Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures I

Lecture 1
Introduction & Requirements
Chapter 1: Introduction to Reinforced
Concrete Structures

Dr. Eng. Ngo Viet Dung

Building Structures Department 2009 - 2026
Mobile: 0948 402 608
Email: dungnv@[Link]
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Page 1
 Reinforced Concrete Structure
(Basic Components) (RC1)
a' Rb A’s
RscA’s
x RbAb
M Ab
ho
h

As
Rs A s
b
a

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 Introduction (cont.)
1. Overview
- Equipping basic knowledge of: reinforced concrete
materials, calculating and designing basic components
(bending, tensile, compressive components) in the
construction structure.
- Provide basic knowledge of pre-stressed concrete.
- Strengthen the ability to analyze and be confident in
designing of reinforced concrete components.
2. Objectives
a. Knowledge
- Identify the terms, concepts of mechanics, materials
and pre-stressed reinforced concrete and concrete
components. (Taipei 101 508m)

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 Introduction (cont.)
2. Objectives (cont.)
a. Knowledge
- Can explain the basic characteristics and
application scope of pre-stressed reinforced
concrete and concrete structures.
- Can present the computing principle of basic
components of reinforced concrete structures.
b. Skills
- Ability to build formulas and set up flow charts to
calculate basic reinforced concrete components.
- Proposing solutions and structural design plans
using pre-stressed reinforced concrete and concrete
materials. (Taipei 101 508m)

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 Introduction (cont.)
2. Objectives (cont.)
b. Skills
- Ability to self-search documents, self-study and
present specialized content.
- Ability to work in groups to discuss and solve
problems related to pre-stressed reinforced
concrete and concrete structures.
- Understand the English terminology for
reinforced concrete structures.
- Calculate and design basic components of
reinforced concrete structures.
- Draw all or parts of the calculated products for
construction. (Keangnam Hanoi
Landmark Tower
70F, 2B 336m)

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 Introduction (cont.)
2. Objectives (cont.)
c. Attitude
- Awareness, industrial working style, dynamic
creativity.
- Always update and apply new standards of
Vietnam, foreign criteria for reference.
- Have the responsibility, trusting about the
accuracy of the calculation results.
- Group exercises and essays must be done by
the students themselves. If found to be copied,
handle the students concerned by evaluating 0 (Keangnam Hanoi
Landmark Tower
(zero) process points. 70F, 2B 336m)

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 Course Structures (4 credits)
1. Lectures: This subject mainly includes lectures with time
distribution: 15 weeks.
(4 hours of theory+0 hours of practice, and 8 hours of self-study per
week)
2. Practice: There is no practical part.
3. Learning conditions:
Prerequisite courses: Mechanics of Materials
(MEMA241221E)
Previous courses: None (Burj Khalifa 828m)

Parallel courses: None

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 Course Structures (4 credits)
4. Process assessment (PA) :  = 50%

a. Attendance 10%

b. Mini tests 20%

c. Project - Presentation: 20%

(week 3 register, week 12-15 presentation)

5. Final exam: (open – 90 minutes) 50%

(Burj Khalifa 828m)

6. Moral: Copy: 0 mark

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 Exercises in class
Ratio
Test type Content Time Test tool
(%)
Exercises in class =20
Calculation of reinforcement, testing of bearing
Ex#1 capacity of bending components of single and Week 3 Mini test 3-4
double-ribbed rectangular sections
Calculation of reinforcement, testing of bearing
Ex#2 capacity of bending sections with T-shaped Week 4 Mini test 3-4
section, single-core I, double reinforcement
Calculate reinforcement, check bearing capacity
Ex#3 Week 6 Mini test 3-4
of tensile components

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 Exercises in class (cont.)
Test Ratio
Test type Content Time
tool (%)
Exercises in class =20
Calculating reinforcement, checking the
Ex#4 bearing capacity of the components with Week 7 Mini test 3-4
proper compression
Calculate reinforcement, check bearing
Ex#5 capacity of flat eccentric compression Week 8 Mini test 3-4
components
Calculate reinforcement, check bearing
Ex#6 capacity of oblique eccentric compressive Week 9 Mini test 3-4
components
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 Projects
Ratio
Test type Content Time Test tool
(%)
Project =10
Report on week 5

Working in Team to design T- Product

Pro#1 Complete and 5
beam, I-beam structure assess
return to the
instructor on week 6
Report on week 10

Working in Team to design

Complete and Product
Pro#2 simple reinforced concrete flat 5
return to the assess
frame structure
instructor on week
11
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 Presentation
Test Test Ratio(
Content Time
type tool %)
Presentation =10
For student
groups to
register the
After each lesson, the lecturers propose
title of the
topics for groups of students to choose the
essay starting
research direction for essays.
from week 3
List of topics:
Complete the Present
Pr#1 1. Calculation of reinforced concrete
list of student ation 10
structures according to European standards
groups and the
2. Calculating reinforced concrete structures
topic title of
according to British standards
the essay on
3. Calculation of steel concrete structure
week 12
according to American standards
Present on
week 15

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 Presentation (cont.)
Test Test Ratio(
Content Time
type tool %)
Presentation =10
For student
After each lesson, the lecturers propose
groups to
topics for groups of students to choose the
register the
research direction for essays.
title of the
List of topics:
essay starting
from week 3
4. Give an example to calculate the reinforced
concrete structure according to foreign
Complete the Present
Pr#1 standards in English. Ask students to translate
list of student ation 10
and give presentations
groups and the
5. Calculation of pre-stressed concrete
topic title of
structures
the essay on
6. Application of software to automate the
week 12
design of reinforced concrete structures
7. Other (Students can propose other topics -
Present on
Lecturers give comments and approval)
week 15

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 (Sky City 1000m)

Course Content
Chapter 1: Introduction to RC structures W1

Chapter 2: Members in bending W2-5

Chapter 3: Members in tension W6

Chapter 4: Members in compression W7-10

Chapter 5: Cracking resistance W11

(Roppongi Hills
238m)

Chapter 6: Pre-stressed concrete W12-14

Chapter 7: Reviews W15

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 Learning Resources
A – MAIN TEXTBOOK
1. Bill Mosley, John Bungey, Ray Hulse, Reinforced Concrete Design
to Eurocode 2, 6th Edition, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. (7th edition,
2012 published)
2. Phan Quang Minh, Ngô Thế Phong, Nguyễn Đình Cống, Kết cấu
Bê tông cốt thép, phần cấu kiện cơ bản, Nhà xuất bản Khoa học và
kỹ thuật, 2012.
3. Nguyễn Tiến Chương, Kết cấu bê tông ứng suất trước. Nhà xuất
bản Xây dựng, Hà Nội, 2010
4. Bộ xây dựng, TCVN 5574:2018, Thiết kế kết cấu bê tông và bê
tông cốt thép
5. V. Baikov, E. Sigalov, Reinforced concrete structures Volume 1,
1981
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 Learning Resources
B – REFERENCE TEXTBOOK
1. A.W. Beeby et al., Worked Examples for the Design of Concrete Buildings, British cement
association, 1994.
2. D. Pike, A.W. Beeby et al., Manual for the design of concrete building structures to
Eurocode 2, The Institution of Structural Engineers, 2006.
3. A.J. Bond, T. Harrison et al., How to Design Concrete Structures using Eurocode 2, The
Concrete Centre, 2006.
4. D.J. Lee, R.S. Narayanan et al., Manual for the design of reinforced concrete building
structures to EC2, The Institution of Structural Engineers, 2000.
5. Design aids for EC2 – Design of concrete structures, Betonvereniging Concrete Society,
1997.
6. Jack C. McCormac, Russell H. Brown, Design of Reinforced Concrete, 9th Edition, John
Wiley & Sons, 2014.
7. James K. Wight, James G. MacGregor, Reinforced Concrete - Mechanics and Design, 6th
Edition, Pearson Engineering, 2012.
8. M. Nadim Hassoun, Akthem Al-Manaseer, Structural Concrete - Theory and Design, 5th
Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
9. Arthur Nilson, David Darwin, Charles Dolan, Design of Concrete Structures, 14th Edition,
McGraw-Hill Higher Engineering, 2010.
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 More References

REFERENCE STANDARDS

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 Week 1
Beginning
• Introduction of Design reinforced concrete structures
course.
• Discuss the objectives, structure, content of the subject.
• Form of assessment and examination of subject.
• Introduce learning resources & references, standards.

