PHILOSOPHY

-​ Philo means love, Sophia means wisdom

-​ the study of fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, truth, values, reason,
and the nature of the self.

CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY
-​ Refers to ancient philosophical traditions, mainly from Greece and China, that focused
on reason, ethics, virtue, and the search for truth.
-​ Classical philosophers believed that understanding the self requires rational thinking and
moral discipline.

CLASSICAL THINKERS

SOCRATES
-​ "Know thyself"
-​ Must examine their beliefs, actions, and values to live morally.
-​ Socratic Method = questioning used to discover truth and correct false ideas
-​ the self is the soul.

PLATO
-​ student of Socrates
-​ believed that humans are composed of both body and soul, with the soul being
the true self.
-​ has three parts: reason, spirit, and appetite.
-​ Theory of Forms = states that true reality exists beyond the physical world.
-​ the self is the rational soul that seeks truth, goodness, and wisdom.

ARISTOTLE
-​ Student of Plato
-​ viewed the self as a unity of body and soul rather than separate entities.
-​ ultimate goal is eudaimonia, or genuine happiness and flourishing.
-​ develop character through habits, and virtue is achieved by practicing moderation
and reason.

CONFUCIUS
-​ moral character and social responsibility.
-​ the self is shaped through relationships with family and society.
-​ Ren (humaneness) and Li (proper conduct)
-​ self development requires discipline,respect for others, and commitment to
ethical living.
 MODERN ERA THINKERS

ST. AUGUSTINE

-​ The self is discovered through inner reflection and faith in God.

-​ He combined Christian belief with philosophy.
-​ The self is known through introspection (looking inside oneself).
-​ Humans have free will but are influenced by sin.
-​ Understanding yourself helps you understand God.
-​ Self-awareness is a spiritual journey.

REÑE DESCARTES

-​ Descartes is called the Father of Modern Philosophy.

-​ Even if you doubt everything, the act of thinking proves you exist.
-​ The mind and body are separate (mind-body dualism).
-​ The self is the thinking mind, not the physical body.
-​ “Cogito, ergo sum” — “I think, therefore I am.”

JOHN LOCKE

●​ The mind starts as a blank slate (tabula rasa).

●​ Knowledge comes from experience.
●​ Personal identity depends on memory.
●​ You are the same person if you remember your past experiences.
●​ The self is based on memory and consciousness.

DAVID HUME

●​ The self is just a bundle of changing perceptions.

●​ These include thoughts, feelings, and sensations.
●​ There is no fixed identity.
●​ What we call the self is just a collection of experiences.
●​ The self is not permanent.
IMMANUEL KANT

●​ The mind does not passively receive experiences.

●​ The self actively organizes and interprets them.
●​ He distinguished between:
○​ Empirical self – the self based on experience.
○​ Transcendental self – the thinking subject that organizes experience.
●​ Humans are rational beings capable of moral decisions.

GILBERT RYLE

●​ He criticized Descartes’ mind-body dualism.

●​ Called it the mistake of believing in a “ghost in the machine.”
●​ The mind is not an invisible thing inside the body.
●​ Mental states are shown through actions and behavior.

Sociology
●​ The scientific study of society, social relationships, and how individuals interact within
groups and institutions.
●​ Socius (Latin): Meaning companion or society.
●​ Logos (Greek): Meaning study or science.

George Herbert Mead

-​ Mead is a founder of Symbolic Interactionism, which explores how meaning is created

through social interaction. He argued that the "self" is developed strictly through
communication and interaction with others.

The Two Parts of the Self

Mead proposed that the self consists of two distinct parts that interact with each other:

1.​ The "I" (The Individual Self):

○​ The spontaneous, creative, and unpredictable part of the self.
 ○​ Represents personal impulses and your immediate reaction to situations.
2.​ The "Me" (The Social Self):
○​ The social and learned part of the self.
○​ Reflects the rules, expectations, and norms of society.
○​ Developed through interaction with others.

The Three Stages of Self-Development

Mead identified three stages through which a child develops a sense of self:

Stage Description Example

1. Preparatory Occurs in early childhood; A child pretending to talk on a

children purely imitate others phone like their parents.
without understanding roles.

2. Play Children begin role-taking, A child playing "teacher" and

acting as one specific person pretending to teach students.
at a time.

3. Game Children understand multiple Playing a team sport where

roles simultaneously and the child understands their
learn social rules. role and their teammates'
roles.

CHARLES HOLTON COOLEY

-​ Cooley is best known for his theory on how individuals develop a sense of identity
through their social interactions.
-​ HUMAN NATURE AND THE SOCIAL ORDER
-​ SOCIAL ORGANIZATION

The Three Steps of the Looking-Glass Self

Cooley argued that our "self" is like a mirror—we see ourselves based on how we think others
perceive us.
 1.​ Appearance: We imagine how we appear to others (e.g., "How do people see me?").
2.​ Judgment: We imagine how others judge that appearance (e.g., "Do they think I'm
smart or awkward?").
3.​ Self-Feeling: We develop feelings about ourselves (pride, embarrassment, confidence)
based on these imagined judgments.

ANTHROPOLOGY

-​ the study of humans, their culture, and society.

-​ It examines how people live, think, and interact across time.

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

-​ studies human evolution and biological traits.

CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

-​ studies traditions, beliefs, and ways of living.

CULTURE AND IDENTITY

-​ Culture shapes beliefs, values, and behaviors.

-​ It influences how people understand themselves and others.
-​ Our identity is shaped by the environment where we grow up.

EDWARD TYLOR

-​ culture is a complex whole.

-​ includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law, and customs.
-​ Culture is learned, not inherited.
-​ acquired thru society

SELF-CONCEPT

-​ how a person sees and understands themselves (physical, psychological, and

social aspects).
-​ develops over time
 -​ influenced by experiences and feedback from others.

