (Input, Output, or Storage).
2. Research online or ask someone: What is an "All-in-One" printer? What three functions does it typically
combine?
 OFFICIAL LESSON PLAN – WEEK 3
School: NEW KINGS AND QUEENS MONTESSORI
Teacher’s Name: Tamadu Peter Orukari
Subject: Digital Technologies
Class: JSS 3
Term: Second Term
Week: 3
Date: _______________________________
Duration: 40 Minutes
Topic: Computer Maintenance
Sub-topic: Care of Computer Systems; Cleaning, Proper Handling, Safe Use

1. Instructional Objectives
By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. State three reasons why regular computer maintenance is important.
2. Demonstrate the correct and safe way to clean a computer monitor, keyboard, and system unit exterior.
3. List four rules for the proper handling and safe use of computer hardware.
4. Identify hazards to a computer system (dust, liquids, power surges, physical shock).

2. Entry Behaviour
Students can identify internal and external computer components.

3. Learning Resources / Instructional Materials

 Computer lab with typical setups
 Demonstration cleaning kit: microfiber cloths, can of compressed air, soft brush, isopropyl alcohol (diluted
in a safe bottle)
 Poster of "Dos and Don'ts" for computer care
 Pictures of poorly maintained computers (dusty fans, dirty keyboards)

4. Reference Materials
 NERDC Curriculum
 Approved Textbook

5. Teaching Methods
 Demonstration method
 Discussion on consequences of poor maintenance
 Practical demonstration (cleaning)
 Question and Answer

6. Presentation (Teaching–Learning Activities)

Step Teacher's Activities Students’ Activities

Shows pictures of a dusty computer fan and a keyboard with Identify potential problems
Introduction
spilled liquid. Asks what could go wrong. (overheating, damage).

Discusses the importance of maintenance for performance, Listen and take notes on
Presentation
longevity, and health. Lists the key hazards. hazards.

Demonstrates the correct, safe cleaning procedure for a Observe the cleaning
Explanation
monitor, keyboard (unplugged), and the outside of the case. techniques closely.

Asks: "What should you do before cleaning a keyboard?" Answer with specific safety
Evaluation
"Why should you avoid eating over a computer?" steps.

Reviews the golden rules: Keep it clean, keep it cool, keep it Recite the key maintenance
Summary
dry, handle with care. rules.
 Lesson Content (Explanation Section – Core Content)
1. Why Maintain Your Computer?
Regular maintenance is not optional; it is essential for:
 Performance: Dust-clogged fans cause overheating, which makes the CPU slow down (thermal
throttling) and can cause crashes.
 Longevity: Clean systems last longer. Dust acts as an insulator, trapping heat that can permanently damage
components over time.
 Health & Hygiene: Keyboards and mice harbour germs. Regular cleaning reduces the spread of illness.
 Reliability: Proper care prevents unexpected failures, data loss, and costly repairs.

2. Hazards to a Computer System

Understanding the enemies helps you defend against them.
The Four Main Hazards:
1. Dust and Dirt: The #1 enemy. It blocks airflow in fans and heat sinks, causing overheating. It can also
interfere with electrical connections.
2. Liquids and Moisture: Spills can cause instant short circuits, leading to permanent damage. High
humidity can also promote corrosion.
3. Power Problems:
o Power Surges: Sudden voltage spikes (from lightning or appliances) can fry
components. Solution: Use a surge protector, not just a simple power strip.
o Unstable Power: Frequent brownouts or flickering lights can stress the power supply.
4. Physical Shock and Mishandling: Dropping, bumping, or yanking cables can break connectors, circuit
boards, or hard drive platters (in HDDs).

3. Cleaning Procedures: The Right Way

⚠️Golden Rule: Always turn off and unplug the device before cleaning.
A. Cleaning the Monitor (LCD/LED Screen)
 Wrong: Paper towels, window cleaner, rough cloths (can scratch the soft coating).
 Right:
1. Turn off the monitor to see smudges better.
2. Use a dry, soft microfiber cloth (like for glasses). Gently wipe the screen in a circular motion.
3. For stubborn smudges, lightly dampen a corner of the cloth with distilled water or a small amount
of isopropyl alcohol (50% or less). Never spray liquid directly on the screen.
B. Cleaning the Keyboard
 Wrong: Shaking it upside down over the computer, using a wet cloth over the keys.
 Right:
1. Unplug the keyboard (or turn off the laptop).
2. Turn it upside down and gently tap to dislodge crumbs.
3. Use a can of compressed air to blow dust and debris from between the keys. Hold the can upright.
4. For the key tops, use a cloth slightly dampened with isopropyl alcohol. Do not let liquid drip
between the keys.
C. Cleaning the System Unit Exterior and Vents
 Use a dry microfiber cloth to wipe the case.
 Use compressed air to briefly blow dust out of the vents and rear fan grills. Do this in a well-ventilated
area to avoid inhaling dust.
D. Cleaning the Mouse
 For an optical/laser mouse, wipe the bottom with a cloth to clean the lens.
 For a ball mouse (older), remove the ball and clean the internal rollers.