Chapter 1: Introduction to Reinforced Concrete

Structures
1.1. Practical meaning of the subject
1.2. Working principle between concrete and reinforcement
1.3. Classification of reinforced concrete structures

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 Week 1
Chapter 1: Introduction to Reinforced Concrete
Structures
1.4. Advantages and disadvantages of reinforced concrete
structures

1.5. Application fields and development trends

1.6. Physico-mechanical properties of reinforced concrete

1.7. Content and steps to design reinforced concrete structures

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 Week 1
Chapter 1: Introduction to Reinforced Concrete
Structures
1.8. Case of load, internal force and combination

1.9. Computing method of reinforced concrete structures

1.10. Principle of basic composition of reinforced concrete

structure

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 1.1. Practical Meaning of the Subject
After finishing the course, students can understand the work,
design calculations or test the bearing capacity of reinforced
concrete components (bending, tension, compression). As a basis
for learning higher subjects in reinforced concrete groups such as:
- Reinforced concrete structure (RC2)
- Reinforced concrete high-rise building (RC3)
- Design of structures subject to earthquake load
- Advanced pre-stressed reinforced concrete structure (graduate)
In addition, students have the knowledge to implement 2 subject
projects of RC1 and RC2, and initially get acquainted with the parts
in the Graduation Project.

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 1.2. Working principle between concrete
and reinforcement
1.2.1 Concept
– Reinforced concrete is a complex material made by
concrete and reinforcement
– Concrete: composite materials, consisting of sand + stone
(gravel) + cement + water  form artificial stone
– Quality depends on :
• Quality of composing materials
• Manufacturing method
• Maintenance mode

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 1.2. Working principle between concrete
and reinforcement
History of using materials
Human history has used many types of construction
materials :
Rock
Used for thousands of years
Wood
Steel
Used over 200 years
Concrete
Modern urban architecture mostly uses steel and concrete
materials
Houses, offices, bridges and roads, water supply and drainage
systems ...
The complex system of infrastructure has contributed to the
development of the world economy.
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 1.2. Working principle between concrete
and reinforcement
History of using materials

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 1.2. Working principle between concrete
and reinforcement
History of using materials

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 1.2. Working principle between concrete
and reinforcement
History of using materials

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 1.2. Working principle between concrete
and reinforcement
1.2.2. Working between concrete and reinforcement
– Concrete: Very good compressive strength, poor tensile strength (when
calculations can be ignored) 1 1
Rbt     Rb
 15 10 
– Reinforcement: good compression and tensile strength : Rs ≈ Rsc
Ex: Concrete B15 has Rb=8.5MPa; Steel AI has Rs=Rsc=225 Mpa
Reinforcement is put into concrete to create RC structure. In particular,
compressive stress is subjected by concrete + steel, tensile stress is
beared by steel  create RC material with better bearing capability,
superiority.
 Reinforcement is placed in concrete not only for tensile strength
but also for bending, twisting, cutting, compressing at the center and
off-center
 When arrange the bearing load reinforcement, the cross-section
size, the structure self weight will be reduced, while ensuring high
strength to the structure.

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 1.2.3. Bending reinforced concrete
components (M)
P P P P

L/3 L/3 L/3 L/3 L/3 L/3

Cracks caused by tension Cracking concrete

Plastic destructive (less Brittle destructive (excess steel)

steel)
Place the reasonable reinforcement in the area of
tension resistant concrete
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1.2.4. Compressive reinforced concrete
components (M+N)

Large eccentric
compression Small eccentric
column compression
column
( M  )
( N  )

Place the reasonable reinforcement in the both

areas of tension and compression resistant
concrete
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1.2.5. Why concrete and reinforcement in reinforced
concrete can corporate to bearing load ?

 Due to the adhesive force between concrete and

reinforcement
 There was no chemical reaction between
concrete and reinforcement !!!
=
 Concrete protect reinforcement against
corrosion
 Concrete and reinforcement have almost the
same coefficient of thermal expansion

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 Adhesive force between concrete
and reinforcement
lanchor Adhesive force = cement grip force
(25%) + friction force (75%)

N
d

td,TB = N/(pdlanchor)

td,max

Reinforced concrete can withstand load due to friction

between concrete and reinforcement  lanchor ≥ (15-20)d
(not pulled out)
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 Corrosion of steel in concrete

Concrete

Reinforcement

Consequences of
Moisture, the penetration of - Create corrosive products corrosion
Oxygen and Chlorine
- The volume is expanded
Penetrate through concrete - Cracking is widen
Penetrate through cracks - The corrosion continues

Reinforced concrete protection layer must be thick enough,

depending on the external environmental properties. ( TCVN
5574-2018, TCXDVN 327-2004)
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1.2. Working principle between concrete
and reinforcement
Basic factors to ensure concrete and
reinforcement work together :
 Adhesive force on contact surface
between concrete and reinforcement
There is no chemical reaction between
concrete and reinforcement from
manufacture to use. BT is strong, protecting
reinforcement from rust due to the
corrosive effects of the environment.
Concrete and reinforcement thermal
expansion coefficient are approximately the
same(t0 < 1000C).

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 1.3. Classification of reinforced
concrete structures
– According to the construction method :
• Monolithic RC
• Precast RC
• Semi Precast RC
– According to the mass:
• Heavy concrete: average density γm = 22÷25 kN/m3
• Small grain concrete: average density γm > 18 kN/m3
• Light concrete has a solid and hollow structure
• Porous concrete
• Special concrete: self-stressed concrete
– According to stress state:
• Normal concrete
• Pre-stressed concrete
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 1.3. Classification of reinforced
concrete structures

Monolithic RC

Multi-storey building

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 1.3. Classification of reinforced
concrete structures

Precast RC

Multi-storey building

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 1.3. Classification of reinforced
concrete structures

Multi-
Precast RC
storey
building

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 1.3. Classification of reinforced
concrete structures

Super
Precast RC
market

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 1.3. Classification of reinforced
concrete structures

Factory
Precast RC

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 1.3. Classification of reinforced
concrete structures

Apartment
Precast RC

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 1.4. Advantages and disadvantages of reinforced
concrete structures
Advantages of RC

 Use local materials: sand, stone, grit, gravel

(except steel and cement)
 Greater bearing capacity than stone and wood tiles structures
(Especially resistant to large moment)
 Can withstand dynamic loads including earthquakes and explosions
 Sustainable over time, low maintenance costs
 Good fire resistance capability
 Can create any shape according to architectural and aesthetic
requirements
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 1.4. Advantages and disadvantages of reinforced
concrete structures
Advantages of RC
 Better bearing than brick, stone and wood, especially compression resistance
1920s: ~ 15 MPa
1950s: ~ 50 MPa
1992: ~ 135 MPa (Petronas Tower, Kuala-Lumpur, Malaysia)
Current: ~ 800 MPa (French Laboratory)
 The composition of materials that make up concrete is very popular in nature.
 Easy to manufacture, anytime and anywhere.
 Withstand all kinds of loads, including earthquakes, fires, explosions ...
 Sustainable over time, low maintenance costs
 Good heat resistance
 Highly reusable

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 1.4. Advantages and disadvantages of reinforced
concrete structures
Disadvantages of RC

 Great self weight (1800-2500 kG/m3) 

It is difficult to make a structure with a large span
Use lightweight concrete, pre-stressed concrete, thin shell structure
 Poor soundproof and heatproof
Use porous reinforced concrete structure
 Complex construction work, long time
Use precast reinforced concrete structure
 Easy to appear cracks that cause quality and aesthetic damage
Use pre-stressed structures, calculate limit state 2 : an ≤ [an] ,…use
fiber reinforcement, ...…
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 1.4. Advantages and disadvantages of reinforced
concrete structures
Disadvantages of RC
The weight itself is relatively large (1800-2500 kG / m3), so it is difficult to make
bearing structures with large beats. Remedies:
Use high strength concrete
Combined steel concrete
pre-stressed Concrete
Construction time is long. Remedies: Use prefabricated reinforced concrete.
The volume changes with time due to the properties of the variable and shrinkage of
concrete
Has poor sound insulation. Remedies: Use reinforced concrete with hollow structure.

