Chemical bonds
Compounds are formed when atoms bound together
Valence electrons create unbalanced charges causing atoms to be unstable and reactive
Bounds form (by gaining, losing electrons, or sharing) because atoms are seeking for
stability
An atom is stable when there are 8 electrons in the outer shell.
Ionic bound
Transferring electrons
Forms between metal and non-metal
Ionic bonds from ions (an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss
or gain of one or more electrons)
Atoms having ions of opposite charges attract each other.
EX: Sodium loses one electron having a positive one ion and chlorine gained one
electron so now it has a negative one ion and sodium and chlorine one positive and
one negative which makes them attract each other.
Ionic bound properties
Ionic bounds form solids in normal temperatures
Always exothermic (process of releasing heat)
High melting and boiling point
Soluble in water
Covalent bond
From by sharing the same electron
Only formed between non-metals
Happens with valence electrons
Covalent bond properties
Exists in every form
Bad at transmitting energy
Low melting and boiling points
Flammable
Acid and bases
The Arrhenius Theory is that there are hydrogen ions in acids, and they are released
when ionized (covert a substance into ions)
When acid and bases are ionized the bounds break into ions
Acid and bases can be solids too
Acid
Sour taste
Reacts with metal to produce h2 gases
Ph less than 7
More hydrogen ions more acidic
Turns red when test with litmus dye
The range of acids are 0-6.9 PH
Most likely positive charged
Bases
Bitter
Reacts with fat to create soap
Slippery
Ph more than 7
Turns blue when tested with litmus dye
More hydroxide ions more basic
The range of bases are 7.1-14 PH
Most likely negatively charged
Naming and writing ionic compounds
The chemical formula represents the formula unit (simplest ratio of the positive and
negative ions) of a compound
Cations: positive ions lose one or more electrons
Anions: negative ions gain one or more electrons
Group 14 in the periodic table rarely forms ionic bonds mostly form covalent bonds
Metals are on the right and the non-metals on the left.
Oxidation=charge
Some elements in group 3-12 have more than one charge
Metals tend to lose electrons and non-metals tend to gain electrons
Metals form cations and non-metals form anions
Ionic compound: a compound made cations and anions
If there are two elements, then it’s a binary compound
If there are more than two elements, then it is called ternary compound
If there is only one atom, then it is monatomic
If there is two or more atom, then it is polyatomic (atom that are covalently bonded
having a positive or a negative charge)
Binary compounds
Cations always comes first and keeps the full name of the element
Anions always comes second ad changed the ending to -ide
Even if there is two or more of the same elements in a binary compound it still
counts as binary
Atoms from compounds to reduce potential energy.
Sometimes when two atoms are forming compounds, they need more than one of
the elements to form a full outer shell to make the compound neutral
The ratio of the subscript should be in the simplest ratio
We use the cross over method to find out how much atom is needed form the two
kinds of atoms to form compounds and be neutral.
We cross over the charged in to subscript and there will be no more charges because
it is neutral
Polyatomic compounds
Polyatomic atoms are one unit
Do not change their subscript otherwise they will change into another atom.
Write the formula of polyatomic ion same as binary compounds
Naming and writing Molecular compounds
The least electron negative goes first
Between two metals
We can identify it by seeing the prefixes
The first element in the name keeps the full name of the element it only gets a prefix
when there is more than one of the atoms
The second element in the name always gets a prefix
Use the prefix plus root of the element plus – ide
Sometimes there are diatomic molecules in which that they bound with themselves
Naming and writing acids
Binary acids
There is no special way to write bases because most of them are ionic.
The first element will always be hydrogen
The second element will be a non-metal
Binary acid always begins with hydro-
The name of the second element is written after the prefix
The name ends with -ic
Oxyacid
An acid that contains an oxyanion (polyatomic anion that includes oxygen)
The prefix hydro- is not used for oxyacids
Change-ate to -ic
Change -ite to -ous
Acids are covalently bounded
When dissolved into water acid turn in to ions.
Acid reactions
Acid +base = a salt
Salt is neutral
First part if the name comes from the first word of the base
Second part comes from the first word of an acid
Ex: sodium hydroxide + sulfuric acid= sodium sulfate
Salt is not only used for food
Alkali (a kind of
base)form ionic compounds, whereas base form both ionic and covalent
compounds.
Acid + alkali= salt+ water
There is no sign for the reaction so there will be an indicator used to show the Ph
of the liquid the process is called titration.
Acid + metal= a salt + hydrogen
Acid + metal oxide = a salt + water
Water forms because the H+ ions released join up with the oxygens.
When a metal oxide is out into the acid it dissolves while reacting.
Acid + carbonate = salt + water + carbon dioxide
Water and carbon dioxide forms because carbonate reacts with the H+ ions in the
acid
When the acid reacts with the carbonate the water turns warm because it is
endothermic meaning that is releasing heat and it causes the water to be milky.
Elements that can form more than one ion
Silver-------+1
Copper----------+1, +2
Iron-----------+2, +3
Cobalt------------+2, +3
Chromium------------+2, +3
Nitrogen-------------+2, +3
Tin------------------+2, +4
Lead----------------+2, +4
Oxidation number: The oxidation number is basically the count of electrons that atoms in a
molecule can share, lose or gain while forming chemical bonds with other atoms of a
different element.
Binary compound: two different atoms bonding together (must be two)
A covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally are called polar