4. Rules for Proper Handling and Safe Use

1. Shut Down Properly: Always use the operating system's shutdown command. Don't just cut the power.
2. Mind the Cables: Don't trip over them. When unplugging, pull on the plug head, not the cable itself.
3. Provide Adequate Ventilation: Never block the air vents on the system unit, monitor, or laptop. Leave at
least 10cm of space around them.
4. Use a Surge Protector: Plug your computer, monitor, and printer into a quality surge protector.
5. Keep Food and Drinks Away: Maintain a "No Food or Drink Zone" around the computer.
6. Lift with Care: When moving a desktop, hold it securely from the bottom. Support monitors from the
base.
Table: Maintenance Schedule (Example)
Task Frequency Tools Needed Purpose

Wipe monitor & Remove dust and fingerprints;

Weekly Microfiber cloth
case maintain clear view.

Clean keyboard & Compressed air, cloth, Remove germs and debris; ensure
Monthly
mouse isopropyl alcohol reliable input.

Clear dust from Every 3-6 Prevent overheating; prolong

Compressed air (outdoors)
vents months component life.

Check cable Every 6 Ensure stable power and data

Visual inspection
connections months connections.

7. Evaluation (Assessment)
1. Give two reasons why keeping a computer free of dust is important.
2. What is the first thing you must do before cleaning any computer component?
3. Why is a surge protector more recommended than a simple extension cord?
4. Describe the correct way to clean an LCD computer monitor screen.

8. Assignment
1. Practical Task: With permission and supervision, safely clean the keyboard and monitor of a computer at
home or in the school lab. Describe the steps you took and what debris you removed.
2. Inspect the area around a desktop computer. Write down two improvements you could make to its
environment to follow the safety rules learned today (e.g., moving a cup of pens blocking a vent).
 OFFICIAL LESSON PLAN – WEEK 4
School: NEW KINGS AND QUEENS MONTESSORI
Teacher’s Name: Tamadu Peter Orukari
Subject: Digital Technologies
Class: JSS 3
Term: Second Term
Week: 4
Date: _______________________________
Duration: 40 Minutes
Topic: Basic Troubleshooting
Sub-topic: Identifying Faults; Common Hardware/Software Problems and Solutions

1. Instructional Objectives
By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. Define troubleshooting and explain its systematic approach.
2. Differentiate between symptoms of common hardware and software problems.
3. Apply basic troubleshooting steps to simple scenarios (e.g., "no power," "no display," "program not
responding").
4. State the importance of backing up data before major troubleshooting.

2. Entry Behaviour
Students understand computer components and basic maintenance.

3. Learning Resources / Instructional Materials

 Non-functional computer setups for demonstration (e.g., loose RAM, unplugged power)
 Flowchart poster for basic troubleshooting steps
 Handouts with common problems and solutions
 Projector

4. Reference Materials
 NERDC Curriculum
 Approved Textbook

5. Teaching Methods
 Problem-based learning
 Demonstration of fixes
 Scenario discussion
 Question and Answer

6. Presentation (Teaching–Learning Activities)

Step Teacher's Activities Students’ Activities

Presents a scenario: "You press the power button and Suggest checking the power
Introduction
nothing happens. What is the first thing you check?" cable or outlet.

Defines troubleshooting. Introduces the systematic

Presentation Take notes on the steps.
approach: Observe, Identify, Test, Solve.

Demonstrates two problems: a loose monitor cable (no

Observe the logical process of
Explanation display) and a "frozen" program. Shows the safe, step-by-
diagnosis and fix.
step fix for each.

Gives a new scenario: "The computer turns on but makes a

Apply the systematic steps to the
Evaluation loud beeping sound and won't start." Asks for the first two
scenario.
troubleshooting steps.

Recap the troubleshooting

Emphasizes starting with the simplest, most common fixes
Summary mantra: "Check the simple
before assuming major failure.
things first."
 Lesson Content (Explanation Section – Core Content)
1. What is Troubleshooting?
Troubleshooting is a systematic, logical process of diagnosing the source of a problem and finding a solution. It
is like being a digital detective. The goal is not just to guess, but to follow clues to find the root cause.