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 1.4. Advantages and disadvantages of reinforced
concrete structures
Advantages Disadvantages Solution
-Use local materials - Great self weight -Use light RC, pre-
- High bearing capacity => Overcome small stressed RC
compared to brick and span. -Use porous
wood structure - Has poor sound structures
- Bear dynamic load insulation. - Combine precast
well - Under the influence structures
- Sustainable, less of weather and
expensive maintenance, climate =>Slow
good fire resistance construction - Use pre-stressed RC
- Execute many - Easy to crack when or reasonable
different shapes subject to loads or calculation and
other actions construction methods

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 1.5. Application fields and development trends
 Civil and industrial engineering

 Road bridge and transportation - irrigation

 Special engineering: - Defense structures

- Nuclear power plant

 Research on new concrete materials:

 Extremely high strength concrete ( ≥ 80 MPa)
 HPFRCC concrete (ïex: bending concrete ECC)
 Use modern laboratory equipment: special sensor,
large scale structure laboratory,….
 Develop new method on analysis and calculation
of internal forces and design of reinforced concrete
structures. Page 46
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 1.5. Application fields and development trends

Civil and industrial

engineering

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1.5. Application fields and development trends

Civil and industrial

engineering

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1.5. Application fields and development trends

Civil and industrial

engineering

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1.5. Application fields and development trends
Civil and industrial
engineering

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1.5. Application fields and development trends

Civil and industrial

engineering

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 1.5. Application fields and development trends

Civil and industrial

engineering

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1.5. Application fields and development trends

Civil and industrial

engineering

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1.5. Application fields and development trends

Civil and industrial

engineering

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 1.5. Application fields and development trends

Road and bridge

transportation -
irrigation

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1.5. Application fields and development trends
Road and bridge transportation
- irrigation

Special engineering: national defense structures, nuclear power plant

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1.5. Application fields and development trends

Road and bridge transportation - irrigation

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1.5. Application fields and development trends
Road and bridge transportation
- irrigation

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 1.5. Application fields and development trends

Road and bridge transportation

- irrigation

Special engineering: national defense structures, nuclear power plant

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© 2009-2026 [Link] Dung, University of Technology and Engineering RCST240617E
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 Properties of bending concrete (ECC)

Multiple Cracking

1st Crack ECC

Tensile stress

Strain hardening

PVA-ECC bending test

Strain Softening by Prof. Victor C. Li

Properties of ECC
Concrete FRC • Multiple cracking effect

Tensile strain • Max tensile strain eult > 2%

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Large scale structural testing

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 Experiment with FOS
sensor

Sensors FOS DA system (in

Observed structures
(various type) situ)

Communication system
(eg phone line)

Data storage
(HDD or CD)

Data processing Output data

(automatic by (and make
computer) Diagnose decisions)

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 Strength Design
equivalent to TCXDVN 356

Mu - momen tính toán

Mn - momen danh nghĩa
f - HS giảm sức bền

Use linear elastic analysis to calculate reinforced

concrete internal forces
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 (Plastic Design)
use for designing reinforced concrete slab

Mo =wul2/8

Use plastic analysis to calculate reinforced

concrete internal forces
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 Displacement based Design - DBD

- Developed from 1990, for seismic design of RC structures

- Building damages directly related to Strain

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 1.6. Physico-mechanical
properties of reinforced concrete

1.6.1. Physico-mechanical properties of concrete

1.6.2. Physico-mechanical properties of reinforcement
1.6.3. Physico-mechanical properties of reinforced concrete
structures

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 1.6.1. Physico-mechanical
properties of concrete
Mechanical and physical pro. = mechanical pro. + physical pro.
Concrete mechanical pro. = F (Water/Cement ratio, cement type, sand and
gravel, admixture, construction methods, conditions for maintenance)
 Concrete intensity = basic characteristic of concrete, determined by
compression test according to TCVN 3118-1993
- Mechanical properties (strength and strain)
- Physical properties (shrinkage, creep, waterproofing ability…)
A.1. Strength
• A.1.1. Compressive strength
• A.1.2. Tensile strength
• A.1.3. Factors affecting the strength of concrete
A.2. Strain
• A.2.1. Strain due to load
• A.2.2. Strain due to shrinkage
• A.2.3. Strain due to temperature
A.3. Concrete elasticity modulus
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 1.6.1. Physico-mechanical
properties of concrete
A.1. Strength
A.1.1 Concrete compressive strength
a. Compressive strength of the test sample:
• The test sample is a cube shaped, manufactured and
maintenance under standard conditions and compressive
testing at the age of 28 days (temperature 20 ± 2 ° C, humidity
90%)

Bàn nén
a
a

Mẫu thử
a

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 1.6.1. Physico-mechanical
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b. The compressive durability level of concrete (Basic quality criteria)
• Definition: The compressive durability level of concrete (B) is the statistical average
of the instant compressive strength in MPa with a guaranteed probability of not less
than 95%, determined on standard size cubes (150x150x150) fabricated and
maintenance under standard conditions and tested at age 28 days.

n1.B1 n2.B2 .....[Link]

B  Bm (1 1,64 ) Bm 
Where: n1 n2 .....nn
• υ : As a coefficient of variation of the intensity of the standard test samples
depends on the level of concrete production, υ = 0,135 with compressive concrete.
• Bm : Is the statistical average of the compressive strength of the sample
• n1 , n2 , … nn: numbers of standard test samples of the corresponding intensity are
B1, B2 , … Bn
• B is also known as intensity (compressive resistance) characteristic of concrete.

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 1.6.1. Physico-mechanical
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c. Standard compressive strength of concrete Rbn
Is characteristic compressive strength B, mentioning the behavior of
concrete in reality is different from doing experiments.
Rbn
 (0,77  0,001B)  0,72 (Structural factor)
B
d. Calculated compressive strength of concrete
R bn
Limit state 1: R b  .  bi
 bc
Limit state 2: Rbn
Rbser 
– Where:  bc
γbc : Reliability coefficient of concrete when compressing,
equal to 1,3-1,5
γbi : Working coefficient of concrete (depending on the cases)
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 1.6.1. Physico-mechanical
properties of concrete
A.1. Strength (cont.):

A.1.2 Concrete tensile strength

a. Tensile strength of the test sample

Np a Np
Np
Bit 
A 4a
Where:

Np : The sample destructive force

A : Sample cross section area

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 1.6.1. Physico-mechanical
properties of concrete
b. Tensile durability level of concrete
Bt  Bmt (1  1, 64 ) n .B  n .B  .....nnt .Bnt
Bmt  1 1t 2 2t
Where: n1t  n2t  .....nnt
• υ : As a coefficient of variation of the strength of the
standard test samples depends on the level of concrete
production, υ = 0,165 with tension concrete.