PHYSICAL ASPECT

-​ how a person perceives and evaluates their own physical appearance and body.

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT

-​ how a person understands their personality, traits, emotions, and inner

characteristics.

SOCIAL ASPECT

-​ how a person sees their role and identity within a group, family, or society.

MATERIAL CULTURE

-​ Physical objects created by society.

Examples:

●​ Clothes
●​ Houses
●​ Tools
●​ Technology

NON-MATERIAL CULTURE

-​ Ideas and beliefs that influence behavior.

Examples:

●​ Religion
●​ Values
●​ Traditions
●​ Norms

SELF AS EMBEDDED IN SOCIETY

 -​ The self develops through interaction with others.

- Influences:

●​ Family
●​ Community
●​ Culture
●​ Environment

IDENTITY FORMATION

- Identity is influenced by:

●​ Family
●​ Religion
●​ Language
●​ Social roles

EGOCENTRIC VIEW

-​ Focus on individual identity.

-​ Self-centered

SOCIOCENTRIC VIEW

-​ Focus on relationships and social group.

PSYCHOLOGY

-​ study of the mind and behavior, psychology examines how individuals feel, think, and
behave in diverse contexts.

WILLIAM JAMES: THE MULTIFACETED SELF

-​ "The Principles of Psychology" (1890)

-​ "Self in its widest sense" can be divided into constituents, feelings, and actions.
 CONSTITUENTS OF THE SELF

MATERIAL SELF

-​ This encompasses all that an individual calls "mine," including their body, family, home,
and possessions.

SOCIAL SELF

-​ How you present yourself to others.

SPIRITUAL SELF

-​ Your inner self

PURE EGO

-​ The thinking self or the "I".

-​ It is the sense of personal identity.

SELF-ESTEEM

-​ James proposed that self-esteem is determined by the ratio of success to pretensions. It

can be increased by achieving more or reducing one’s pretensions

CARL ROGERS: Humanistic Approach

-​ Rogers co-founded humanistic psychology, which emphasizes human potential

and growth.

PERSON-CENTERED APPROACH

-​ This unique method empowers clients to discover their own solutions rather than
following authoritative analyses.

SELF-ACTUALIZATION

-​ Focuses on the inherent capacity of individuals to move toward self-realization

DONALD WINNICOT

-​ Winnicott contributed to object relations theory and developmental psychology,

focusing on the core of the self.

TRUE SELF

-​ Represents the spontaneous and authentic core of an individual.

FALSE SELF

-​ A defense mechanism developed to comply with external demands and protect

the True Self.

FACILITATING ENVIRONMENT

-​ emphasized the parental role in early life as essential for the healthy
development of the True Self.

ALBERT BANDURA

-​ As part of his Social Cognitive Theory, Bandura introduced the concept of

self-efficacy

MASTERY EXPERIENCE

-​ Success in completing tasks strengthens the belief in one's capabilities

VICARIOUS EXPERIENCE

-​ Observing similar individuals succeed influences one's own beliefs.

VERBAL AND SOCIAL PERSUASION

-​ Encouragement and positive feedback from others can enhance confidence

PHYSIOLOGICAL STATE

-​ One's physical and emotional state, such as stress levels, can impact cognitive
ability and self-efficacy.
PHYSICAL SELF

-​ the body, the concrete and tangible part of your "self" that can be directly seen
and examined.

SELF-IDENTITY

-​ “WHO I AM”
-​ is the way a person defines and understands themselves.

SELF-IMAGE

-​ the ided one has of his/her abilities, appearance, and personality.

SELF-CONCEPT

-​ individual's thoughts, feelings and belief that he/she holds about himself/herself
and the responses of others about him/her.

SELF-ESTEEM

-​ refers to how much you appreciate, value and like yourself.

SEX

-​ Biological
-​ Assigned sex (female and male)

GENDER

-​ A social construct that refers to the social and cultural distinctions of being
considered masculine or feminine.

SEXUALITY

-​ Refers to a person's sexual orientation, identity, and the way they experience and
express themselves as sexual beings.

GENDER IDENTITY

-​ An individual's internal, personal sense of being a man, a woman, or another

gender.
GENDER EXPRESSION

-​ The external manifestation of one's gender identity, expressed through clothing,

behavior, hairstyles, or voice

CISGENDER

-​ People whose gender identity matches the sex they were assigned at birth.

TRANSGENDER

-​ An umbrella term for people whose gender identity or expression differs from the
sex they were assigned at birth.

SEXUAL ORIENTATION

-​ you're sexually attracted to and want to have relationships with.

-​ includes straight, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and asexuals.

SOCIAL

-​ Gender roles
-​ Gender Stereotypes
-​ Human relationships

GENDER ROLES

-​ set of social expectations about behaviors, characteristics, and thoughts for what
is considered masculine and feminine.

SEXISM

-​ Refers to prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on

the basis of sex.

GENDER SENSITIVITY

-​ It is a process by which people are made aware of how gender plays a role in life
through their treatment of others

TRIANGULAR THEORY OF LOVE BY ROBERT STERNBERG

●​ Intimacy - closeness, connectedness, bondness

 ●​ Passion - feelings, desires, physical attraction, sexual fulfillment
●​ Decision/Commitment - shared goals

William Masters & Virginia Johnson (1966): Human Sexuality

EXCITEMENT (STAGE 1)

-​ Sexual arousal, preparation of intercourse

PLATEAU (STAGE 2)

-​ Physical arousal builds

ORGASM (STAGE 3)

-​ sex (utog utog)

RESOLUTION (STAGE 4)

-​ after sex