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Mathematics 3

The document covers vector calculus, focusing on vector differentiation, integration, and integral theorems. It introduces key concepts such as gradient, divergence, and curl, along with the properties and applications of vector functions. Various examples illustrate the computation of derivatives and the interpretation of vector fields in three-dimensional space.

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5 views810 pages

Mathematics 3

The document covers vector calculus, focusing on vector differentiation, integration, and integral theorems. It introduces key concepts such as gradient, divergence, and curl, along with the properties and applications of vector functions. Various examples illustrate the computation of derivatives and the interpretation of vector fields in three-dimensional space.

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sivalisivali143
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UNIT Vector Calculus 1. Vector Differentiation and Vector Operators 2. Vector Integration 3. Vector Integral Theorems This Page has been intentionally left blank Vector Differentiation CHAPTER and Vector Operators 1.1 INTRODUCTION In this chapter, vector differential calculus is considered, which extends the basic concepts of (ordinary) differential calculus, such as, continuity and differentiability to vector functions ina simple and natural way. Also, the new concepts of gradient, divergence and curl are introduced. 1.2 DIFFERENTIATION OF A VECTOR FUNCTION Let 5 be a set of real numbers, Corresponding to cach scalar ¢ © S, let there be associated a unique vector #. Then 7 is said to be a vector (vector valued) function. Sis called the domain of 7 - We write f = f (0) Let 7.j.& be three mutually perpendicular unit vectors in three dimensional space, We can write f = AlOT+ ANT +L (OE, where f\(9,f,40,4(0) are real valued funetions (which are called components of f }. (we shall assume that 7, j, are constant vectors). 1. Derivative f)-fra) fe) Let bea-vector function on an interval /anda ei. Then Lt , iftexists, is called the derivative of 7 at aand is denoted by f(a) ot (2) atr=a, We also say that 7 is differentiable at t=aif Fla) exists. 2. Higher Order Derivatives Let f be differentiable on an interval [and f' £ be the derivative of ff a £ for every a ¢ CJ then 7’ is said to be differentiable on J,. It is denoted by Feta) or of : Similarly, wecandefine (0) etc. We now state some properties of differentiable functions (without proof) : (I) Derivative ofa constant vector is 6 . If @ and 5 areditferentiable vector functions, then ey eB) 4 Engineering Mathematics — III ap dai, _ db Gta Fob ta @ de If f is a differentiable vector function and is a scalar differential function, then son- oh th @ CO WS = HOT + OF + KOE where F,(),.5(0, /(0 are cartesian components of the vee- jinn fa iz tz, Hae wor fatten La thy, tj, ( Theneccessary and sufficient condition for 7(2) tobe constant vector function is 3. Partial Derivatives Partial differentiation for vector valued functions can be introduced as was done in the case of functions of real variables, Let j be a vector function of scalar variables p, , t. Then we write S = flog). Treating 4 as 4 variable and p, q as constants, we define pp Lherget +80) - f([Link]) a0 ar # ifexists, a partial derivative off virt.¢ andis denoted by 2. z Sitnilarly, we ean define a z also. The following are some useful results on partial differen- P tiation, 4. Properties 0) S9a)= SapS Bo aa (2) Ifh stant, then —(Aa) = A— @) Wiis aconstant, then Ga) = 25 eB) é 2 a © 2@ © 2a () Let f= fia fae ae where Ji, /,. fs are differential scalar functions of more than one af +h 2 (treating 7, j,£ as fixed directions) variable. Then “=i a Te 5. Higher Order Partial Derivatives jaf 2 a(F) af _ oe Let f= fmt). Then > 32), gat pln ete. Vector Differentiation and Vector Operators 5 6. Scalar and Vector Point Functions : Consider a region in three dimensional space. To each point P(x, 3, 2), suppose we associate