• Bmt : Is the statistical average of the tensile strength of

the test samples

• n1 , n2 , … nn: numbers of standard test samples of the

corresponding strength are B1t , B2t , … Bnt

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 1.6.1. Physico-mechanical
properties of concrete

A.1.3 Factors affecting the strength of concrete

a. Ingredients and Casting method of concrete

• Quality and quantity of cement

• Hardness, cleanliness and gradation of aggregate

• Water/cement ratio

• The quality of concrete kneading, concrete compacting,

maintenance conditions

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 1.6.1. Physico-mechanical
properties of concrete
b. The strength of concrete over time
The strength of concrete over time is calculated by the formula B.G
Xkrantaep: t = (7÷300 days)
B
Comments:
B28 When t is small, Btime
Btime
increases, then increases
slowly and asymptotic at a
certain value.
t 28 t(days) When t > 28 days, strength
Age of concrete: It is the time increases but not significantly,
from the time of making concrete considered as 100% intensity
to the time being considered at t = 28 days.
(days).

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 1.6.1. Physico-mechanical
properties of concrete
Concrete compressive strength (reference)
P P

H = 300
P 4P
h = 150

fc  2 fc 
w pD 2
w = 150 D = 150
Coefficient of
Sample
Dimensions (mm) conversion Note
types
a = R150 / Rmẫu
100 x 100 x 100 0.91
Cube 150 x 150 x 150 1.00 TCVN 3118-93 (Vietnam)
200 x 200 x 200 1.05
D = 100 , H = 200 1.16
Cylinder D = 150 , H = 300 1.20 ACI 318-02 (USA)
D = 200 , H = 400 1.24
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 1.6.1. Physico-mechanical
properties of concrete
TCVN 5574:2018 The compressive strengths of concrete

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 1.6.1. Physico-mechanical
properties of concrete
TCVN 5574:2018 The compressive strengths of concrete

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 1.6.1. Physico-mechanical
properties of concrete
TCVN 5574:2018 The compressive strengths of concrete

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 1.6.1. Physico-mechanical
properties of concrete
Flexural strength of concrete

3s

h = 100
ff  2
P
Concrete sample w = 100
2 wh
s = 300
50 50

Modulus of Rupture P = Pmax  MOR = ff,max

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 1.6.1. Physico-mechanical
properties of concrete
A.2. Strain
A.2.1 Strain due to load
a. Strain due to short-term effects 
•Conduct concrete compression test, D
cr
measure and establish the relationship
b A
between stress and strain
•Point D corresponds to the destructive
sample. At that time the stress of concrete αo
was cr. Concrete strain is ecr, with the
εpl εel εb εcr ε
correct center cylinder pattern:
εb
ecr = 2x10-3, bending components ecr can
reach 3.5x10-3 (compressive edge)

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 1.6.1. Physico-mechanical
properties of concrete
a. Strain due to short-term effects
 Consider the case when loading
reach point A (not destructive) and then

reduce to 0, the strain of the concrete
D
has not completely recovered. cr

 The part which cannot be recovered b A

when loading reach zero is called elastic
strain, the part which is not recoverable
when loading reach zero is called plastic αo
strain. εpl εel εb εcr ε
=> Concrete is an elasto-plastic material εb

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 1.6.1. Physico-mechanical
properties of concrete

a. Strain due to short-term effects


• Concrete strain:
D
e b  e el  e pl cr

• Elastic coefficient : b A
e el
   1
eb
• When stress is small, the strain is αo
mainly elastic.
εpl εel εb εcr ε
• When the stress is large, the plastic
εb
strain increases, the elastic coefficient
decreases

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 1.6.1. Physico-mechanical
properties of concrete
A.2.1 Strain due to load
b. Creep
When applying a compressive test to point A and then
keeping the load for a long time, the strain continues
to increase to point B. The additional strain when the
load does not increase (constant) is called creep. =>
Concrete has creep property. 
– Factors affecting the strain of the creep: b A B
• When stress increases, the strain of the creep
increases.
• Large water/cement ratio, large the strain of the εbc
creep.
• Small aggregate rigidity, large the strain of the
creep. εb εB ε
• Concrete age increases, the strain of the creep
decreases.
• Humidity of the environment decreases, the strain
of the creep decreases.
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 1.6.1. Physico-mechanical properties of concrete
A.2.2 Strain due to shrinkage
– Definition: Shrinkage is a phenomenon of reducing volume when concrete is
hard in air. Shrinkage phenomenon is related to the physicochemical changes of
cement hydration, to the loss of water energy due to evaporation.
– Shrinkage is an adverse phenomenon. When shrinkage is obstructed or
irregularly, there are cracks of crow's feet, affecting the bearing load capacity of
the structure, so it needs to be limited.
– Factors affecting shrinkage:
• The larger the surface, the more shrinkage it is.
• The dry environment shrinks more than the moist environment.
• Shrinkage increases when more cement is used, high-performance cement,
water/cement ratio increases, aggregate has porosity, fine sand, admixture.
– Limiting shrinkage:
• Keep moist regularly during the first period.
• Making expansion joints.
• Choose the appropriate concrete composition, compacting concrete, reducing
the water/cement ratio.

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 1.6.1. Physico-mechanical
properties of concrete

A.2.3 Strain due to temperature

• Also a type of deformation that appears during the using

period of a building. When the temperature changes, the
concrete shrinks. The shrinkage depends on the heat
expansion coefficient of concrete t

• The solution for reduce thermal strain is utilizing heat

slots.

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 1.6.1. Physico-mechanical
properties of concrete
1.3 Concrete elasticity modulus

– Initial elasticity modulus: D
cr
b
Eb  tg o  b A
e el
– Elasto – plastic modulus αo
εpl εel εb εcr ε
(strained modulus)  εb
 b  b e el C
Eb  tg 
/
    .Eb
e b e el e b b B

υ: Elastic coefficient
α
E’b vary when the load changes. εb εB ε
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 1.6.1. Physico-mechanical properties of concrete
Concrete elasticity modulus (Table 10)

Estimation chart of Eb
3
10

2 1 8
Eb1 = tan

Stress (N/mm2)
6 Eb2 = tanb

b
1 D100xH200 sample 2

2 Compressometer
0
0.00% 0.01% 0.02% 0.03% 0.04% 0.05%
3 Top of the applying load
Strain (%)
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 1.6.1. Physico-mechanical
properties of concrete
TCVN 356 Some Physico-mechanical indicators
(old standard)
Compressive strength grade of concrete
Mechanical indicators
B15 B20 B25 B30
(MPa)
M200 M250 M350 M400
Standard axial compression: Rbn 11,0 15,0 18,5 22,0

Standard axial tension: Rbtn 1,15 1,40 1,60 1,80

Computing axial compression: Rb 8,5 11,5 14,5 17,0

Computing axial compression: Rbt 0,75 0,90 1,05 1,20

Elasticity modulus: Eb 23000 27000 30000 32500

Note: heavy concrete, hardening naturally

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 1.6.1. Physico-mechanical
properties of concrete
TCVN 5574:2018 Some Physico-mechanical indicators
(current standard)

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 1.6.2. Physico-mechanical
properties of reinforcement

 B.1 Various types of steel

 B.2 Mechanical properties of steel

 B.3 Classification (group) of steel

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 1.6.2. Physico-mechanical properties of reinforcement

B.1 Various types of steel

– There are many types of steel. Based on the chemical composition and the
method of manufacture, the "steel mark" is determined. Reinforcing steel in
reinforced concrete is usually low carbon steel or low alloy steel. Commonly used
carbon steels are CT3 and CT5 (carbon ratios of 3 or 5 parts per thousand). Low
alloy steels have some more elements: Mn, Si, Ti ... to increase the strength,
improve some properties of steel.
– Reinforcement with d  10mm is produced in bars not exceeding 13m long
(usually 11.7m); Reinforced steel d  10mm is produced in rolls
– Reinforcing steel is produced by hot-rolling method (with good ductility, often
used in reinforced concrete), in addition to cold-worked steel and hot-worked
steel.
– In terms of form: for reinforcing concrete with smooth reinforcement and
beveled reinforcement (increasing the ability to adhere to concrete), there are
also shaped steel.