2. The Troubleshooting Methodology: The "O.I.T.S." Method

A structured approach prevents panic and saves time.
1. OBSERVE: Gather information. What exactly is happening (or not happening)? Are there any error
messages? When did the problem start? What changed recently? Example: "The monitor screen is
completely black, but the computer's power light is on."
2. IDENTIFY: Based on your observation, identify the most likely and simplest cause first. Example: "The
connection between the computer and the monitor might be loose or the monitor might be off."
3. TEST: Safely test your hypothesis. Example: Check if the monitor power light is on. Gently check that the
video cable (VGA/HDMI) is firmly plugged in at both ends (computer and monitor).
4. SOLVE: If the test confirms the cause, apply the fix. If not, go back to IDENTIFY and consider the next
most likely cause. Example: Re-seat the cable. Turn the monitor on. Try a different monitor or cable if
available.
⚠️Important: Before any major software troubleshooting (like reinstalling the OS), ensure you have a backup of
important files.

3. Common Hardware Problems & Solutions

Problem 1: Computer Won't Turn On (No Lights, No Sound)
 Likely Causes & Solutions (in order of simplicity):
1. Power Source: Is the power cable plugged securely into the wall and the PSU? Is the wall outlet
working? Test with a lamp.
2. Power Strip/Surge Protector: Is it switched on? Has its fuse/breaker tripped?
3. PSU Switch: Is the rocker switch on the back of the power supply turned to "I" (on)?
Problem 2: Computer Turns On, but No Display on Monitor
 Likely Causes & Solutions:
1. Monitor Issues: Is the monitor powered on? Is its brightness turned up? Is the correct input
selected (e.g., HDMI 1 vs. HDMI 2)?
2. Cable Issues: Is the video cable (VGA/HDMI) securely connected at both ends? Try a different
cable.
3. Loose Internal Component: A loose RAM or graphics card can cause this. (Advanced: Power off,
unplug, open case, and gently re-seat RAM).
Problem 3: Unusual Noises
 Clicking/Scratching from HDD: Immediate warning! This often signals a failing hard drive. Shut down
immediately and seek professional help for data recovery if needed.
 Loud Whirring/Grinding from Fans: Dust buildup or a failing fan bearing. Clean with compressed air;
may need replacement.

4. Common Software Problems & Solutions

Problem 1: A Single Program is "Not Responding" (Frozen)
 Solution:
1. Press Ctrl + Shift + Esc to open the Task Manager (Windows).
2. Find the frozen program under "Applications" or "Processes."
3. Select it and click "End Task."
4. Restart the program.
Problem 2: The Entire Operating System is Frozen
 Solution: Wait 1-2 minutes. If completely unresponsive, perform a hard reboot by holding down
the physical power button for 5-10 seconds until it shuts off. Wait 30 seconds, then turn it back on. (Use
this as a last resort).
Problem 3: Computer is Extremely Slow
 Likely Causes & Solutions:
1. Too Many Programs Open: Close unnecessary programs.
2. Low Disk Space: Check your main drive (C:). Free up space by deleting old files or uninstalling
unused software.
3. Malware Infection: Run a full scan with your antivirus software.
Table: Troubleshooting Quick Guide
Symptom Most Likely Simple Cause First Action

Loose power cable or switched-off Check all power connections and

No power at all
PSU/surge protector. switches.

Power on, no Check monitor power and cable

Loose video cable or monitor not on.
display connections.

Use Task Manager (Ctrl+Shift+Esc) to

Program frozen Software glitch.
End Task.

Loud clicking from Shut down immediately to avoid data

Failing hard drive (HDD).
PC loss.

Very slow Too many programs, low RAM, or Close programs, check storage space,
performance malware. run antivirus.

7. Evaluation (Assessment)
1. What does the "O" in the O.I.T.S. troubleshooting method stand for?
2. Your computer is on, but the screen is blank. List the first two things you should check.
3. What is the keyboard shortcut to open the Task Manager in Windows to close a frozen program?
4. Why is it critical to immediately shut down a computer if you hear a clicking sound from the hard drive?

8. Assignment
1. Think of a real or hypothetical computer problem you have encountered (e.g., unable to connect to Wi-Fi,
printer not printing). Apply the O.I.T.S. method to outline how you would troubleshoot it.
2. Research one "beep code" (the pattern of beeps a computer makes on startup when there's a hardware
error). Write down what one short beep and two long beeps might indicate for a common computer brand
(e.g., Dell, HP).
 OFFICIAL LESSON PLAN – WEEK 6
School: NEW KINGS AND QUEENS MONTESSORI
Teacher’s Name: Tamadu Peter Orukari
Subject: Digital Technologies
Class: JSS 3
Term: Second Term
Week: 6
Date: _______________________________
Duration: 80 Minutes (Double Period Recommended)
Topic: Installation Basics
Sub-topic: Installing Application Software; Reinstalling Operating Systems (Demonstration)

1. Instructional Objectives
By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. Differentiate between application software and system software (OS).
2. List the general steps for installing a typical Windows application.
3. Explain the purpose of reinstalling an operating system.
4. Identify the key stages of an OS reinstallation process (as demonstrated by the teacher).

