Human Development Index 1

Human Development Index

The Human Development Index
(HDI) is a composite statistic used to
rank countries by level of "human
development" and separate "very high
human development", "high human
development", "medium human
development", and "low human
development" countries. The Human
Development Index (HDI) is a
comparative measure of life
expectancy, literacy, education and World map indicating the Human Development Index (based on 2010 data, published on
the 4th of November, 2010) Human Development Index (HDI) - 2010 Rankings, United
standards of living for countries
Nations Development Programme
worldwide. It is a standard means of
measuring well-being, especially child
welfare. It is used to distinguish
whether the country is a developed, a
developing or an under-developed
country, and also to measure the
impact of economic policies on quality
of life. There are also HDI for states,
cities, villages, etc. by local
organizations or companies.

Origins World map indicating the Human Development Index category by country(2010 Indices
& Data | Human Development Reports (HDR) | United Nations Development Programme
The origins of the HDI are found in the (UNDP)): Very High (Developed Country) High (Developing country) Medium
annual Human Development Reports (Developing country) Low (Developing country) Data unavailable
of the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the
explicit purpose ‘‘to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people centered
policies’’. To produce the Human Development Reports, Mahbub ul Haq brought together a group of well-known
development economists including: Paul Streeten, Frances Stewart, Gustav Ranis, Keith Griffin, Sudhir Anand and
Meghnad Desai. But it was Nobel laureate Amartya Sen’s work on capabilities and functionings that provided the
underlying conceptual framework. Haq was sure that a simple composite measure of human development was
needed in order to convince the public, academics, and policy-makers that they can and should evaluate development
not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being. Sen initially opposed this idea, but he
went on to help Haq develop the Human Development Index (HDI). Sen was worried that it was difficult to capture
the full complexity of human capabilities in a single index but Haq persuaded him that only a single number would
shift the attention of policy-makers from concentration on economic to human well-being.[3] [4]

Other organizations and companies also make HD Indices with differing formulae and results (see below).
Human Development Index 2

Dimensions and calculation

Published on 4 November 2010 (and updated on 10 June 2011), starting with the 2010 Human Development Report
the HDI combines three dimensions:
• A long and healthy life: Life expectancy at birth
• Access to knowledge: Mean years of schooling and Expected years of schooling
• A decent standard of living: GNI per capita (PPP US$)
The HDI combined three dimensions up until its 2010 report:
• Life expectancy at birth, as an index of population health and longevity
• Knowledge and education, as measured by the adult literacy rate (with two-thirds weighting) and the combined
primary, secondary, and tertiary gross enrollment ratio (with one-third weighting).
• Standard of living, as indicated by the natural logarithm of gross domestic product per capita at purchasing power
parity.

New methodology for 2010 data onwards

In its 2010 Human Development Report the UNDP began
using a new method of calculating the HDI. The following
three indices are used:

2010 Very High HDI nations, by population size

1. Life Expectancy Index (LEI)

2. Education Index (EI)

[5]
2.1 Mean Years of Schooling Index (MYSI)

[6]
2.2 Expected Years of Schooling Index (EYSI)

3. Income Index (II)

Finally, the HDI is the geometric mean of the previous three normalized indices:

LE: Life expectancy at birth

MYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a 25-year-old person or older has spent in schools)
EYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend with his education in his whole life)
Human Development Index 3

GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita

Methodology used until 2010

This is the methodology used by the UNDP up
until its 2010 report.
The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by
the United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP)[7] In general, to transform a raw
variable, say , into a unit-free index between
0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be
added together), the following formula is used:

HDI trends between 1975 and 2004

where and are the lowest and highest values the variable can attain, respectively.
The Human Development Index (HDI) then represents the uniformly weighted sum with ⅓ contributed by each of
the following factor indices:

• Life Expectancy Index =

• Education Index =

• Adult Literacy Index (ALI) =

• Gross Enrollment Index (GEI) =

• GDP =

Other organizations/companies may include Democracy Index, Population, etc. which produces different number of
HDI.
Human Development Index 4

2010 report
The 2010 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on November 4,
2010, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2010. Below is the list of the "Very High Development"
countries:[8]

• Norway 0.938 ( ) • Israel 0.872 ( 12) • Slovenia 0.828 ( )