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 B.2. Mechanical properties of steel
B.2.1 Stress-strain performance curve of mild
steel, hard steel
The curve OABCD represent the relationship -e of
mild steel
At elastic stage (OA) Stress and strain ratio in the
first order, the line is straight line.
Through point A, the stress almost does not  A
increase but the strain still increases, the line is 1 D1
the AB segment, that is the yielding phase (bed of B D
yielding), the stress corresponding to the yielding A
phase is the yield limit y.
Passing point B, the stress and strain increase
together but not increase according to the first
order until the steel sample breaks at D (the stress O
reaches a durable limit cr , strain reach critical εcr ε
value ecr )
The curve OA1D1 represent the relationship -e of
hard steel. Steel reinforcement through cold work
and heat treatment is usually of this type (greater
strength of resistance, but smaller critical strain).

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 B.2. Mechanical properties of steel(cont.)

B.2.2 Elastic and plastic strain

When pulling steel in the elastic limit (less
than point A) and then reducing the force, the

whole deformation is recovered, the stated
curve -e when reducing the force back to the C
O origin. A

When pulling steel to a certain point C exceeds

A (beyond the elastic limit) and then reduce the
force, the curve -e when reducing the force is O εcr ε
O’
a straight line CO 'parallel to AO, does not
return to the origin but still has a non-
recoverable deformation part, that is plastic
strain epl (extra strain), the farther the point C
is from point A the bigger epl.

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 B.2. Mechanical properties of steel(cont.)

B.2.3 Strength of yielding limit y 

Mild steels with clear yielding bed make it easy to
C
determine the yield limits y = A A
Hard steels with unclear yielding bed sothat y is
conventionally determined, taken by stress when
steel has the strain epl =0.2%.
O O’ εcr ε
B.2.4 Cold hardening of steel
Hình a: Thép dẻo
Phenomenon increase y when processing cold  A1
reinforcement. Take reinforcement to pull cold to A
exceed the yielding limit then reducing the force will
be pulled cold reinforcement. This cold pulling
reinforcement has a higher yield limit than the
prefabricated rebar. After a few tugging or
broaching, the yielding bed AB will disappear, the O
reinforcement becomes hard with the strength 0.2% εcr ε
increased and the critical strain will be reduced. Hình b: Thép rắn

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 B.2. Mechanical properties of steel(cont.)

2.2.5 Standard strength of steel Rsn

The standard value of steel strength is called the standard strength,
signed as Rsn is taken by yield strength (actual or conventional) with a
probability of not less than 95%. m
Rsn   y (1  1, 64 )
υ : Is the coefficient of fluctuation, υ = 0,05 – 0,08 with good
production process
my : It is the statistical average value of the yield strength
The computing intensity of reinforcement:
Limit state I: R  R sn .
R sn
 sc
s  
Limit state II:
si
R s ,ser 
 sc
2.2.6 Elasticity modulus of steel Es
Taken by the slope of the OA segment on the chart -e. The value of Es
is about 180 000 – 210 000MPa according to steel type.

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 B.3. Classification (group) of steel

According to TCVN 1651-1985: based on mechanical properties,

steel are classified into groups: CI, CII, CIII, CIV. Steel group CI
round, smooth; steel group CII screwed 1-way screw, steel group
CIII, CIV have beveled in 2 directions, fish bone style.

According to Russian codes: steel groups AI (Hot rolled, round

smooth); A-II, A-III, A-IV, A-V, A-VI (hot rolled, burrs); AT – IIIC, AT –
IV, AT – V, AT – VI, AT – VII (heat-processing steel)...

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 B.3. Classification (group) of steel
TCVN 5574:2018

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 More references

Steel strength is determined by pulling test according to TCVN 197-85

Stress
 Standard steel strength (Rsn) is
equal to the lower boundary of TS
the yielding bed (fy) use to
calculate the structure by limit
state 2 (Table 12)
fy
 Computing steel strength (Rs)
use to calculate the structure
by limit state 1:
Rs = Rsn /s  Rs (Table 13)
Strain

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 More references
TCVN 356 (old standard)
Some Physico-mechanical indicators of steel
Physico-mechanical indicators Steel group
(MPa) CI, AI CII, AII CIII, AIII CIV, AIV
Standard tensile and
235 295 390 590
compressive: Rsn
Computing tensile main
225 280 365 510
steel: Rs
Computing tensile shear
175 225 290 405
steel: Rsw
Computing compressive
225 280 365 450
main steel: Rsc
Elasticity modulus: Es 210000 210000 200000 190000
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 More references
TCVN 5574:2018 (current standard)
Some Physico-mechanical indicators of steel

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Page 101
 More references
TCVN 5574:2018 (current standard)
Some Physico-mechanical indicators of steel

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 1.6.3. Physico-mechanical properties of reinforced
concrete structures
[Link] Adhesion force between concrete and reinforcement
Adhesion force is the basic factor that ensures the co-operation between
reinforcement and concrete (ensuring reinforcement and concrete deformation as
well as ensuring the transmission of force back and forth between the two
materials). tm
Factors that make up the adhesive force
Due to the corrugated surface of reinforced steel l
Due to cement glue (adhesion force)
d tmax
Due to the shrinkage of concrete that tights
the reinforcement steel (friction)
Intensity of adhesiont force 
N Where: N
Maximum cohesion:
max
 .p .d .l - N: The maximum pulling force makes
reinforcement slipped out of concrete.
N - d, l: Diameter, length of steel in the concrete
tm 
Medium cohesion: p .d .l block.
- ω : Coefficient of completing cohesion force
chart

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 1.6.3. Physico-mechanical properties of reinforced
concrete structures

[Link] The corporation between concrete and reinforcement

Initial stress due to concrete shrinkage
Consider a concrete bar with reinforcement placed along the axis. When the
concrete bar is free contraction there will be strain e0 due to the shrinkage, but
concrete adheres to reinforcement but reinforcement does not have shrinkage,
it hinders the contraction of concrete  The strain concrete due to shrinkage is
e1 < e0. Relatively, concrete shrinkage appears in reinforcement 1 compression
force, reinforcement prevents concrete shrinkage appears in concrete 1 tension
force. These 2 forces are balanced evenly within the structure. If the tension
force exerted by the steel on the concrete exceeds the tensile limit, the concrete
will crack. It is cracking due to concrete's shrinkage is hindered.
Stress due to external force:
Consider the simple case of reinforced concrete bar compression or tension that
concrete has not cracked, concrete and reinforcement work together, have the
same strain e.
Stress in concrete: b = υeEb  e = b/(υEb)
Stress in reinforcement: s = eEs = b Es /(υEb) = nsb (ns = Es /(υEb) )

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 1.6.3. Physico-mechanical properties of reinforced
concrete structures
ns called the equivalent coefficient, varies in the range 8-20.
If concrete and reinforcement are both compressive, the axial
force : N = bAb + sAs = b(Ab + nsAs)
Set Ared = Ab + nsAs is called the equivalent cross section area
In the concrete structure under tension or in the tensile area of
the bending structure, after the concrete cracked, the bearing
internal force of the concrete will be transferred to the
reinforcement and the reinforcement will bear all the tension
force.
Redistribution of stress due to creep:
When subjected to long-term force, concrete has creep
phenomena but the reinforcement has not. The result is that the
reinforcement interferes with the creep of the concrete, make s
increase but b decrease. It is the redistribution of stress due to
the creep of the concrete. Stress distribution is often useful for
the corporation between concrete and reinforcement.