2. Entry Behaviour
Students understand hardware, software concepts, and basic troubleshooting.

3. Learning Resources / Instructional Materials

 A computer for demonstration (or a virtual machine)
 Projector
 USB drive with a safe, freely installable application (e.g., VLC Media Player, LibreOffice)
 USB drive with a Windows Installation Media (for demo only)
 Handout with screenshots of installation steps

4. Reference Materials
 NERDC Curriculum

5. Teaching Methods
 Live demonstration (teacher-led, students observe)
 Step-by-step explanation
 Discussion on when reinstallation is necessary
 Question and Answer

Lesson Content (Explanation Section – Core Content)

1. Software Categories: System vs. Application
 System Software (Operating System - OS): The master control program that manages the hardware and
allows other software to run. Examples: Windows 10/11, macOS, Linux. The computer cannot function
without an OS.
 Application Software: Programs designed to help users perform specific tasks. Examples: Microsoft
Word (typing), Google Chrome (browsing), VLC (playing media). They run on top of the OS.
Analogy: The OS is like the foundation, plumbing, and electrical wiring of a house. Application software is like
the furniture and appliances (TV, fridge) you bring in to make the house useful.

2. Installing Application Software

Installation is the process of copying and configuring software files from a source (CD, USB, internet) onto your
computer's hard drive so it can run.
General Installation Steps (e.g., Installing VLC Player):
1. Obtain the Installer: Download the legitimate installer file (.exe for Windows) from the official website
or insert a CD/USB.
2. Run the Installer: Double-click the downloaded file (e.g., [Link]).
3. Follow the Setup Wizard:
o User Account Control (UAC): Click "Yes" to allow the installer to make changes.
o Language/Location: Choose your preferred language.
o License Agreement: Read and accept the terms (usually required).
o Choose Components: You can often choose which parts to install (e.g., desktop icon, file
associations). For beginners, "Typical" or "Default" installation is best.
 o Choose Install Location: The installer suggests a folder (usually C:\Program Files\...). You can
usually leave this as default.
o Additional Tasks: Beware of "offers" for extra toolbars or software. Deselect any checkboxes for
additional programs you don't want.
4. Click "Install": The files are copied and configured.
5. Finish: Click "Finish." The software is now ready to use, often with a shortcut on the desktop or Start
Menu.
⚠️Critical Security Practice:
 Source: Only download software from official websites or trusted sources.
 Offers: During installation, read each screen carefully to avoid installing unwanted additional software
(bloatware/adware).

3. Reinstalling the Operating System (OS)

This is a major operation, often called a "clean install." It erases the existing OS and all applications/data on the
system drive (usually C:), replacing it with a fresh copy.
Why Reinstall an OS?
 Severe Malware Infection that cannot be cleaned.
 Critical System File Corruption causing constant crashes.
 Major Performance Issues that other troubleshooting cannot fix.
 Preparing a computer for a new user.
⚠️Extremely Important: A clean install ERASES ALL DATA on the drive. You MUST back up all important
documents, photos, etc., to an external drive or cloud storage before starting.

4. Demonstration: The OS Reinstallation Process (Overview)

The teacher will demonstrate the key stages using a demonstration computer or virtual machine.
Key Stages of a Windows Clean Install:
1. Preparation:
o Backup all user data.
o Obtain the OS installation media (USB flash drive or DVD) and the product license key.
o Ensure the computer is plugged into a power source.
2. Boot from Installation Media:
o Insert the USB/DVD.
o Restart the computer and press a key (e.g., F12, ESC) to enter the Boot Menu.
o Select the USB/DVD drive to boot from it instead of the hard drive.
3. Windows Setup Environment:
o Follow the initial prompts (language, keyboard).
o Click "Install Now."
4. Critical Choice - Drive Partitioning:
o This is the most crucial step. You will see a list of drives and partitions.
o To perform a clean install: You select the partition where the old OS is (often "Drive 0 Partition
2: Primary") and click "Delete." This removes the old OS and data.
o You then select the "Unallocated Space" and click "Next." Windows creates new partitions and
begins installing.
5. Installation & Configuration:
o The files copy and install automatically (takes 20-30 minutes).
o After reboots, you configure settings: region, keyboard, user account, password, privacy settings.
6. Post-Installation:
o Install necessary device drivers (Windows Update often handles this).
o Install antivirus software and essential applications.
o Restore your personal files from the backup.
Table: Application vs. OS Installation
Aspect Installing an Application Reinstalling the OS

Frequency Often, for new tools. Rare, only for major problems.

Low. Usually doesn't affect personal VERY HIGH. Erases everything on the system
Data Risk
files. drive.

Complexity Simple, guided wizard. More complex, requires careful preparation.

Outcome Adds a new program to your existing Provides a completely fresh, like-new system.
Aspect Installing an Application Reinstalling the OS

system.