a unique real number (called sealar) say . This 6 (x, », 2) is called a scalar point function defined on the region. Similarly if to each point P(x, y, 2) we associate a unique vector f (x,y,z), J iscalled a vector point function. Examples: For example take a heated solid. Ateach point P (x,y, ) of the solid, there will be temperature 1 (x,y,z). This T is a scalar point function. Suppose a particle (or a very small inscet) is tracing a path in space. When it occupies a position P(x, y, 2) in space, it will be having some speed, say, v. This speed v is ascalar point function. Consider a particle moving in space, At each point P on its path, the particle will be having a velocity ¥ which is a vector point function. Similarly, the acceleration of the particle is also a vector point function, In arnagnetic field, at any point P(x,3;z) there will be amagnetie fore 7 (x,y, 2). This is called magnetic force field. This is also an example of a vector point function. The students will come across several scalar and vector point functions in their respective subjects of study. 7. Tangent Vector toa curve inspace Consider an interval [a, 5] BP Letx=x (i),y=ye), 2=2 (be continuous and derivable 5 forastsb. Then the set of all points (x (i), (1),z ())is called acurve & in space. Let A= (x (a),»(a),2(@)) and B = (x (6), »(5),2 (6). These A, Bare called the end points of the curve. IA=B, the curve is said to be a closed curve, o Let P and Q be two neighbouring points on the curve, Let OP =F (1) and OD =F(t +51) =F +87. Then 87 = O0-OP = PQ. Thus < is along the vector PO, As Q > P, PO and hence 2 tends to be along the tangent to the curve at P. Fd Hence _it & will be a tangent vector to the curveatP. (This “© may not be a unit boo ot dt dt vector) Supposearc length AP=s, Ifwe take the parameter as the arc length parameter, We can observe that = is unit tangent vector at P to the curve. 5 6 Engineering Mathematics — III 1.3 VECTOR DIFFERENTIAL OPERATOR Def. The vector differential operator V (read as del) is defined aveice, jens This operator possesses properties analogous to those of ordinary vectors as well as differentiation operator. We will define now some quantities known as “gradient®, “divergence” and “eur!” involving this operator V. We must note that this operator has no meaning by itself unless it operates on some function suitably. 1.4 GRADIEN tT OF ASCALAR POINT FUNCTION Let $(.»,2) be a scalar point function of position defined in some region of space. Then the vector funetion ia. j24£2 is known as the gradient of ¢ and is denoted by grad § or Vo. ae Note that Vg defines a vector field, Properties : [JNTU (K) Dec. 2018Sup.| (1) Iffand g are two scalar functions then grad( f+.) = grad f+ grad g 2) The necessary and suflicient condition for a scalar point function to be constant ds that V0 G) grad (/g)=/ (grad g) + g (grad f} @) Ifeisa constant, grad (of) = ¢ (grad f’) (9) red ( £0 codes (© Let Faxi4yj-+c2k. Then oF =(ch)i +(dy)j+(a2)K- If 4 is any scalar point function, then (ge) + jy + fide) = 0 [Link] Conservative : A vector function F is said tohave.a conservative vector ficld if F=Vo ie. F is the gradient of ascalar function 6, In this case @ is known as the potential function of F. DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVE [INTU (K) Feb. 2015 (Set No. 2)| Let $(,),2) be a scalar function defined throughout some region of space. Let this function havea value p at a point P whose position vector referred to the origin is OP =F . Let +g be the value of the function at neighbouring point 0. If OQ=F +AF then PO= AF . Let Ar be the length of AF. A z= gives a measure of the rate at which change when we move from P to Q. The limiting value of Ad as Ar—> 0 is called the derivative of in the direction of PO or simply directional Ar ay derivative of @ at P and is denoted by 7°. Vector Differentiation and Vector Operators 7 ‘Theorem 1: The directional derivative of'a scalar point function 6 at a point P(x, y, 2) in the [Link]. Henee the component of V@ in the direction ofa unit vector @ is given by V@.