• Australia 0.937 ( ) • Finland 0.871 ( 4) • Andorra 0.824 ( 2)
• New Zealand 0.907 ( 17) • Iceland 0.869 ( 14) • Slovakia 0.818 ( 11)
• United States 0.902 ( 9) • Belgium 0.867 ( 1) • United Arab Emirates 0.815 ( 3)
• Ireland 0.895 ( ) • Denmark 0.866 ( 3) • Malta 0.815 ( 5)
• Liechtenstein 0.891 ( 13) • Spain 0.863 ( 5) • Estonia 0.812 ( 6)
• Netherlands 0.890 ( 1) • Hong Kong 0.862 ( 3) • Cyprus 0.810 ( 3)
• Canada 0.888 ( 4) • Greece 0.855 ( 3) • Hungary 0.805 ( 7)
• Sweden 0.885 ( 2) • Italy 0.854 ( 5) • Brunei 0.805 ( 7)
• Germany 0.885 ( 12) • Luxembourg 0.852 ( 13) • Qatar 0.803 ( 5)
• Japan 0.884 ( 1) • Austria 0.851 ( 11) • Bahrain 0.801 ( )
• South Korea 0.877 ( 14) • United Kingdom 0.849 ( 5) • Portugal 0.795 ( 6)

• Switzerland 0.874 ( 4) • Singapore 0.846 ( 5) • Poland 0.795 ( )

• France 0.872 ( 6) • Czech Republic 0.841 ( 8) • Barbados 0.788 ( 5)

Inequality-adjusted HDI
The 2010 Human Development Report was also the first to calculate an Inequality-adjusted Human Development
Index, which factors in inequalities in the three basic dimensions of human development (income, life expectancy,
and education). Below is the list of the "Very High Development" countries under this index.[9] The green arrows (
), red arrows ( ), and blue dashes ( ) represent changes in rank when compared to the 2010 HDI.

• Norway 0.876 ( ) • Finland 0.806 ( 5) • United Kingdom 0.766 ( 5)

• Australia 0.864 ( ) • United States 0.799 ( 8) • Slovakia 0.764 ( 9)
• Sweden 0.824 ( 6) • Belgium 0.794 ( 5) • Israel 0.763 ( 8)
• Netherlands 0.818 ( 3) • France 0.792 ( ) • Italy 0.752 ( 1)
• Germany 0.814 ( 5) • Czech Republic 0.790 ( 13) • Hungary 0.736 ( 11)

• Switzerland 0.813 ( 7) • Austria 0.787 ( 9) • Estonia 0.733 ( 8)

• Ireland 0.813 ( 2) • Spain 0.779 ( 3) • South Korea 0.731 ( 15)
• Canada 0.812 ( ) • Luxembourg 0.775 ( 6) • Cyprus 0.716 ( 7)
• Iceland 0.811 ( 8) • Slovenia 0.771 ( 10) • Poland 0.709 ( 11)
• Denmark 0.810 ( 9) • Greece 0.768 ( 2) • Portugal 0.700 ( 10)

Countries, mentioned (in 2010 Human Development Report) as having a "Very High Development", but which were
not included in the 2010 Inequality-adjusted HDI - due to lack of data are: Andorra, Bahrain, Barbados, Brunei,
Japan, Liechtenstein, Malta, New Zealand, Qatar, Singapore, and the United Arab Emirates.

Countries not included

Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The
following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2010 report.[10] Cuba lodged a formal protest at its
lack of inclusion. The UNDP explained that Cuba had been excluded due to the lack of an "internationally reported
figure for Cuba’s Gross National Income adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity". All other indicators for Cuba were
available, and reported by the UNDP, but the lack of one indicator meant that no ranking could be attributed to the
country.[11] [12]
Human Development Index 5

Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania

• Eritrea • Antigua and Barbuda • Bhutan • Monaco • Kiribati
• Seychelles • Cuba • Iraq • San Marino • Marshall Islands
• Somalia • Dominica • North Korea • Nauru
• Vatican City
• Grenada • Lebanon • Palau
• Saint Kitts and Nevis • Oman • Samoa
• Saint Lucia • Tuvalu
• Saint Vincent and the Grenadines • Vanuatu

Non-UN members (not calculated by UNDP)

• Taiwan 0.868 (Ranked 18th among countries if included).[13]