Key Pre-
Ensure you have administrator rights. BACK UP ALL IMPORTANT DATA.
step

7. Evaluation (Assessment)
1. What is the difference between system software and application software?
2. During application installation, why is it important to carefully read each screen of the setup wizard?
3. What is the single most important action to take BEFORE reinstalling an operating system?
4. During an OS reinstall, what does deleting a partition do, and why is it a critical step?

8. Assignment
1. Write a simple, numbered guide (5-7 steps) for a JSS2 student on how to safely install a new application
like a photo viewer.
2. Research: What are "device drivers"? Why are they important to install after a fresh OS installation?
 OFFICIAL LESSON PLAN – WEEK 8
School: NEW KINGS AND QUEENS MONTESSORI
Teacher’s Name: Tamadu Peter Orukari
Subject: Digital Technologies
Class: JSS 3
Term: Second Term
Week: 8
Date: _______________________________
Duration: 40 Minutes
Topic: Trade-Related Digital Skills
Sub-topic: Introduction to Hardware Repairs, GSM Phone Basics, and Simple Upgrades

1. Instructional Objectives
By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. Identify common, user-replaceable hardware components in a desktop computer.
2. Describe the basic function of a GSM network and key parts of a smartphone.
3. List two simple, safe hardware upgrades a user can perform (adding RAM, replacing a hard drive with an
SSD).
4. State the risks involved in opening a smartphone and why professional repair is often needed.

2. Entry Behaviour
Students understand internal computer components and basic troubleshooting.

3. Learning Resources / Instructional Materials

 Old/defunct desktop computer for demonstration
 Sample components: RAM sticks (DDR3, DDR4), 2.5" SATA SSD, basic tool kit (screwdrivers)
 Disassembled non-functional GSM phone (or large images/diagram)
 Poster showing smartphone internal layout (battery, logic board, screen)

4. Reference Materials
 NERDC Curriculum

5. Teaching Methods
 Demonstration with old hardware
 Explanation of practical skills
 Discussion on career paths
 Question and Answer

6. Presentation (Teaching–Learning Activities)

Step Teacher's Activities Students’ Activities

Holds up an old RAM stick and an SSD. Asks: "If a computer is

Speculate on the
Introduction slow, could swapping these help? Is this something you can learn
possibility and difficulty.
to do?"

Explains that many hardware repairs/upgrades are manageable Listen and identify
Presentation
with the right knowledge and tools. Introduces GSM basics. potential skill areas.

Demonstrates (on the old desktop) how to safely open the case,
Observe the hands-on
Explanation locate RAM slots, and how to properly seat a RAM module.
demonstration closely.
Shows the SSD and its connection points.

Asks: "What does 'GSM' stand for, and what is its primary
Answer based on the
Evaluation function?" "What is one major risk of trying to open a modern
explanation.
smartphone yourself?"

Highlights that these skills are the foundation for IT support and
Discuss which skill they
Summary repair trades, but emphasizes knowing one's limits, especially with
found most interesting.
complex devices.
 Lesson Content (Explanation Section – Core Content)
1. Desktop Hardware: Repairs and Upgrades
Many common computer problems can be fixed, and performance can be improved, by replacing specific internal
components. This is a core trade skill.
A. Replacing or Adding RAM (Memory Upgrade)
 Why do it? To fix slowness when many programs are open. It's one of the easiest and most effective
upgrades.
 The Process (Demonstrated):
1. Power Down & Unplug: Always disconnect all power.
2. Open Case: Remove the side panel.
3. Locate RAM Slots: On the motherboard, near the CPU.
4. Release Clips: Push down the plastic clips at each end of the existing RAM module; it will pop
up.
5. Remove/Insert: Pull the module straight out. To insert a new one, align the notch on the module
with the ridge in the slot and press firmly until the clips snap back into place.
 Key Rule: Match the RAM type (e.g., DDR4) and speed with what the motherboard supports.
B. Replacing a Hard Drive with a Solid State Drive (SSD)
 Why do it? This is the single biggest upgrade for an old computer. An SSD makes the system boot,
launch programs, and load files dramatically faster.
 The Process (Overview):
1. Back Up Data: Crucial! All data on the old drive must be copied elsewhere.
2. Physical Swap: The SSD replaces the old HDD in the same bay, using the same SATA data
cable (from motherboard) and SATA power cable (from PSU).
3. Install OS: A fresh operating system must be installed onto the new SSD (as learned in Week 6),
or the old system must be cloned from the HDD to the SSD using special software.