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 1.6.3. Physico-mechanical properties of reinforced
concrete structures

[Link] Destruction and damage of reinforced concrete

[Link].1 The destruction due to load bearing:
Concrete and reinforcement work together until failure:
With tensile bars, after the concrete has cracked, the
reinforcement is subject to full tension force and it seems to
begin to fail when the stress in the reinforcement reaches its
yield limit.
With a compressive column, the damage begins when the
stress in the concrete reaches compressive strength.
With a flexural structure, the failure can start from the area
of tensile or compressive depending on the amount of
reinforcement placed in the structure.

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 1.6.3. Physico-mechanical properties of reinforced
concrete structures

[Link] Destruction and damage of reinforced concrete

[Link].2 Damage or destruction due to forced deformation
Forced deformation caused by displacement of the link, due to
temperature changes, due to shrinkage of concrete ... In super-
static structure, forced deformation causes internal force to
damage the concrete (concrete cracked, broken ) or destruction
(as is the case with bearing load).
[Link].3 Damage caused by environmental effects
About mechanics: Concrete was eroded by rain and flows.
About biology: Algae, bacteria → wrecking concrete surface.
Regarding chemistry: Concrete is eroded by acids, salts, and
steel rusts that rust due to the chemical and electrolytic effects of
the environment.
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 1.7. Content and steps to design reinforced
concrete structures

Step 1: Description, introduction to structure

Step 2: Select the preliminary dimensions of the components
Step 3: Set up computing diagram
Step 4: Determine the types of loads acting on the structure
Step 5: Calculate, draw internal force graph, internal force
combination
Step 6: Calculation on reinforced concrete
Step 7: Detailed design and expression

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 1.7. Content and steps to design reinforced
concrete structures
General concept
Reinforced concrete structure must ensure durability, stiffness and
stability in general as well as individual parts of the structure, at all
stages of construction and use.
The choice of structural solutions should stem from economical and
technical rationality in specific construction conditions, taking into
account the maximum reduction of materials, labor and construction
costs. Structural design of reinforced concrete includes calculation and
structure:
Calculation

Design
Structure

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1.7. Content and steps to design reinforced
concrete structures
Structure design products = Drawing + Specification

- Building durability

- Satisfied users

- Use reasonable materials

- Convenient construction

- Low cost

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 Steps to design reinforced concrete
Design reinforced concrete structure = Computing + Structure

1. Describe and introduce RC structure

2. Preliminary selection of sizes and materials

3. Set up a calculation diagram : link, span…

4. Determine the types of load effects

5. Compute the internal force combination  unfavorable value

6. Computing reinforced concrete: Limit state 1 & 2

7. Detailed design  RC drawings

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 1.8. Case of load, internal force and
combination
1.8.1. Load
Load are the forces acting on the structure. When designing, load should be
determined according to corresponding standards. For house, industrial and civil
structures needs to use standards loads and actions TCVN 2737-2023.
[Link] Classification of loads:
Based on the nature of loading effect, there are 3 types: regular load, temporary load
and special load.
Regular load (dead load): has a constant effect during the working of the structure
(weight of the structure itself, fixed partitions, etc.). Determining based on structure
Temporary load (live load) is the load changes in the set point, direction or
magnitude (load of people and objects; wind load; load of means of transport ...).
Determination based on criteria (through statistics)
Special load: earthquakes, fires, explosions …
Based on duration of loading effect: long-term, short-term and repetitive load.
Long-term load: including dead load and part of live load
Short-term load: the rest of the live load
Repetitive load: have fast changing values, usually on period (vibration loading)

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 1.8. Case of load, internal force and
combination
Loads and actions (TCVN 2737-2023)

Dead load Live load Special load

DL = const LL = P(x) SL = P(x,t)

self weight of load of people, load load due to
structure… due to wind, car,… earthquake, fire,
explosion…

 Long-term load = DL + LLlong-term

 Short-term load = LLshort-term

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 1.8. Case of load, internal force and
combination
1.8.1. Load
[Link]. Standard and computing values of loads :
Standard value of load (qtc) – Load in standard: it is equal to the
value common in using the structures.
Computing value of the load (qtt) – Computing load: qtt = nqtc
n: reliability coefficient (coefficient of over load): Including
unexpected cases, the load exceeds the standard value, which is
disadvantage to the structure. According to TCVN 2737-2023,
choose n = 1,1 – 1,3 for regular loads and n = 1,2 – 1,4 for
temporary loads.
For regular loads, when the reduced load makes the structure more
unfavorable, it must be taken n < 1.

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 1.8. Case of load, internal force and
combination
Standard and computing load
 Standard load (qTC)  direct calculation (Self
weight, wind,…) or Look up the table (people loading
on the floor, equipment, motorcycles,…)
 Computing load (q)  deduced from standard load
taken into account coefficient of over load (Look up
tables according to standards compatible with the
type of building): q  nqTC

1,2-1,4: live load

TCVN 2737-2023: n = 1,1-1,3: dead load TH normal case
<1,0: dead load TH disadvantage case
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More references about loads
(TCVN 2737 – 1995)

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Page 116
More references about loads
(TCVN 2737 – 1995)

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Page 117
More references about loads
(TCVN 2737 – 1995)

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Page 118
More references about loads
(TCVN 2737 – 1995)

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Page 119
 1.8.2 Internal forces and combination
[Link] Determine internal forces
Internal forces in structure included: bending moment M, shear force
Q, axial force N and twisting moment Mt. Internal force in a structure
is caused by loads or forced displacement.
When determining the internal force, it is necessary to know whether
the material is working in an elastic state or has plastic strain to use an
appropriate calculation scheme. If so, it is needed to know if the
structure is static or hyperstatic.
Static structure: use "material strength" or "structural mechanics" to
determine internal forces
Hyperstatic: There are 2 diagrams
Elastic diagram: use "structural mechanics" to determine internal forces
Plastic diagram: considering the plastic deformation of concrete and
reinforcement (only used for beams and conventional slabs).

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 Computing internal forces S = (M ; N ; Q)
q12 q22
q11 q21

qg qg

n
S max Combinations Internal force

Si  S g    Sij envelope
diagram S
j S min (RCS 2)

n = 1  1.0
i = 1, 2… DL: qg n > 1  0.9 LL1: q1 LL2: q2

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 1.8.2 Internal forces and combination
[Link] Internal force combination:
It is necessary to calculate and draw the internal force diagram
for the dead load case and the probable cases of the live load. The
combination of internal forces to find its detrimental value is S.
Where:
Sg : internal force due to dead load
Sij : internal force due to the i-th case of the j-th live load (several
live loads may be active simultaneously).
At each section, Sg is constant, Sij change (about values and signs).
In order to obtain unfavorable value S, a choice must be made for
Sij to take into account.
: combination coefficients. According to TCVN 2737-1995,  = 1
when judging only 1 live load,  = 0.9 when more than 2 live
loads are considered.

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 1.9 Computing method of
reinforced concrete structures
1.9.1. Stages of stress and strain state
For bending beams as shown in the figure, the load q is
increased from 0 to qp , when the load increases considerably,
there are two types of cracks in the beam. The crack is
perpendicular to the beam axis, and the latter is oblique to the
beam axis:
First, we considered the crack that is perpendicular to the
beam axis
Following the increasing of moment value, observing the
stress and strain state of reinforced concrete beams, we can
divide into three stages for convenient observation.