2009 Human Development Report

The 2009 Human Development Report by UNDP was released on October 5, 2009, and covers the period up to
2007. It was titled "Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development". The top countries by HDI were
grouped in a new category called "Very High Human Development". The report refers to these countries as
developed countries.[14] They are:

• Norway 0.971 ( 1) • Austria 0.955 ( ) • Israel 0.935 ( 1)

• Australia 0.970 ( 2) • Spain 0.955 ( 1) • Andorra 0.934 ( 1)
• Iceland 0.969 ( 2) • Denmark 0.955 ( 2) • Slovenia 0.929 ( )
• Canada 0.966 ( 1) • Belgium 0.953 ( ) • Brunei 0.920 ( )
• Ireland 0.965 ( ) • Italy 0.951 ( 1) • Kuwait 0.916 ( )
• Netherlands 0.964 ( ) • Liechtenstein 0.951 ( 1) • Cyprus 0.914 ( )
• Sweden 0.963 ( ) • New Zealand 0.950 ( ) • Qatar 0.910 ( 1)
• France 0.961 ( 3) • United Kingdom 0.947 ( ) • Portugal 0.909 ( 1)
• Germany 0.947 ( ) • United Arab Emirates 0.903 ( 2)
• Switzerland 0.960 ( 1)
• Japan 0.960 ( 2) • Singapore 0.944 ( 1) • Czech Republic 0.903 ( )
• Luxembourg 0.960 ( 2) • Hong Kong 0.944 ( 1) • Barbados 0.903 ( 2)
• Finland 0.959 ( ) • Greece 0.942 ( ) • Malta 0.902 ( 3)
• United States 0.956 ( 2) • South Korea 0.937 ( )

Countries not included

Some countries were not included for various reasons, such as being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to
provide the necessary data at the time of publication. Besides the states with limited recognition, the following states
were also not included.

Africa Asia Europe Oceania

• Zimbabwe • Iraq • Monaco • Fiji
• North Korea • San Marino • Kiribati
• Marshall Islands
• Vatican City
• Federated States of Micronesia
• Nauru
• Palau
• Tuvalu
Human Development Index 6

2008 statistical update

A new index was released on December 18, 2008. This so-called "statistical update" covered the period up to 2006
and was published without an accompanying Human Development Report. The update is relevant due to newly
released estimates of purchasing power parities (PPP), implying substantial adjustments for many countries, resulting
in changes in HDI values and, in many cases, HDI ranks.[15]

• Iceland 0.968 ( ) • Finland 0.954 ( 1) • Germany 0.940 ( 1)

• Norway 0.968 ( ) • Denmark 0.952 ( 1) • Israel 0.930 ( 1)
• Canada 0.967 ( 1) • Austria 0.951 ( 1) • South Korea 0.928 ( 1)
• Australia 0.965 ( 1) • United States 0.950 ( 3) • Slovenia 0.923 ( 1)
• Ireland 0.960 ( ) • Spain 0.949 ( 3) • Brunei 0.919 ( 3)
• Netherlands 0.958 ( 3) • Belgium 0.948 ( 1) • Singapore 0.918 ( 3)
• Sweden 0.958 ( 1) • Greece 0.947 ( 6) • Kuwait 0.912 ( 4)
• Japan 0.956 ( ) • Italy 0.945 ( 1) • Cyprus 0.912 ( 2)
• Luxembourg 0.956 ( 9) • New Zealand 0.944 ( 1) • United Arab Emirates 0.903 ( 8)

• Switzerland 0.955 ( 3) • United Kingdom 0.942 ( 4) • Bahrain 0.902 ( 9)

• France 0.954 ( 1) • Hong Kong 0.942 ( 1) • Portugal 0.900 ( 4)

Countries not included

Some countries were not included for various reasons, such as being a non-UN member, unable, or unwilling to
provide the necessary data at the time of publication. Besides the states with limited recognition, the following states
were also not included.