2. GSM Phone Basics

GSM stands for Global System for Mobile communications. It is the foundational technology for most of the
world's cellular networks.
 Function: It defines how phones connect to cell towers to make calls and send SMS texts.
 SIM Card: The Subscriber Identity Module is a small chip that identifies you to the GSM network. It
stores your phone number and network authentication details.
Basic Smartphone Anatomy:
 Display/Digitizer: The touch-sensitive glass screen.
 Battery: Provides power. Often user-replaceable in older phones, but increasingly glued inside.
 Logic Board: The main circuit board (like a motherboard), holding the CPU, RAM, and other chips.
 Back Camera Module: A complex unit often connected by a fragile ribbon cable.

3. The Reality of Smartphone Repair

While desktop components are modular, modern smartphones are designed for compactness, making repair
difficult.
 Challenges: Components are miniaturized, soldered directly to the logic board, and assembled with
strong adhesives. Specialised tools (heat guns, prying tools, microscopes) are often required.
 Common User Repairs: Replacing a broken screen or a worn-out battery are the most common.
However, these still carry risks of damaging other components.
 Professional Repair: For issues like water damage, charging port failure, or motherboard problems,
seeking a professional technician is strongly advised. They have the tools, spare parts, and expertise.
Table: Desktop vs. Smartphone Repairability
Aspect Desktop Computer Modern Smartphone

Easy. Standard screws, removable Difficult. Often requires heat to soften adhesive,
Ease of Access
panels. prying, and special screwdrivers.

High. Components (RAM, drives,

Modularity Low. Most parts are integrated or soldered.
cards) slot in.

Common DIY Adding RAM, replacing HDD with Replacing a broken screen or battery (with
Fix SSD, cleaning dust. caution).

Risk Level for Low to Moderate (with guidance). High. High risk of causing further damage (e.g.,
Aspect Desktop Computer Modern Smartphone

Novice tearing ribbon cables).

4. Introduction to Digital Trade Careers
These practical skills lead to real-world jobs:
 Computer Repair Technician: Diagnose and fix desktops, laptops, and peripherals.
 Mobile Phone Technician: Specialize in repairing smartphones and tablets.
 Network Installation Technician: Set up and maintain office networks (cabling, routers).
 IT Support Specialist: Provide helpdesk support, software installation, and basic troubleshooting for
organizations.
Safety and Ethics:
 ESD Protection: Always be mindful of static electricity when handling circuit boards.
 Data Privacy: When handling someone else's device, you have a duty to protect their personal data.
 Quality Parts: Use reputable sources for replacement parts.

7. Evaluation (Assessment)
1. What is the primary benefit of upgrading a computer's Hard Disk Drive (HDD) to a Solid State Drive
(SSD)?
2. What does the SIM card in a GSM phone store?
3. Why is repairing a modern smartphone generally more difficult than repairing a desktop computer?
4. Before physically replacing a computer's hard drive, what is the absolutely essential first step?

8. Assignment
1. Research Task: Look up a tutorial online for "how to replace RAM in a desktop computer." Write down
the five key safety or procedural steps that are emphasized.
2. Identify one digital trade career (e.g., phone repair, IT support). Write a short paragraph describing two
main skills or knowledge areas needed for that job.
 OFFICIAL LESSON PLAN – WEEK 9
School: NEW KINGS AND QUEENS MONTESSORI
Teacher’s Name: Tamadu Peter Orukari
Subject: Digital Technologies
Class: JSS 3
Term: Second Term
Week: 9
Date: _______________________________
Duration: 40 Minutes
Topic: Digital Storage and Backup
Sub-topic: Importance of Backups; Cloud Storage; External Drives

1. Instructional Objectives
By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. Define data backup and explain why it is non-negotiable.
2. Explain the "3-2-1 Backup Rule" as a best practice strategy.
3. Compare and contrast cloud storage and external drives as backup solutions.
4. Perform a simple manual backup of a folder to an external drive or cloud service.

2. Entry Behaviour
Students understand hardware components (like hard drives) and the risks of data loss from OS reinstallation or
drive failure.

3. Learning Resources / Instructional Materials

 Computer with internet access
 Projector
 External hard drive/USB flash drive (for demonstration)
 Visual chart of the "3-2-1 Backup Rule"
 Screenshots of cloud storage interfaces (Google Drive, OneDrive)

4. Reference Materials
 NERDC Curriculum

5. Teaching Methods
 Discussion on data loss scenarios
 Explanation of backup strategies
 Live demonstration
 Question and Answer

Lesson Content (Explanation Section – Core Content)

1. Why Backup? The Reality of Data Loss
Your data—documents, photos, project files, music—is often irreplaceable. Hardware fails, malware strikes, and
accidents happen.
Common Causes of Data Loss:
 Hardware Failure: Hard drives have a limited lifespan and can fail suddenly.
 Malware/Ransomware: Can encrypt or delete your files.
 Accidental Deletion: Human error.
 Theft or Physical Damage: Fire, flood, or theft of the device.
The Core Principle: If a file only exists in one place, it does not truly exist. A backup is your only guarantee of
recovery.

