Course: Industrial electronics

Code: ELC 421

Instructor: Dr Osama A. Monem
Second term
Chapter 2 AC to DC Converters

Outline
2.1 Single-phase controlled rectifier
2.2 Three-phase controlled rectifier
2.1 Single- phase controlled (controllable) rectifier

2.1.1 Single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier

u2
Resistive load b)
0  t1  2 t
ug
VT c)
T
id 0 t
uVT ud
u1 u2 ud R
d)
0  t
a) uVT

e)
0 t

1  2U 2 1  cos 
Ud 
2  2U 2 sin td (t ) 
2
(1  cos  )  0.45U 2
2 （2-1）
Inductive (resistor-inductor) load

u2

b)
0  t1  2 t
VT ug
id
T
uVT L c)
0 t
u1 u2 ud ud
R + +
d)
0 t
a) id
e)
0  t
uVT

f)
0 t
Single- phase half- wave controlled rectifier with freewheeling diode
load (L is large enough) Inductive

T VT u2
iVD id
b) O  T1 t
uVT L ud
a) u1 u2 ud c)
R O t
VDR id
d) Id
O t
iVT Id
e)
+ t
O - 
f ) iVDR
O t
g) uVT
O t
  
I dVT  Id （2-5）
2
1   
I VT 
2  I d2 d (t ) 
2
Id （2-6）

 
I dVD  Id （2-7）
2
R

1 2   
I VD R 
2  I d2 d (t ) 
2
Id （2-8）

Maximum forward voltage, maximum reverse voltage

Disadvantages:
–Only single pulse in one line cycle
–DC component in the transformer current
2.1.2 Single- phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier
 Resistive load

ud(id)
ud
id
b)
VT1 VT3 d i 0    t
i2
T a
uVT
ud 1 ,4
u1 u2 R
c)
b 0 t
VT2 VT4 i2
d)
a) 0 t
Average output (rectified) voltage:

1  2 2U2 1  cos 1  cos

Ud   2U2 sintd(t )   0.9U2 （2-9）
   2 2

Average output current:

U d 2 2U 2 1  cos  U 2 1  cos 
Id    0.9 （2-10）
R R 2 R 2
For thyristor:
1 U 1  cos
I dVT  I d  0.45 2 （2-11）
2 R 2

1  2U 2 U 1   （2-12）
I VT 
2  (
R
sin t ) 2 d (t )  2
2 R 2
sin 2 


For transformer :
1  2U2 U 1  
( sint)2 d(t)  2 sin2 
I  I2  (2-13)
  R R 2 
 Inductive load (L is large enough)

u2

 t
ud


Id  t
VT1 VT3 d i
i2 id
T a
 t
Id
u1 u2 ud R iVT1,4
 t
b iVT2,3 Id
VT2 VT4  t
i2 Id
a)

, t
Id
uVT1,4
 t
b)
 1   2 2
 
Ud  2U2 sintd(t )  U2 cos  0.9U2 cos （2-15）


 Electro- motive-force (EMF) load With resistor

id ud
E

R O    t
ud id
E Id

O t
a) b)
2.1.3 Single- phase full- wave controlled rectifier
center tape transformer

VT1 ud
i1
T u
2
u1 O t
VT 2 u d
u2 R i1

O t

a) b)
Summary of some important points in analysis

When analyzing a thyristor circuit, start from a diode circuit with the same
topology. The behavior of the diode circuit is exactly the same as the
thyristor circuit when firing angle is 0.
A power electronic circuit can be considered as different linear circuits
when the power semiconductor devices are in different states. The
time- domain behavior of the power electronic circuit is actually the
combination of consecutive transients of the different linear circuits.
Take different principle when dealing with different load
– For resistive load: current waveform of a resistor is the same as the
voltage waveform
–For inductive load with a large inductor: the inductor current can
be considered constant
2.2 Three- phase controlled (controllable) rectifier