Africa Europe Oceania

• Somalia • Andorra • Kiribati

• Zimbabwe • Liechtenstein • Marshall Islands
• Monaco • Federated States of Micronesia
• San Marino • Nauru

• Vatican City • Palau

• Tuvalu

2007/2008 Human Development Report

The Human Development Report for 2007/2008 was launched in Brasilia, Brazil, on November 27, 2007. Its focus
was on "Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world."[16] Most of the data used for the report are
derived largely from 2005 or earlier, thus indicating an HDI for 2005. Not all UN member states choose to or are
able to provide the necessary statistics.
The report showed a small increase in world HDI in comparison with last year's report. This rise was fueled by a
general improvement in the developing world, especially of the least developed countries group. This marked
improvement at the bottom was offset with a decrease in HDI of high income countries.
A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent "low development". All 22 countries in that category are located in
Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries, Gabon and South Africa, are ranked 119th and 121st,
respectively. Nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the "medium development" group.
A HDI of 0.8 or more is considered to represent "high development". This includes all developed countries, such as
those in North America, Western Europe, Oceania, and Eastern Asia, as well as some developing countries in
Eastern Europe, Central and South America, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and the oil-rich Arabian Peninsula.
Seven countries were promoted to this category this year, leaving the "medium development" group: Albania,
Belarus, Brazil, Libya, Macedonia, Russia and Saudi Arabia.
Human Development Index 7

On the following table, green arrows ( ) represent an increase in ranking over the previous study, while red arrows
( ) represent a decrease in ranking. They are followed by the number of spaces they moved. Blue dashes ( )
represent a nation that did not move in the rankings since the previous study.

• Iceland 0.968 ( 1) • Finland 0.952 ( ) • Hong Kong 0.937 ( 1)

• Norway 0.968 ( 1) • United States 0.951 ( 4) • Germany 0.935 ( 1)
• Australia 0.962 ( ) • Spain 0.949 ( 6) • Israel 0.932 ( )
• Canada 0.961 ( 2) • Denmark 0.949 ( 1) • Greece 0.926 ( )
• Ireland 0.959 ( 1) • Austria 0.948 ( 1) • Singapore 0.922 ( )
• Sweden 0.956 ( 1) • Belgium 0.946 ( 4) • South Korea 0.921 ( )
• Switzerland 0.955 ( 2) • United Kingdom 0.946 ( 1) • Slovenia 0.917 ( )
• Japan 0.953 ( 1) • Luxembourg 0.944 ( 6) • Cyprus 0.903 ( 1)
• Netherlands 0.953 ( 1) • New Zealand 0.943 ( 1) • Portugal 0.897 ( 1)
• France 0.952 ( 6) • Italy 0.941 ( 3) • Brunei 0.894 ( 4)

Past top countries

The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Canada and
Norway have been ranked the highest eight times each, followed by Japan which has been ranked highest three
times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice.

In each original report

The year represents when the report was published. In parentheses is the year for which the index was calculated.
• 2010 (2010)– Norway
• 2009 (2007)– Norway
• 2008 (2006)– Iceland
• 2007 (2005)– Iceland
• 2006 (2004)– Norway
• 2005 (2003)– Norway
• 2004 (2002)– Norway
• 2003 (2001)– Norway
• 2002 (2000)– Norway
• 2001 (1999)– Norway
• 2000 (1998)– Canada
• 1999 (1997)– Canada
• 1998 (1995)– Canada
• 1997 (1994)– Canada
• 1996 (1993)– Canada
• 1995 (1992)– Canada
• 1994 (????)– Canada
• 1993 (????)– Japan
• 1992 (1990)– Canada
• 1991 (1990)– Japan
• 1990 (????)– Japan
Human Development Index 8

Future HDI projections

Further information: List of countries by future Human Development Index projections of the United Nations
In April 2010, the Human Development Report Office provided[17] the 2010-2030 HDI projections (quoted in
September 2010, by the United Nations Development Programme, in the Human Development Research paper
2010/40 [18], pp. 40–42). These projections were reached by re-calculating the HDI, using (for components of the
HDI) projections of the components conducted by agencies that provide the UNDP with data for the HDI.