@ andiscalled direction of a unit vector & is equal to @. grad i.e. the directional derivative of in the direction @. Physically this is the rate of change of at (x,y,z) in the direction of 2. Note 1: Directional derivative of @ inthe dieection of x-axis is hea (VO).T 2, Directional derivative of ¢ inthe direction of y -eisiet te, (VO). 3. Directional derivative of 6 in the direction of y-axis is ie, (V4). F & The Geometrical Interpretation of Vo: Level Surface Ifa surface 6 (x, y, =) = ¢ be drawn through any point P(F), such that at each point on it, the function has the same value as at P then such a surface is called a level surface of the function through P. €.: equipotential or isothermal surface, ‘Theorem 2; Vé at any point isa vector normal to the level surface 6(x,),2) =¢ through that point, where ¢ is a constant. ‘The Physical Interpretation of Vp [INTU (K) Feb.2015, April 2019 (Set No. 1)] The gradicntof'a scalar function. 6(x,).2) at apoint P(x,y,2) isa vector along the normal to the level surface (x,y,2)=e at P ands in increasing direction, Its magnitude is equal to the greatest rate of increase of $. Greatest valuc of directional deriva- tive of § ata point P=| grad | =|¥é|at that point P. 1.6 GRADIENTOF A FUNCTION OF A FUNCTION Let ¥=f(u) where w=u(x.y.2). Then vr = [fo] (- 72182 \w “f ‘o) oe rv SOLVED EXAMPLES Example 1: (Find ¥¢x? +22) JJNTU (HH) June 2015} (if) Find grad @ where $(x,),2)= log (x7 4p? +=7)at (1,1) [JNTU (K) (R13) Nov. 2018} @ Let finpz)ax+y*s, F af x Th ek =2yz and 2 en x, ry an 27g oy 2 V@l ty'2)= Was sbi +27 ty Engineering Mathematics — III @ Slog (f+y? +2)] Hence grad 6 at (1,1,1) = Example2 : Prove that V(r" JJNTW 2003S, (A) June 2010] Solution : Let 7 =.xi +j + 2k and let r =[7|. Then wehave r? =x? +y? +27 Differentiating [Link]. xpartially, we have or Oke or ap coy Ms, ee rk =~: Similarly we LL Epa hs Vine S one Vixen 7 Note: From the above result, we ean have a o(2)--4 » taking 2=—1 (Q)gradr==, takingn=1 ry oor f Lys Example3: Show that ¥[/(r)] =F where =i + 7-4 (or) If F isthe position vector of the point P(x, yz) then prove that Vf(r) = foyer JINTU(H) June 2009 (Set No.A)] Solution : Since 7 = yf + yj-+zk,wehave 7? Differentiating w.r. x" partially, we get * aw &_y o Zea F-* Similarly 3 =P > ox Oe +870 a 3 rates) -Yrm=-Dirw2 £0) Note: From the above result, V (log r) =F NTU (K) Jan 2011 (Set No. 1)| r Vector Differentiation and Vector Operators Example4: Ifa=x+y +z,b=22 +)? +2,.c=xy +yz 42x, prove that [grad a, grad b, grad c]=0. Solution: Given a= s-+y+z at | Oa 7 Oa 1 grda= 9, ae . grada= Va =xi Poirot P14 Now [grada, grad, gradc] =| 2x 2y 2z|=2} x yg lytz sta xty| |yts ctx xty| 1 1 1 =2) x y 2 | (By Ry +R) etyte xtyts xty+s| pad =Aebyrs)pe yp =e y+2KO)=0 pond . [grad a, grad b, grad e] = Example §: Find the directional derivative off = xp+yz+zx in the direction of vector 7+27+2E atthe peint(1,2,0). Solution : Given f=xy +yz+2r. of of af d + RE sotait (e+ nj+Gt grad ne ye (yt2¥ (eta j+@+yk If is the unit vector in the direction of the vector 7 +2j+2E, then fe 2jak a = =F +27 42k) VP+242? 3 +. Directional derivative of falong the given direction = @.V/° AG +27 + 2K) [Cy + adi +(e +x) + (e+ PVE] A(L,2, 0) = Hor 942222) #24 Porm S Example 6 : Find the greatest value of the directional derivative of the function f =x? ys" at 2,1, =I), 10 Engineering Mathematics — III Solution : We have x EZ =dye i enx72 f43x7 927k =—-47-47+128 at (21-1) ad, gre = Greatest value of the directional derivative of f =|V/| = VI6+16+144 = 411 Example 7 : Find the directional derivative of x2" +x at (1, I, 1) ina direction of the normal to the surface 3xy7 + p = z at (0, |, 1). [INTU 2000, (K) Feb. 2013 (Set No. 1)] Solution = Let f(x,y,2)= 37 +y-2=0 Let us find the unti normal @ to this surface at (0, 1, 1). Then 2 Wf =377 +(6ye7-k Vg a2" +2)T +2277 + (Qa tak and (Veluyy = 2847 +3ka Directional derivative of the given function in the direction of @ at (I, 1, 1) = Vgé wie 8 6+1-3_ - ag iT } TT Example 8: Find the directional derivative of $= xyz along the direction of the normal to the