2.2.1 Three- phase half- wave controlled rectifier

Resistive load, α= 0º
ua ub uc
u2
T a
VT1
b O  t1  t2  t3 t
VT2
c uG
VT3
ud
ud t
R id
O t
iVT1
Common-cathode connection
O t
Natural commutation point uVT1
O t

uab uac
Resistive load, α= 30º
u2
ua ub uc

O t

T a uG
VT1
b
O t
ud
VT2
c
VT3 O  t1 t
ud iVT1

R id
O
uVT1 u t
ac

O
t
uab uac
Resistive load, α= 60º

u2 ua ub uc

T O t
a
VT1
b
VT2 uG
c
VT3 uO t
ud d

R id t
O
iVT
1

O t
Resistive load, quantitative analysis
When α≤ 30º , load current id is continuous.
5
1  3 6
Ud 
2 

6
6

2U 2 sin td (t ) 
2
U 2 cos   1.17U 2 cos  （2-18）

3
When α > 30º , load current id is discontinuous.
1  3 2      
Ud 
2  
6

2U 2 sin td (t ) 
2
U 2 1  cos(   )  0.6751  cos(   ) (2-19)
 6   6 
3

Average load current

Ud
Id  （2-20）
R
 Inductive load, L is large enough
 5
1  3 6
Ud 
2 
6
6

2U 2 sin td (t ) 
2
U 2 cos   1.17U 2 cos  （2-18）

3
Thyristor voltage and currents, transformer current :

1 I VT
I 2  I VT  I d  0.577 I d （2-23） I VT(AV)   0.368I d （2-24）
3 1.57
U FM  U RM  2.45U 2 （2-25）
2.2.2 Three- phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier

Circuit diagram
VT1 VT3 VT5 d 1
ia
id
T
a
load ud
n b c

VT4 VT6 VT 2 d 2

Common- cathode group and common- anode group of thyristors

Numbering of the 6 thyristors indicates the trigger sequence.
Resistive load, α= 0º

VT1 VT3 VT5 d 1

ia
id
T
a
load ud
n b c

VT4 VT6 VT 2 d 2
 u2 = 0° ua ub uc
ud1

O  t1 t
ud2
I II III IV V VI
u2L uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac
ud

O t

iVT
1
O t
uVT uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac
1

O t

uab uac
Resistive load, α= 30º

VT1 VT3 VT5 d 1

ia
id
T
a
load ud
n b c

VT4 VT6 VT 2 d 2
 = 30¡ ua ub uc
ud1
ã

O  t1 t
ud2 І II III IV V VI
ud uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac

O t

uVT u ab u
ac u bc u ba u ca ucb u ab u ac
1

O t

uab uac
ia

O t
Resistive load, α= 60º

VT1 VT3 VT5 d 1

ia
id
T
a
load ud
n b c

VT4 VT6 VT 2 d 2
  = 60 º
u d1 ua ub uc

t1
O t

u d2
I II III IV V VI
u ab uac u bc uba u ca ucb u ab uac
ud

O t

u VT
1
uac uac

O t

u ab
Resistive load, α= 90º

VT1 VT3 VT5 d 1

i
a

id
T
a
load ud
n b c

VT4 VT6 VT 2 d 2
Inductive load, α= 0º

VT1 VT3 VT5 d 1

ia
id
T
a
load ud
n b c

VT4 VT6 VT 2 d 2
u2 = 0º ua ub uc
ud1

O  t1 t
ud2
u2L I II III IV V VI
uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac
ud

O t

id

O t
iVT
1
O t
Inductive load, α= 30º

VT1 VT3 VT5 d 1

i
a

id
T
a
load ud
n b c

VT4 VT6 VT2 d 2

 = 30° u ub uc
ud 1 a

O t1 t

ud 2
I II III IV V VI
ud uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac

O t

id

O t
ia

O t
Inductive load, α= 90º

VT1 VT3 VT5 d 1

ia
id
T
a
load ud
n b c

VT4 VT6 VT 2 d 2