2. The Golden Rule: 3-2-1 Backup Strategy

This is a professional best-practice guideline to ensure your data survives almost any disaster.
 3 copies of your data.
o This includes your original working file plus two backups.
 2 different types of storage media.
o Don't keep both backups on the same type of device (e.g., two external HDDs). Use different
media to protect against a common failure mode.
o Example: 1 copy on your computer's internal drive, 1 copy on an external HDD, and 1 copy
in cloud storage.
 1 copy stored offsite.
 o A copy kept in a different physical location (e.g., cloud storage, or an external drive at a relative's
house). This protects against local disasters like fire or theft.

3. Backup Solution 1: External Drives

These are physical devices you connect to your computer (via USB).
 Types: External Hard Disk Drives (HDD) and External Solid State Drives (SSD).
 Pros:
o High Capacity: Can store terabytes of data.
o Fast Transfer: Especially for large backups.
o One-time Cost: No ongoing subscription.
 Cons:
o Can be lost/stolen/damaged along with your computer if kept in the same place.
o Requires manual action to update the backup.
 Best For: Large, local backups of everything (a "full system image") or backing up very large files like
video collections.
How to do a simple manual backup to an external drive:
1. Connect the drive to a USB port.
2. Open File Explorer.
3. Drag and drop your important folder (e.g., "My Documents") onto the icon for the external drive.
4. Wait for the copy to complete. You now have a second copy.

4. Backup Solution 2: Cloud Storage

Cloud storage saves your files on servers on the internet, managed by a company (e.g., Google, Microsoft).
 Examples: Google Drive, Microsoft OneDrive, Dropbox, iCloud.
 How it works: You install a small application on your computer. It creates a special folder (e.g., "Google
Drive" folder). Anything you put in this folder is automatically synced to the cloud and to your other
devices.
 Pros:
o Automatic: Set it and forget it.
o Access Anywhere: Access files from any device with internet.
o Offsite by Default: Protects against local disasters.
o Version History: Many services keep old versions of files.
 Cons:
o Requires Internet: To upload/download files.
o Ongoing Cost: Free tiers have limited space (15GB for Google). More space requires a
monthly/yearly subscription.
o Privacy Concerns: You are trusting a company with your data (read their terms).
 Best For: Automatically backing up crucial documents, photos, and school projects. Ideal for the "offsite"
copy in the 3-2-1 rule.

5. Creating a Personal Backup Plan

1. Identify Critical Data: What can't you afford to lose? (School projects, family photos, important
documents).
2. Choose Your Media: For most students, a combination is ideal:
o Primary Backup: Use cloud storage (Google Drive/OneDrive) for your active schoolwork and
key files. This provides automatic, offsite protection.
o Secondary Backup: Use an external USB drive once a month to copy everything important.
Keep this drive in a different room or bag from your computer.
3. Schedule It: Automate what you can (cloud sync). Put a monthly reminder in your phone to update the
external drive backup.
Table: Backup Methods Comparison
Feature External Drive Cloud Storage

Free for limited space, subscription for

Cost One-time purchase.
more.

Automation Manual (you must remember). Can be automatic (continuous sync).

Access Only where the physical drive is. From any internet-connected device.

Disaster Only if stored offsite. Yes (servers are in remote data centres).
Feature External Drive Cloud Storage

Protection

Large, complete backups; very large Automatic protection of important, active

Best Use Case
files. files.

7. Evaluation (Assessment)
1. Explain the "3-2-1" backup rule in your own words.
2. What is the key advantage of cloud storage over an external drive in terms of disaster recovery?
3. List two potential risks that could cause you to lose files stored only on your computer's internal hard drive.
4. Why is it important to have a backup on a different type of media?

8. Assignment
1. Audit Your Data: List three important files or folders on your computer or phone (e.g., "JSS3 Project
Folder," "Family Photos").
2. Create a Plan: Design a simple 3-2-1 backup plan for these files. Specify what you would use for the two
backup copies and where the offsite copy would be.
 OFFICIAL LESSON PLAN – WEEK 10
School: NEW KINGS AND QUEENS MONTESSORI
Teacher’s Name: Tamadu Peter Orukari
Subject: Digital Technologies
Class: JSS 3
Term: Second Term
Week: 10
Date: _______________________________
Duration: 80 Minutes (Double Period Recommended)
Topic: Project
Sub-topic: Group Project on Hardware Maintenance and Troubleshooting Demonstration

1. Instructional Objectives
By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. Collaborate in a team to diagnose a simulated hardware or maintenance problem.
2. Apply the O.I.T.S. troubleshooting methodology in a practical scenario.
3. Demonstrate a correct hardware maintenance or simple upgrade procedure (e.g., cleaning, RAM
installation).
4. Present their process and solution clearly to the class.

2. Entry Behaviour
Students have learned hardware identification, maintenance, troubleshooting, and basic upgrade procedures.