surface x?z-+y*x-+ yz? = 3 atthe point (1, 1, 1) [JNTU (K) Feb. July 2011 (Set No. 1)] 2 yo 2 20 Solution : Given, $= 192. olution : Given, = 2x92 a o ra ay s, grad $= yzi toy tayk =747+K at (11,1) Let f(x, rby?xt yo? -3=0 be thesurface. # cosy? =(2) =241=3,; Lams? 3(2) =24+1=3 & Bean x Jon af x 2 =x +222(Z) =142=3 & earn Normal to the surface f(x, pz 0, at (11) is given by W=37 +37 +3K 34343_ 9 ig =e vot 27 Example 9: Find the directional derivative of 2xy+z at (1,—1,3)in thedirction of 7 +27 +3 [NTU 2003, (A) June 2011 (Set No.3)] Directional derivative of # along normal = (grad ) Vector Differentiation and Vector Operators 1" Solutions Let f= 2ay+22, Then 2 = 95,2 oy, % = f= 2xy Be 23 = ~ F =. = - grad f= ut yt + Day +k and (grad f) at (1,—1,3)= -27 +27 +6k Given vectoris @=7+27+3k > |@|=yi+d49 = Ji4 Directional derivative of fin the direction of @ is DNS _ (+274 3k)A-27 427 46K) 244518 20 \@| via vid ia Example 10 : Find the directional derivative of =x? yz + dxz? at (1,—2,-1) in thedirection — 2k. [INTU2004, (kK) May 2016 (Set No. 2,3 )] ven @ = 2yet dec? Sayre & = dyet4e, Be ye > Hence Vp = 2 = Qxyz+ 422) + pes + key t Bre) es Vohat(1,—2,— I=e(4 +4441) + A-2—8) = Bi—j 10K. ‘The unit vector in the direction 2 — j — 2k is g- Mok -4 @i-j-2k) Varied *. Required directional derivative along the given direction = Va. & 1 =(8i-J—108). 5 Gif 28 (16+ 1+ 20)= Example 1: Find the directional derivative of f(x,y,2)=.97 + yz" atthe point (2,-1.1) in the direction of the vector i+2j/+2k . {JNTU (HH) June 2010, (K) May 2016 (Set No. 4)] + Given f(x, yz) = ay? +24 Solution Hence Vf = Zi “Uf at (2,-1,1) =i-3j-3k ‘The unit vector in the direction of the vector £+2j+2k is ;, Required directional derivative along the given direction = Wf -2 = 4G -3)-38)-643)+2b =h0-6-6)= 412 Engineering Mathematics — III Example 12: Find the directional derivative of the funetion =x? —y7 +2z7 at the point 2, 3)in the direction of the line PQ where Q=(5, 0, 4). [INTL (A) June 2010, 2011, (K) May 2019 (Set No. 1)] Solution : The position vectors of P and O with respect to the origin are OP =7+27+3k and 00 -si+4k :. PQ=OQ-OP = i-2j+k Let & be the unit vector in the direction of FQ. Then @= 42 is Dwi - 2yf + 4ak <. The directional derivative of 7 at P (1, 2,3)in the direction of PQ. 1 1 (Br + 4y 442): = (28) rai +42) (12.3) Ta ) auf 25 +K)-(2x7 -2yF +42k) 1 on va Example 13 : Find the directional derivative of the function xy? + yz" + zxalong the tangent to the curves = 4 y=.,2 = Pat the point(1,1,1). [JNTU (K) duly 20118 (Set No. 4) Solution : Here f = xy? +ys? +277 aT GLEE 267 42x 20) F402 +20 ax & At(LLD, Vf = 4+37+3k Let 7 be the position vector of any point on the curve Then Fendt yitak -@ 47408 Fis 2p wh =(42]49) at(L) 7 dF We know that 5 is the veotor along the tangent to the curve. THI7+3k__ T+2743E hea -. Directional derivative along the tangent =[Link] 3 14243 = Wal?" TG Example 14: Find the directional derivativeof |r inthe direction of F = xi + yj +zk at (1,1,2). [INTU (1) Dec. 2011 (Set No. 2)] :. Unit vector along the tangent = oF Ort Bae +748) Vector Differentiation and Vector Operators 13 rad |) = Se () Gy? +27)? ‘Thus the directional derivative of Q in the direction of r, ™ 1) F . thn PF Fee =(2 +? +24) _ A Gs Hence the directional derivative of (4) in the direction of F at (1,12) = r Example 15 : In what direction fromthe point(-, 1,2) is the directional derivative of 6 = xy7=? amaximum. What is the magnitude of this maximum? [INTU (1) June 2011, (K) May 2016, 2019 (Set No. 3)) Solution : We have = xy7z Po Bayt Arm B aay?s? We know that the vector Vip is along the normal to the surface $(x,7,2)=C at a point P(X YZ). =P 27 + 2aye "7 +3ay72' ALCL, 1,2), Vo = 87-167 -12k ‘The directional derivative is maximum in the direction of Vo and the magnitude of this maximum is [Vo] = Je? +(-16)7 + (-12)° = 6442564144 = 464 Example 16 : Find the directional derivative of V-V@ at the point (1,—2,1) in the direction of the normal to the surface 272 = 3x-+2* where 6 = 2x*y?2* JINTU (1) June 2012] Solution : Given @=2x3y?24 414 Engineering Mathematics — III ? 