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 1.9 Computing method of
reinforced concrete structures

1.9.1. Stages of stress and strain state

When the moment is small (small load), the stress in concrete and
reinforcement is not big, the material works in the elastic phase, the
relationship between stress and strain is linear, the neutral axis is almost
in the middle of the beam, called state I (Figure I).
When the moment is increased further, in the tensile concrete area, there
appears plastic strain, the relationship between stress and strain is in the
form of curves. When the tensile stress in concrete reaches the tensile
strength of concrete Rbt then the area of tensile concrete prepares to
appear crack, called state Ia.
State I b<R b State Ia b<R b

M x M x

s < Rs s < Rs
bt<R bt Page 124
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 1.9.1. Stages of stress and strain state
As the moment continues to increase, the tensile stress in concrete is bigger
than the tensile strength of concrete (bt>Rbt) then in the area of tensile
concrete, cracks appear and also develop upwards. At the crack, internal
force is carried by the reinforcement. In the tensile concrete region, the
plastic strain continues to grow while the stress of the tensile reinforcement
is smaller than the tensile strength of the reinforcement (s<Rs) and the
stress of compressive concrete is smaller than the compressive strength of
concrete. → State II
If the amount of reinforcement is not much, when the moment is
increased, the stress in the reinforcement may reach the yield limit (s =Rs)
while compressive stress of concrete is still smaller than compressive
strength of concrete.→ State IIa State II b<R b State IIa b<R b
M x M x

s< Rs s= Rs
bt>R bt bt>R bt Page 125
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 1.9.1. Stages of stress and strain state
As the moment continues to increase, the crack continues to grow upward,
the compressive concrete region continues to narrow, the compressive stress of
concrete increases while the tensile stress in reinforcement does not increase (because
reinforcement is in the yielding phase). When the stress in compressive strength
reaches compressive strength (b=Rb) then the beam is damaged (damaging both
tension and compression). Call this the plastic damaged case or the first damaged case
(Figure III- LS1). This is the most logical damaged case because it takes full
advantage of the bearing capacity of concrete and reinforcement.
If the tensile reinforcement is applied too much, the tensile stress in the
reinforcement is always smaller than the tensile strength of the reinforcement (s<Rs).
While the compression zone has been damaged in advance, the beam has been
damaged. Then there is no state IIa. This phenomenon is called brittle failure (sudden
destruction from the area of compressive concrete), also known as the second failure.
This case does not make full use of the bearing capacity of the reinforcement and is
also very dangerous because at that time the strain of the beam is still small, so it is
b=R b b=R b
difficult to prevent.
III-LS1 M x III-LS2 M x

s= Rs s< Rs

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 Stage IIa III-LS1
Summary: b<R b b=R b

M M x
x

s= Rs
s= Rs
bt>R bt

Stage I Stage Ia Stage II

b<R b b<R b b<R b
M x M x M x
III-LS2
s < Rs s < Rs s< Rs b=R b
bt=R bt bt>R bt M x
bt<R bt

s< Rs

1/18/2026
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 1.9 Computing method of
reinforced concrete structures
1.9.2 Method of calculating reinforced concrete components
according to limited state : LS is a state in which the structure no
longer satisfies the requirements of its use when designing. Consider
the reinforced concrete material is elasto-plastic material, taking
case I, phase III of the stress-strain state as a basis for calculation.
LS I: Calculate according to durability to ensure the structure is
capable of load bearing during use.
No brittle, plastic, or other damage
No loss of shape or position instability
Not ruined fatigue …
LS II: Calculation by deformation to ensure normal working for
the structure during use :
There is no strain that exceed the permissible limits.
Do not allow the formation and expansion of cracks beyond the
allowable limits.

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 1.9 Computing method of
reinforced concrete structures
Allowable stress design (ASD) Limit state method (SD or LRFD)

Mu – computing moment
fall – allowable stress Mn – nominal moment
f - endurance reduction coefficients

- Linear elasticity analysis for internal - Linear elasticity analysis for internal
force calculation S force calculation S
- RC is elastic material - RC is elasto-plastic material
- Only use a safety factor for the -Use many reliability coefficients
whole structure (safety factor) for loads & materials.
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[Link] LS 1 Calculate RC  Calculate&Check durability
 Do not suffer from computational forces that cause brittle,
plastic destruction,…
 No instability in shape (thin wall structure) or no
instability in position (sliding, flipping, pushing ...)
 No fatigue damage (under dynamic load)
 Not being damaged by the environment (erosion, fire ...)

M  M gh

SS I
gh
 N  N gh

Q  Qgh

nq
i
i TCi  F ( Ab , Rb , As , Rs ...)

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 [Link] LS 2 Calculate RC
 Calculate&Check crack + deformation
 No excessive allowed deformation (deflection,
rotation angle, sliding angle, oscillation ...)

 Do not allow the formation of cracks (structure does not

crack) or expand beyond the permissible level (structure
allows cracking)

 f  f gh (Table 4)
STC  S II
gh 
acrc  a gh (Table 1&2)
Irrigation, seaport
q
i
TCi  F(a, Ab , Rbn, As , Rsn...) students, attention!!

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 More references about
computing methods

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 Reference: Computing method

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 Reference: Computing method

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 Reference: Computing method

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 1.10. Principle of basic composition of reinforced
concrete structure (TCVN 5574:2018)

1.10.1 Choose the section size

1.10.2 Reinforced frame and grid

1.10.3 Connecting and anchoring reinforcement

1.10.4 Concrete layer protects reinforcement and

minimum spacing between reinforcement bars

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 1.10. Principle of basic composition of reinforced
concrete structure (TCVN 5574:2018)

1.10.1 Choose the section size

The section size is usually preliminarily selected to determine the
load, internal force, from which the reinforcement is calculated.
Then need to calculate the percentage of reinforcement   A s
in order to evaluate the rationality of a section, if it isAnot
reasonable, the section must be selected again.
Choosing the size of the section, in addition to the requirements
for bearing capacity, must also pay attention to aesthetics and
construction conditions. Usually choose the thickness of the
board and the wall in multiples of 10 or 20mm; girder cross
section in multiples of 20, 50 or 100mm.
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 1.10. Principle of basic composition of reinforced
concrete structure (TCVN 5574:2018)

1.10.2 Reinforced frame and grid

Reinforcement is placed in concrete in the form of frames or grid
Frame format for beams and columns: Tied frame, welding
frame
Grid form for slab: Tied grid, welding grid

Stirrup steel

Main steel
Steel frame

Steel grid
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 1.10. Principle of basic composition of reinforced
concrete structure (TCVN 5574:2018)

1.10.3 Connecting and anchoring reinforcement

a. Connecting reinforcement
Welding connection: Welding confrontation, weldingL stacking : (read book)
an

Fasten connection: Place the two ends of the reinforcement a segment Lan , Use soft
steel wire to tie, pay attention to the quality of reinforced concrete areas.
 Rs 
Lan   an .   an  d   an .d
  b .R b 
Where:
ωan , Δan , λan: are the table lookup coefficients
d: Reinforcement diameter.
Rs : Computing strength of reinforcement.
Rb : Computing strength of concrete.
γb : Coefficient of working conditions of concrete.

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 1.10. Principle of basic composition of reinforced
concrete structure (TCVN 5574:2018)

b. Anchor reinforcement:
To fully utilize the bearing capacity of the reinforcement steel, its ends
need to be firmly anchored to the concrete. For smooth, round bars
used in frames and nets, it is required to bend the hooks at both ends.
3d
Lan
2,5d

Lan
ωan , Δλan , λan: are the table lookup
coefficients
 R  d: Reinforcement diameter.
Lan   an . s   an  d   an .d
  b .R b  Rs : Computing strength of reinforcement.
Rb : Computing strength of concrete.
γb : Coefficient of working conditions of
concrete. Page 140
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 1.10. Principle of basic composition of reinforced
concrete structure (TCVN 5574:2018)

The coefficients in the formula calculate the join / anchor length :

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 1.10. Principle of basic composition of reinforced
concrete structure (TCVN 5574:2018)

1.10.4 Concrete layer protects reinforcement and minimum

spacing between reinforcement bars
Concrete layer protects reinforcement (a0) is necessary to ensure the
simultaneous operation of reinforcement and concrete at all stages of the
structural work, as well as to protect the reinforcement from the effects of
air, temperature, and other actions.
The reinforcement is placed with a gap t wide enough to allow the
concrete mortar to easily pass through and to give each reinforcement bar
a sufficient layer of concrete to ensure adhesion. TCVN 5574:2018
specify that the clearance t (clearance) should be greater than or equal to
the maximum reinforcement diameter and the value of t0 (shown in the
following figure).