2030 list
According to these projections, this would be the list of 30 top countries by HDI by 2030:

• Japan 0.998 • Denmark 0.977

• Australia 0.995 • Austria 0.976
• France 0.993 • Finland 0.976
• Spain 0.991 • United States 0.973
• Canada 0.989 • United Kingdom 0.972
• Norway 0.989 • Germany 0.966
• New Zealand 0.988 • Singapore 0.963
• Ireland 0.984 • Cyprus 0.959
• Israel 0.984 • Croatia 0.956
• Italy 0.984 • Hong Kong 0.956
• South Korea 0.981 • Slovakia 0.956
• Netherlands 0.980 • Estonia 0.953
• Greece 0.980 • Chile 0.948
• Hungary 0.946
• Switzerland 0.979
• Slovenia 0.977 • Poland 0.943

Criticisms
The Human Development Index has
been criticised on a number of
grounds, including failure to include
any ecological considerations, focusing
exclusively on national performance
and ranking (although many national
Human Development Reports, looking
at subnational performance, have been
published by UNDP and others—so
this last claim is untrue), not paying
much attention to development from a
global perspective and based on
grounds of measurement error of the
underlying statistics and formula
changes by the UNDP which can lead
HDI for a sample of 150 countries shows a very high correlation with logarithm of GDP
to severe misclassifications of
per capita.
countries in the categories of being a
'low', 'medium', 'high' or 'very high'
Human Development Index 9

human development country.[19] Other authors claimed that the Human Development Reports "have lost touch with
their original vision and the index fails to capture the essence of the world it seeks to portray".[20] The index has also
been criticized as "redundant" and a "reinvention of the wheel", measuring aspects of development that have already
been exhaustively studied.[21] [22] The index has further been criticised for having an inappropriate treatment of
income, lacking year-to-year comparability, and assessing development differently in different groups of
countries.[23]
Economist Bryan Caplan has criticised the way HDI scores are produced; each of the three components are bounded
between zero and one. As a result of that, rich countries effectively cannot improve their rating (and thus their
ranking relative to other countries) in certain categories, even though there is a lot of scope for economic growth and
longevity left. "This effectively means that a country of immortals with infinite per-capita GDP would get a score of
.666 (lower than South Africa and Tajikistan) if its population were illiterate and never went to school."[24] He
argues, "Scandinavia comes out on top according to the HDI because the HDI is basically a measure of how
Scandinavian your country is."[24]
Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of
data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI.[19] They identify three
sources of data error which are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresholds to classify a
country’s development status and find that 11%, 21% and 34% of all countries can be interpreted as currently
misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error, respectively. The authors suggest that
the United Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because the cut-off
values seem arbitrary, can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, and have the
potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donators and the public at large which use the HDI. In 2010 the
UNDP reacted to the criticism and updated the thresholds to classify nations as low, medium and high human
development countries. In a comment to The Economist in early January 2011, the Human Development Report
Office responded[25] to a January 6, 2011 article in The Economist[26] which discusses the Wolff et al. paper. The
Human Development Report Office states that they undertook a systematic revision of the methods used for the
calculation of the HDI and that the new methodology directly addresses the critique by Wolff et al. in that it
generates a system for continuous updating of the human development categories whenever formula or data revisions
take place.
The following are common criticisms directed at the HDI: that it is a redundant measure that adds little to the value
of the individual measures composing it; that it is a means to provide legitimacy to arbitrary weightings of a few
aspects of social development; that it is a number producing a relative ranking which is useless for inter-temporal
comparisons, and difficult to compare a country's progress or regression since the HDI for a country in a given year
depends on the levels of, say, life expectancy or GDP per capita of other countries in that year.[27] [28] [29] [30]
However, each year, UN member states are listed and ranked according to the computed HDI. If high, the rank in the
list can be easily used as a means of national aggrandizement; alternatively, if low, it can be used to highlight
national insufficiencies. Using the HDI as an absolute index of social welfare, some authors have used panel HDI
data to measure the impact of economic policies on quality of life.[31]
Ratan Lal Basu criticises the HDI concept from a completely different angle. According to him the Amartya
Sen-Mahbub ul Haq concept of HDI considers that provision of material amenities alone would bring about Human
Development, but Basu opines that Human Development in the true sense should embrace both material and moral
development. According to him human development based on HDI alone, is similar to dairy farm economics to
improve dairy farm output. To quote: ‘So human development effort should not end up in amelioration of material
deprivations alone: it must undertake to bring about spiritual and moral development to assist the biped to become
truly human.’[32] For example, a high suicide rate would bring the index down.
A few authors have proposed alternative indices to address some of the index's shortcomings.[33] However, of those
proposed alternatives to the HDI, few have produced alternatives covering so many countries, and that no
Human Development Index 10

development index (other than, perhaps, Gross Domestic Product per capita) has been used so extensively—or
effectively, in discussions and developmental planning as the HDI.
However, there has been one lament about the HDI that has resulted in an alternative index: David Hastings, of the
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific published a report geographically
extending the HDI to 230+ economies, whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage
for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries.[34] [35]