2 # g=[Link]=¥%o = geen) greet erie) = 12xy?24 4 ays 424x972? Givensurfaceis f(x, y,z) =2y7z-3x—27, Differentiating partially, [Link], yand 2, we get a Fish =2oz, == ~ = Bay, xy Nonmal to the surface is Vf = (y?z -3)7 +(2x) tay? 22) b normal to the surface at the point (1,-2,1) =1-47+2k and Vg =(12y22* 412x724 472x7 p72?) F4 (24aye* +483 p27 )7 + (dy 23 + 16xte3 4 a8 y eye ‘Now Vgq,24) = 3487 1447 + 400K ‘Thus the required directional derivative = Vz. 1724 Example 17 : Find the directional derivative of the function @ = xy? 4 ye? at the point (2.-1,!) in the direction of the normal to the surface xlogz—y? +4=0 at (-L.2,1) JINTU (KK) Feb. 2011 (Set No.3), Dec. 2018 Sup.] Solution: Given p=x97+42* ww (1) Let (x,y,z) =xlogz—y? +4. Then a gs | =togz,2 =-2y, ag 8 Thus Vf = log f +(-2y)7 + (2 2 © (eta = 0-47 -F ‘Normal to the surface f at (-1,2,1) is, Diff. (1) partially wart. x, y and z, we get 2 oy 4 3 P35 nto Bede Vector Differentiation and Vector Operators 15 Thus Vo= y7i +(2xp+2')f + (3p27)E © WV 2yy

x Now V6 at (2,11) =7-37 -2k ‘The unit vector in the direction 7 +27-+2K is + (2xy+27)7 + 2yzk 16 Engineering Mathematics — III THI 4k Vi+444 Required directional derivative along the given direction = Vo. 4427 +28) -2h).4 7427 +2k) =ta-6-9=-3 Example 20: Find a unit normal vector to the given surfacex? y+-2x2—4 at the point (2,-2.3). [NTU 20025} Solution ; Let the given surface be =x" y + 2xz—4 On differentiating, Poy 422, Fe Fy a a Ff es grad f=) = (2yy422)F +77 42k ox (grad f) at (2,~2,3)= (8+ 6)i +47 +4k = -27 +47 + 4k grad f is the normal vector to the given surface at the given point. MT+25 +I) 74 2742 a Zee) i Henee the required unitnonmal vector = "2 = > Fae oe ; Example 21: Find a unit normal vector to the surface z = x7 +y7 at (-1,~2,5). [JNTU (Hf) June 2009, (K) Jan, 2011, July 20115 (Set No. 4)] Solution : Let the given surface be f'=x?+y?—z » Bay Y ory, Fo ox & » grad f= Vf =i Now (f )at (1,-2.5) =-2i-4j-& and Vj isthe normal vectorto the given surface. Henee the required unit normal Sf = t tor = = nme ene the required unit nommal veetor = 2° <4j-k 1 Li aisaj+k Sit ais ay +h) Example 22: Find a unit normal vector to the surface x* + y?= 22" = 26 at the point(2, 2, 3). JINTU 20015} Solution : Let the given surface be (x,y,z) =x? +)? +227 -26= 0. Then, cae, Lary, Yaar ex ey ae af grad f= Ric =2uit2yj+4zk Normal veetor at (2, 2,3) = [Vf]za3) = 41+ 4/+12e Vector Differentiation and Vector Operators 7 WE M+ F+3K) _ U4 3K Im avi vir Example 23 : Find unitnormal vector to the surface x” y+ 2x2” =8 atthe point (I,0,2) [JNTU (K) May 2017 (Set No. 2}] 0 Unit normal vector Solution : Let the given surface be f(x, y.2) =x? + 2x22 then 2 agin OF age ae ae g grad f= Uf = SiS = Qe 422i +x yj + 4k ox ‘Thus Normal vector at (1,0, 2) =[%Fhioa =P 48h ease anormal = BE BU Se Ivf| Jeares 822 Example 24: Evaluate the angle between the normals to the surface xy =z? at the points (4, 1,2) and (3, 3,—3). [INTU 2003, 2008S, (K) Feb. 2015 (Set D Solution : Given surface is f(x, y.2) =x? Let 3 and fy be the normals to this surface at (4, 1, 2) and (3, 3,3) respectively. Differentiating partially, we get Diy LE a” ay grad f= yi tay —22 k mi, = (grad) at(4,1,2)= 7447-46 Wy = (grad) at (3, 3,—3)= 37-437 + 6k Let @ be the angle between the two normals. +, cos = A _ (0+ 4J—4k).Gi+3/+ 6) ” lm llty1 +16 416 J9+9436 3412-24 -9 © 133/54 ~ 4/33/54 Example 25 : Find the angle between the normals to the surface x? = yz at the points (1,1!) and (2,41). [JNTU (K) May 2019 (Set No. 3)] Solution : Given surface is f(x, y,2)=.x° — yz Let Hand 7, be the normals ( this surface at the points (i) and (2,4,1) respectively. Ler Les nd E aay cetad f= 2xi—zj — yk 18 Engineering Mathematics = Ill Ay = (grad Alyy =U Fok, B =(etad [)[Link] =H J 4k Let @ be the angle between the two normals. Then = i-k).(4i- j-48) | Vd 4141.J164+1416 aes 8 ce gacayt{ = ) V6.V33 V6.3 Vi98 } Example 26 : Find the angle of intersection of the sphercs x74)? 42"=29 and x? +y? +27 4+4x—6y—8:—47= 0 atthe point (4,—3,2). [JNTU (K) Feb. 2013 (Set No. 4)] Solution: Let f=x?4y?