3. Learning Resources / Instructional Materials

 Several non-functional (but safe) desktop computer setups with intentional, simple faults (e.g., loose RAM,
unplugged power/data cables, dusty fans)
 Basic toolkits (screwdrivers)
 Cleaning supplies (compressed air, microfiber cloths)
 Anti-static wrist straps (if available)
 Project scenario cards for each group
 Assessment checklist/rubric

4. Reference Materials
 Student notes from Weeks 1-4, 8, and 9.

5. Teaching Methods
 Collaborative, project-based learning
 Practical hands-on assessment
 Teacher as facilitator and assessor
 Peer presentation

Lesson Content (Explanation Section – Core Content)

Project Scenario: "The School's IT Assistant"
Your group is the IT support team for the school. A teacher has reported a problem with one of the lab computers.
Your task is to diagnose the fault, perform any necessary maintenance, and return the system to working order.
Group Structure (Roles):
 Team Lead: Reads the scenario, ensures the group follows the O.I.T.S. method, manages time.
 Diagnostician: Leads the physical inspection and hypothesis testing.
 Technician: Performs the hands-on fix (with guidance from the group).
 Recorder/Presenter: Documents the steps taken and presents the solution to the class.
Possible Project Scenarios (Each group gets one):
1. "No Power" Scenario: The computer shows no signs of life. Fault: Power cable loose at the wall, or PSU
switch at the back is turned off. Additional Task: While the case is open for inspection, clean the dust
from the CPU fan heatsink using compressed air.
2. "No Display" Scenario: The computer's power light is on, but the monitor is black. Fault: Monitor power
cable is unplugged, or the VGA/HDMI cable is loose at the monitor end. Additional Task: Properly clean
the monitor screen and the keyboard.
3. "System Error/Beep Codes" Scenario: The computer turns on but emits a series of beeps and doesn't
boot. Fault: RAM module has become slightly loose. Additional Task: Safely remove and re-seat the
RAM module. Identify the RAM type (e.g., DDR3).
 4. "Extremely Noisy" Scenario: The computer turns on and works, but there is a loud grinding noise. Fault:
A large clump of dust is obstructing a case fan. Additional Task: Safely use compressed air to clean all
case vents and fans. Demonstrate how to check if a fan is spinning freely.
Execution Steps for Groups:
1. Receive Scenario: The Team Lead reads the problem description aloud.
2. OBSERVE (5 mins): As a group, observe the computer setup. Do not touch anything yet. Note the
symptoms. Check all external connections visually.
3. IDENTIFY (5 mins): Discuss the most likely simple causes based on your observation and lessons.
Formulate a plan to test the most likely cause first.
4. TEST & SOLVE (15 mins):
o The Technician, under group guidance, performs the tests.
o Always power off and unplug before opening the case or touching internal components.
o Use tools carefully. If the first test doesn't solve it, regroup and identify the next likely cause.
o Perform the additional maintenance task.
5. VERIFY (5 mins): Once the fix is applied, reconnect power and test if the problem is resolved.
6. PREPARE PRESENTATION (10 mins): The Recorder prepares a short report: What was the problem?
What were your first two hypotheses? What was the actual cause? What fix did you apply? What
maintenance did you perform?
Safety and Assessment Rules:
 No power when open: The case must not be opened while the computer is plugged in.
 Gentle handling: Components are fragile. No forced insertions.
 Teacher verification: The teacher must verify before powering on after an internal fix.
 Marks will be given for methodology, correct identification, safe procedure, successful fix, and clear
presentation.
Table: Project Assessment Rubric
Criteria Excellent (4) Good (3) Developing (2)

Clearly followed O.I.T.S., Followed a logical Process was disorganized

Troubleshooting
tested logical hypotheses in process but skipped or jumped to complex
Method
order. documenting a step. solutions first.

Identified the general

Problem Correctly identified the root Misdiagnosed the
area but not the exact
Diagnosis cause. problem.
cause.

Fix performed correctly with

Fix performed correctly Fix attempted but
Practical Fix & exemplary safety
with minor safety incorrect or unsafe
Safety (unplugged, anti-static
oversight. practices observed.
awareness).

Task performed
Maintenance task performed Task not completed or
Maintenance Task partially or with minor
thoroughly and correctly. done incorrectly.
error.

Explanation was
Clear, concise explanation of Explanation was
Presentation somewhat unclear or
the problem and solution. confusing or incomplete.
omitted a key point.

7. Evaluation (Assessment)
This is a summative practical assessment. Students will be evaluated based on the rubric above during their group
work and final presentation.

8. Assignment
1. Group Report: Submit your group's completed presentation notes, documenting your scenario, process,
and solution.
2. Individual Reflection: Write a paragraph on what you found most challenging about the hands-on
troubleshooting process and one skill you feel you improved.