References
[1] Human Development Index (HDI) - 2010 Rankings (http:/ / hdr. undp. org/ en/ statistics/ ), United Nations Development Programme
[2] Indices & Data | Human Development Reports (HDR) | United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (http:/ / hdr. undp. org/ en/
statistics/ )
[3] Fukuda-Parr, Sakiko (2003). "The Human Development Paradigm: operationalizing Sen’s ideas on capabilities". Feminist Economics 9 (2–3):
301–317. doi:10.1080/1354570022000077980.
[4] United Nations Development Programme (1999). Human Development Report 1999. New York: Oxford University Press.
[5] Mean years of schooling (of adults) (years) is a calculation of the average number of years of education received by people ages 25 and older
in their lifetime based on education attainment levels of the population converted into years of schooling based on theoretical durations of
each level of education attended. Source: Barro, R. J.; Lee, J.-W. (2010). "A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World,
1950-2010" (http:/ / www. nber. org/ papers/ w15902). NBER Working Paper No. 15902. .
[6] (Expected years of schooling is a calculation of the number of years a child of school entrance age is expected to spend at school, or
university, including years spent on repetition. It is the sum of the age-specific enrolment ratios for primary, secondary, post-secondary
non-tertiary and tertiary education and is calculated assuming the prevailing patterns of age-specific enrolment rates were to stay the same
throughout the child’s life. (Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2010). Correspondence on education indicators. March. Montreal.)
[7] Definition, Calculator, etc. at UNDP site (http:/ / hdr. undp. org/ en/ statistics/ faq/ question,68,en. html)
[8] 2010 Human Development Index (http:/ / hdr. undp. org/ en/ media/ HDR_2010_EN_Table1. pdf)
[9] 2010 Human Development Complete Report (http:/ / hdr. undp. org/ en/ media/ HDR_2010_EN_Complete. pdf)
[10] International Human Rights Development Indicators (http:/ / hdr. undp. org/ en/ data/ map/ ), UNDP
[11] "Samoa left out of UNDP index" (http:/ / www. samoaobserver. ws/ index. php?option=com_content& view=article&
id=30827:samoa-left& catid=1:latest-news& Itemid=50), Samoa Observer, January 22, 2010
[12] Cuba country profile (http:/ / hdrstats. undp. org/ en/ countries/ profiles/ CUB. html), UNDP
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[14] http:/ / hdr. undp. org/ en/ media/ HDR_2009_EN_Complete. pdf Human Development Report 2009[ (p. 171, 204)
[15] News – Human Development Reports (UNDP) (http:/ / hdr. undp. org/ en/ mediacentre/ news/ title,15493,en. html)
[16] HDR 2007/2008 – Human Development Reports (UNDP) (http:/ / hdr. undp. org/ en/ reports/ global/ hdr2007-2008/ )
[17] In: Daponte Beth Osborne, and Hu difei: "Technical Note on Re-Calculating the HDI, Using Projections of Components of the HDI", April
2010, United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report Office.
[18] http:/ / hdr. undp. org/ en/ reports/ global/ hdr2010/ papers/ HDRP_2010_40. pdf
[19] Wolff, Hendrik; Chong, Howard; Auffhammer, Maximilian (2011). "Classification, Detection and Consequences of Data Error: Evidence
from the Human Development Index". Economic Journal 121 (553): 843–870. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02408.x.
[20] Sagara, Ambuj D.; Najam, Adil (1998). "The human development index: a critical review". Ecological Economics 25 (3): 249–264.
doi:10.1016/S0921-8009(97)00168-7.
[21] McGillivray, Mark (1991). "The human development index: yet another redundant composite development indicator?". World Development
19 (10): 1461–1468. doi:10.1016/0305-750X(91)90088-Y.
[22] Srinivasan, T. N. (1994). "Human Development: A New Paradigm or Reinvention of the Wheel?". American Economic Review 84 (2):
238–243. JSTOR 2117836.
[23] McGillivray, Mark; White, Howard (2006). "Measuring development? The UNDP's human development index". Journal of International
Development 5 (2): 183–192. doi:10.1002/jid.3380050210.
[24] Caplan, Bryan (May 22, 2009). "Against the Human Development Index" (http:/ / econlog. econlib. org/ archives/ 2009/ 05/
against_the_hum. html). Library of Economics and Liberty. .
[25] "UNDP Human Development Report Office's comments" (http:/ / www. economist. com/ user/ UNDP+ Human+ Development+ Report+
Office/ comments). The Economist. January 2011. .
[26] "The Economist (pages 60-61 in the issue of Jan 8, 2011)" (http:/ / www. economist. com/ node/ 17849159?story_id=17849159& fsrc=rss).
January 6, 2011. .
[27] Rao, V. V. B. (1991). "Human development report 1990: review and assessment". World Development 19 (10): 1451–1460.
doi:10.1016/0305-750X(91)90087-X.
Human Development Index 11