+27-29 and gox?+y2+22+ 4y—Gp—82-47 af ox then grad f= 7 24 Lee arr o2yj+2ek and ay grad g = (2x + 4)i + (2y-6)f+(22-8)k The angle between two surfaces at a point is the angle between the normals to the surfaces at that point, Let fy =grad f at (4,—3,2) = 97 -67+4E and Wi, =grad g at (4,—3,2) = 127 -127-4k ‘The vectors i, and i, are along the normals to the two surfaces at (4,—3,2). Let be the angle between the surfaces. Then Example 27; Find the angle between thesurfaces x2 +)?+2?=9and z= 22 +)? 3 al the point (2-1,2). [JNTU (A) June 10, (H) Dee. 12 (R07), (K) July 2011S, M: 2016, May 2017 (Set No. 1)] Solution ; Let; =22+y? + 22-9 =0 and gy =x? +y?-2—3 = 0 be the given surfaces. Then Vgudxit Qy+2ck and Vy = 3x0 2y/-k We know that the angle between two surfaces at a point is the angle between the normals to the surfaces at that point. Let iy =V 6; at (2,—1,2)=4/— 2p 44k and yy =Vhy at (2,—1,2)=4/-97-k The vectors i and i are along the normals to the two surfaces at the point (2,—1, 2). Let @ be the angle between the two surfaces. Then ee half] Viseaei6 Jiéeaei evar ar ar 8= cos! (a): (4i-2j44K).(di-2j-k) 1644-416 8 cos 8 Vector Differentiation and Vector Operators 19 Example 28: Find the values of @ and so that the surfaces ax” — by2 = (aq +2)x and 4x? p+2' = 4 may intersect orthogonally at the point (1,—1, 2). [JNTU 20018, 20078(Set No. 4)] (or) Find the constants @ and b so that the surface gx? —byz = (a +2)x will be orthogonal to the surface axty4e = 4at the point (-1,1,2). JJNTU (H) June 2010, 2011S, (K) Feb. 2013] Solution ; Let the given surfaces be fxyy.z) = ax? — (a42)x tl) and g(x,y.z)= 4x*p+e"—4 ~Q) Given the two surfaces meet at the point (1, — 1, 2). Substituting the point in (1), we get a+2b—(@+2)=0 > b= 1 © soges a Fy, Now 2- = 2ax—(a+2), 5 and Say vs We = YE oar (e+ 2) ~ bef ~yk (Wa-i2) = (2a—(a + 2) 2bj + bk = (a— 2 -2bj + bk = (a-2)#-2j +k =i, , normal vector to surface 1. ag &B _ 5.2 8p, Sa 4? 2 re = a ve- et = Bait dxf 3e7k and (¥g)q1,-1.2) = -Bi+4j+12k = im,, normal vector to surface 2. Given the surfaces f(x,y,z), g(x,y,2)_ are orthogonal at the point (I, ~ 1, 2) [V/L[¥g]=0 = (a= 21-2) +4) (844s 412k) =0 5 = -8a416-8412= 054 Hence a= 5/2and 6= Example 29: Find the constants a,b such that the surfaces 5x7—2)2—9x=0 and ax’y+bz) =4 cut orthogonally at (I,-1,2) JJNTU(K) May 2017 (Set No. 3)] Solution : The given point (1,—1,2) lics on both surfaces. a+b (4)=4=> 4b-a=4 ~() Let 6, =5x* -2)2-9x=0 (2) and $y =ax"y-+bz"-4=0 ~@) If (2) and (3) intersect orthogonally, then normals at (1,—1,2) to (1) and (2) are perpendicular to each other. 20 Engineering Mathematics — III i.e, fh. = 0 oF (grad $y). (grad 69) =0 o But grad $= grad (5x? —2yz—9x) =(10x-9)7 -2G -2yk So grad at (1,-1.2) -7 47 +28 and grad 3 = grad (ax”y +z? = 4) =2aryl + ax? 7 + Qbcsk 4ta 4 So grad $y at (1,—1,2)=—2ai + af +(44a)k Putting these in (4), we get (F -47 +2k).(-2ai +aj + (44. ak) =0 = 2a —4a +24 +a) =0=> —6a+8+2a=0 > 8=4a or a=2 22anT +a] +2 je using (1). Hence a =2,46=4+4=6 or on Example 30 : If @ is constant vector then prove that grad (7.7) =a [NTU 20005} Solution ; Let @ =a, +a,j + ayk, where 4) @>,@3 are constants. Now (aii +a,f+agk). (xi +yj +2k) =ayx+a,y+ayz Ty . 2 @% -4,2 GF =a, and oB@7 atl Hence grad (@.7)= a) 1 +ayj-+ayk =a Example 31: If Vp = yzi +29) +.xyk , find Solution : We know that V6 = 207 428 5,20 ¢ ar" ay!” Given that Vo = yz1 +27 +39 ‘Comparing the coresponding coefficients, we have Integrating partially wart. x,9;,2 respectively, we get = 292+ constant independent of x 4 =292 +a constant independent of y =.92+a constant independent of = Herea possible form of $ is 6=xy2 + aconstant. Example 32: Ifthe temperature at any point in space is given by ¢= xy +yz 42x, find the direction in which temperature changes most rapidly with distance from the point (1.1,1) and determine the maximum rate of change. Solution ; The greatest rate of increase of ¢ al any point is given in magnitude and direction by Ve. Vector Differentiation and Vector Operators a palp2ap ear? Weave wi=|724 7248 aye yet rine (12172182) esese = (pt oi +(e + xd] + (x+y) = 21 +2) +2 aC) Magnitude of this vector is V2? +2? +2? = vI2 =2v3 Henee at the point (1,1,1) the temperature changes most rapidly in the direction given by the vector 2/42)+2k and greatest ratc of increase = 23, Example 33: The temperature at a point (x,,2) is given by T(x,p,2)=47 +9? -2 @ mosquito located at (1,1,2) desires to fly in such a direction that it will get worm as soon as possible, In what direction should it fly ? JINTU (kK) Feb. 2011 (Set Na. 2)] Solution : The greatest rate of increase of T at any point is given by VT in direction. oT _ vi Bat he = T(2x)+JQy) + Ml) = 2x7 +27 -F Thus (VT), -27+27-F -. The mosquito must fly in the direction of (27 +27-K). Example 34; Find the valucs of a,b,e if the directional detivative of the funetion 6 =axy? +dy2+e27x" at the point (1,2,-1) has the maximum magnitude 64 in the direction parallel tos-axis. [INTU (K) (R13) Nov, 2018) ‘ven b= i“ +byz-+ez°33 ? Boats and 2 _ ar = (ay? +3x702 i +(Qaxy +.b2)7 + (by +2ex 1 Vo at (1,.2,-I= (4a 30) +(4a—8)7 +(2b-20)k Itis given that the directional derivative of ¢ has maximum magnitude 64 in the direction parallel = Vo at (1,2. F = 64 = [4a +3007 +(4a—0)7 +(2b-20)k |. = 4 = Ub-2e= 64 > be = 32 a Since Vo is in the direction of z-axis, it is perpendicular to the x and p - axes. Vo at (1,2,-l) 7 =0 and Vo at(i,2,—1). = 4at+3e=0 and 4a—b=0 Now we have to solve the equations {2)-() gives b43c=0 22 Engineering Mathematics — III ()-(2) gives —4¢= 323 c=-8 From (2), 4a =—3e =-3(-8)=24 => a=6 From(3), b = 4a =4(6) = 24 4 @=6,b=246=-8 (I) Define gradient of a scalar point function. Q) Write the two properties of gradient. [INTU (K) Dec. 2018 Sup] 3) Define directional derivative. WNTU (K)F 2015 (Set No.2)] @_ Write the physical significance of grad [JNTU(K) Feb. 2015, April 2019 (Set No. 1)] —_—§ Gis (1) @ Te 6=ay2 then find Vp. [JNTU (FH) May 2016] (i) Find grad f where @ faPey sao: Ofaxrysy xe? © feP-Pexrs atthe point (1, |,-2). Q) Ifo =2x2'—2"y, find [V6] at the point (2, -2,-1). 8) Find the directional derivative of @® b=x*-2y? +42 at (1-1) inthe direction of 27+ 7-F . (i) o=2y+)2+2%, at inthe directionof AB where A=(1,2,-1), B=(1,2,3)- (ii) §=:92 at (1,1) inthe direction of the vector 7 4 7+ E () (x,y,z) = x97 +2? at the point (2,-1, 1) inthe directionof i+2j +24. [JNTU 1999S] {v) the scalar point function (x,y, 2)= 4xy* +2x? yz at the point A(I, 2, 3) in the direction of the line AB where B = (5,0,4). [INTU 20075 (Set No. 1)] (i) f (%,9,2) = 2x? —ayz at the point (1, 3, 1) inthe direction of the vector 37-27 +k [JNTU (1) June 2011 (Set No.2)] (4) Find the maximum value of the dircctional derivative of # = xyz at (1, 4,1). ©) (@Find the angle between the surfaces xy*z=3r+2* and 3x? y?+22= | at (I,—2, 1). [JNTU (K) Feb. 2013 (Set No. 3)] =39 and (ii) Find the angle of interscetion of the spheres x? + y? 42 4p? 427 44x—6y—82+52 = 0 atthe point (4,—3,2) [JNTU (K) May 2019 (Set No. 4)] (6 Find the scalar point function whose gradient is 2xyzi +x?2j-+x?yk- Vector Differentiation and Vector Operators 23 (8) Find a unit normal vector to the surface (Ox! +9 #3253 atthe point (1,20). JINTU(H) June 2011 (Set No.3)] (ii) xy + yz+ 2x atthe point (1,1,1) [INTU(K) Feb. 2015 (Set No. 4)] () In what direction from the point (1,~2,—I) the directional derivative of § =x? yz + 4xz” is maximum. What is the magnitude ofthe maximum? |JN'TU(K) May 2016 (Set No. 1,4)] [Hint : Refer Solved Example 11] (10) In what direetion from the point (1,—1,3) the directional derivative of $= 2xy +2? ismaximum? ‘What is the magnitude of this maximum ? [JNTU(K) May 2016, 2019 (Set No. 2}] [Hint : Refer Solved Example 10] (11) In what direction from the point (2,—1,1) the direction derivative of @ = xy? + yz*ismaxinrum? ‘What is the magnitude of this maximum ? [JNTU(K) May 2016 (Set No. 4)] (1) GH) (a) (Bx? + 3y2)i + (3p? 4 3p 7 +39 (BY Qay 4 2+ 4 Iap)J 42k () -T-3F +E 8 ©) 255 OR 3 WA WIM ws 6 oon 55] (© x*yz+eostant (8) (9 ASE ) 8i- j-10k;-V165. 