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 1.10. Principle of basic composition of reinforced
concrete structure (TCVN 5574:2018)

Concrete layer protects reinforcement

In any cases, a0 It must not be smaller than the corresponding reinforcement
diameter, and must not be smaller than the value C0 is prescribed as follows :
With bearing load reinforcement:
Slab and wall with the width:
From 100mm and below: C0 = 10mm (15mm)
Over 100mm : C0 = 15mm (20mm)
Beam and rib with the height:
Smaller than 250mm : C0 = 15mm (20mm)

a0
From 250mm over: C0 = 20mm (25mm)

a
In column: C0 = 20mm (25mm)
concrete protective layer a0
In foundation beam: C0 = 30mm
In foundation:
Precast: C0 = 30mm
Full block with lining concrete: C0 = 35mm
Full block without lining concrete : C0 = 70mm

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 1.10. Principle of basic composition of reinforced
concrete structure (TCVN 5574:2018)

Clearance between reinforced bars:

t(30,d)
t(30,d) 400

b
t(25,d)

t(50,d)
400
h

h
t(25,d)
Column
Beam b

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 References for principle of basic composition of
reinforced concrete structure (TCXDVN 356)
 Select the section sizes  8.2

 Concrete layer protects reinforcement  8.3

 Clearance between reinforced bars  8.4

 Reinforced anchor  8.5

 Arrange vertical steel (load bearing steel)  8.6

 Arrange lateral steel (Stirrup, distribution)  8.7

 Reinforcing welded joints  8.8

 Overlay reinforcement joints (tied joints)  8.9

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 Select the section sizes:  8.2

As
Act
(compositi  min    opt   min
h on) h0 bh0
(load
bearing) As
- Load bearing capacity

(b, h, ) = F - Construction condition

b

- Aesthetics

Slab thickness = {6  7  8  9  10 …}

Beam dimensions = {10  15  20  25 …}

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 Concrete layer protects reinforcement
(c1 , c2)  8.3

i  1,2  ci  max(fi , c0i )

b
Load Stirrup,
Minimum thickness bearing compsiti
A’s of concrete bar on
protection
h c01 (mm) c02 (mm)

As c1 In slab & wall 10  20 10  15

In beam & rib 15  25 10  20
c2 c2 In column 20  25 10  20
c1
In foundation 30  70 10  20

RC in sea environment: Co  TCXDVN 327 – 2004

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 Clearance between reinforced bars:  8.4

t2
i  1,2,3  ti  max(fi , t0i )

t3
t1 Minimum clearance t0i (mm)

t1 Lower steel layer 1 & 2 t01 = 25

Concrete pouring
direction
Upper steel layer t02 = 30

Lower steel layer 3 t03 = 50

Column steel t04 = 50

t4 > 1,5f

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Bending hooks and reinforced anchors :
 8.5
 Smooth steel tied joint need bending hooks at two ends (steel CI)

 Edge steel no need bending hook at two ends (Steel CII-CIV)

lan
lan

Anchor
Anchor end of beam end of
column

lan  [lan ] (1) lan  anf (2)

 [lan] , an , an , an look
Rs up table 36
lan  (an  an )f (3)
 b Rb  b look up 15

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 Reinforcing welded joints:  8.8

Welded joints = arc welding + contact welding

Contact welding (confrontation) Arc welding with clamp bars

d2
d1

d1 , d2 > 10 mm ; d2/d1  0,85 lh

Welding confrontation in the trough Clampless arc welding

lh

Welding arc reinforcement in concrete :  TCVN 227 – 1999

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Overlay reinforcement joints (tied joints):
 8.9

 Should not overlay connect

the steel bar with diameter f
lan > 30 mm

 Steel columns should not

be connected in tensile areas
lan  [lan ] (1) lan  anf (2) with large internal forces
(M, N, Q)

Rs
lan  (an  an )f (3)
 b Rb
 At each cross-section of the
 [lan], an , an , an  table 36 structure, it is not advisable
to overlap joint over 50% As

 b  table 15

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Reference: Principle of basic composition of
reinforcement

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Reference: Principle of basic composition of
reinforcement

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Reference: Principle of basic composition of
reinforcement

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Reference: Principle of basic composition of
reinforcement

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Reference: Principle of basic composition of
reinforcement

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Reference: Principle of basic composition of
reinforcement

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Reference: Principle of basic composition of
reinforcement

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Reference: Principle of basic composition of
reinforcement

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Reference: Principle of basic composition of
reinforcement

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Reference: Principle of basic composition of
reinforcement

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 More references
Distribution of  & e in reinforced concrete

Stage 1: beam has not been cracked

ec1 < ecu fc1 = ec1Eb

h ho
es1 s1 es1Es
b ect1 fct1 = ect1Eb < MOR

e 
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 More references
Distribution of  & e in RC (cont.)
Stage 2: beam develops cracking

ec2 < ecu fc2 = ec2Eb

h ho
es2 s2 es2Es < y
b ect2

e 
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 More references
Distribution of  & e in RC (cont.)
Stage 3: Ideal destructive beams (plasticity)

ec3 = ecu fc3

h ho
es3 ≥ ey s3 eyEs = y
b ect3

e 
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 Week 1
Beginning
• Introduction of Design reinforced concrete structures
course.
• Discuss the objectives, structure, content of the subject.
• Form of assessment and examination of subject.
• Introduce learning resources & references, standards.

Chapter 1: Introduction to Reinforced Concrete

Structures
1.1. Practical meaning of the subject
1.2. Working principle between concrete and reinforcement
1.3. Classification of reinforced concrete structures

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 Week 1
Chapter 1: Introduction to Reinforced Concrete
Structures
1.4. Advantages and disadvantages of reinforced concrete
structures

1.5. Application fields and development trends

1.6. Physico-mechanical properties of reinforced concrete

1.7. Content and steps to design reinforced concrete structures

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 Week 1
Chapter 1: Introduction to Reinforced Concrete
Structures
1.8. Case of load, internal force and combination

1.9. Computing method of reinforced concrete structures

1.10. Principle of basic composition of reinforced concrete

structure

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 Lecture 1 Summary
•Course introduction.
•Materials and references.
•Chapter I: Introduction to Reinforced Concrete Structures
At the conclusion of this lecture, students are required:
1. Know the course requirements.
2. Know to find and study knowledge and important information source
related to the lectures (which materials).
3. Can describe the behavior of reinforced concrete structure.
4. Can discriminate the physico-mechanical properties of concrete, steel,
reinforced concrete.
5. Can state the steps to design reinforced concrete structure.
6. Can combine the load and internal forces combination.
7. Can propose the calculation plan and basic composition of reinforced
concrete structure.
© 2009-2013 [Link] Dung, University of Technical Engineering 1217240 - [Link] Page 171
 (Sky City 1000m)

Course Content
Chapter 1: Introduction to RC structures W1

Chapter 2: Members in bending W2-5

Chapter 3: Members in tension W6

Chapter 4: Members in compression W7-10

Chapter 5: Cracking resistance W11

(Roppongi Hills
238m)

Chapter 6: Pre-stressed concrete W12-14

Chapter 7: Reviews W15

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