[28] McGillivray, M. (1991). "The Human Development Index: Yet Another Redundant Composite Development Indicator?". World
Development 18 (10): 1461–1468. doi:10.1016/0305-750X(91)90088-Y.
[29] Hopkins, M. (1991). "Human development revisited: A new UNDP report". World Development 19 (10): 1461–1468.
doi:10.1016/0305-750X(91)90089-Z.
[30] Tapia Granados, J. A. (1995). "Algunas ideas críticas sobre el índice de desarrollo humano". Boletín de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana
119 (1): 74–87.
[31] Davies, A.; Quinlivan, G. (2006). "A Panel Data Analysis of the Impact of Trade on Human Development". Journal of Socio-Economics 35
(5): 868–876. doi:10.1016/[Link].2005.11.048.
[32] HDI-2 (http:/ / www. international-relations. com/ CM6-2WB/ HDI-Ancient-India. htm)
[33] Noorbakhsh, Farhad (1998). "The human development index: some technical issues and alternative indices". Journal of International
Development 10 (5): 589–605. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1328(199807/08)10:5<589::AID-JID484>[Link];2-S.
[34] Hastings, David A. (2009). "Filling Gaps in the Human Development Index" (http:/ / www. unescap. org/ publications/ detail. asp?id=1308).
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Working Paper WP/09/02. .
[35] Hastings, David A. (2011). "A "Classic" Human Development Index with 232 Countries" (http:/ / www. humansecurityindex. org/
?page_id=204). [Link]. . Information Note linked to data

External links
• Human Development Report ([Link]
• 2011 Human Development Index Update ([Link]
• Human Development Interactive Map ([Link]
• Human Development Tools and Rankings ([Link]
• Technical note explaining the definition of the HDI ([Link]
hdr_20072008_tech_note_1.pdf)PDF (5.54 MB)
• An independent HDI ([Link] covering 232 countries, formulated
along lines of the traditional (pre-2010) approach.
• List of countries by HDI at [Link] ([Link]
• America Is # ... 15? ([Link] by Dalton Conley, The Nation, March
4, 2009
Article Sources and Contributors 12

Article Sources and Contributors

Human Development Index Source: [Link] Contributors: -

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File: UN Human Development Report 2010 [Link] Source: [Link] License: Public Domain
Contributors: User:Eduardo Sellan III, User:Giro720, User:Heitor C. Jorge, User:Marcos Elias de Oliveira Júnior
File:2010 UNDP Human Development Report Quartiles .png Source: [Link] License:
Public Domain Contributors: 2010_UN_Human_Development_Report_Quartiles_.png: Kardrak derivative work: Kardrak (talk) derivative work: Kardrak (talk)
File:Population veryhigh [Link] Source: [Link] License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:
Old Guard
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3.0 Contributors: cflm (talk)
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and by Vzb83
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changed by User:PeepP to match the image at .
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of England/James VI of ScotlandSVG recreation by User:Zscout370
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User:Nightstallion
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User:Zscout370
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 13

File:Flag of [Link] Source: [Link] License: unknown Contributors: -

File:Flag of Antigua and [Link] Source: [Link] License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Dbenbenn
File:Flag of [Link] Source: [Link] License: Public Domain Contributors: see below
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some modification done to the colours based on information at Vexilla mundi.
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