1.7 DIVERGENCE OF A VECTOR Let 7 beany continuously differentiable vector point function. Then 7,2 + 7.24.42 is ar ay Henee we can write div 7 as div f=V.f This isa scalar point function. Note: VF 4 7¥ ‘Theorem 1: Ifthe vector function f = fi +f, + fk , then div f Proof. Given f= fi+joj+4R F 7H, 7H pH ae! Gr! ax” ae FH Also i=. Similarly j- z (a We have di = i} eravediv f= SI (z 2 4 Note : If 7 is a constant vector then “= «. div 7 =0 fora constant vector 7 =i 24 Engineering Mathemati Theorem? :div(j +Z)= div f +divg Proot div F+8)= Di 2G 28) - 5 i 2Aty, 2a =divfidive, Note : Iftpisa scalar function and f is a vector function, then (at@-Tyb= [F ( WE-V)F = sent by proceeding as in (i) [simply replace by F in ()] 1.8 SOLENOIDAL VECTOR Avveetor point function 7 is said to be solenoidalif div f =0. This equation is also called the equation of continuity or conservation of mass. Physical Interpretation of Divergence and Continuity equation : Physically V7 is the rate per unit volume diverging from the source. ‘Consider the motion of a fluid having velocity at a point P(x,y,z) is ‘The gain of fluid per unit volume per unit time in.a small parallclopiped having centre at P(x, y.2) and edges parallel to the coordinate axes and having magnitude Ax,Ay,Az respectively is given approximately by div V. Hence div V gives the rate at which fluid is originating at a point per unit volume. Similatly, if V represents on electric flux, div V is the amount of flux which diverges per unit ‘volume in unit time. If V represents heat flux, div V is the rate at which heat is issuing froma point per unit volume. In general, the divergence of a vector point function representing any physical quantity gives at each point, the rate per unit volume at which the physical quantity is issuing from that point Sf). Depending upon f ina physical problem, we can interpret div f (= We present an interpretation in fluid mechanics. Consider the flow of a compressible fluid of density p(x, y.2,#) , where density is defined as mass per unit volume ‘Suppose the velocity of a fluid ata point (x, y,2) and time ris (x,y, 2,7) (Though time has no role in computing divergence, it is considered here because velocity depends on time.) Velocity = (x,¥,2,1) KOH 207 +10. 1207 +4 (72.08 Vector Differentiation and Vector Operators 25 So, density and velocity vary from pointto point and also [Link]. time, Consider an infinitesimal volume parallelopiped of sides At, Ay, Az placedin the fluid figureis given below. The fluid enters the elemental volume through the faces and goes out from the other faces. Let us assume the loss of fluid as it flows through the element in time Ar as follows. (Volume of the fluid flowing through an element of surface area As imtime Ar) = (Component of fluid velocity normal to the surface x area of the surface As x At ) The area of face PQRS is Ay Az and the direction of the normal is — i. -. Mass of the fluid entering through face PORS in time Ay = (phy) (x + Ax, y,z,0) Ay Az Ar «1. Approximate loss of mass as the fluid flows through the faces, perpendicular to the 3 plane is [(pu Xt dx, y.2,0)- py (x,y, 2,0)] Ay de ae ~(l) Similarly, the approximate losses of mass through other facesof elemental volume AV(= Ax, Ay, Az)are [lev Wx.y + Ay, 2,0) ~ pend, y, 208) | Az Ae -@ [fends ».2 + 82.0—pr(x 92,0] dx Ay Ar w«(@) Adding (1), (2), (3) we obtain the total loss of mass of the fluid during the time Ag as 1 | Aftonree + ANI Z6f}~ DML 00} + Bllomdeyray.e.-toralasn20) 1 +p lorax yz + Az, 1) ~(pmxe.9.5.}Javew (4) This Loss of mass is duc to the rate of change of density [Link]. time and hence is equal to Paves 3) Equating the expressions in equation (4) and (5), also let Ar —> 0, Av -> 0,Az > 0,Ar 0 and divide the resulting equation by AVAr. Then we get é 5 ss s ay PM) + gla) + pny) = or Fp rdiv (ov) =0 =O = 26 Engineering Mathemati This equation (6) iscalled the continuity equation (or) condition for the conservation of mass of a compressible fluid flow. It gives the condition for the conservation of mass. Ifthe flow is steady, (that is independent of time

and 5 fer'(xisyp+2b) 8 cotay 2 cot yy 2 Dent a ata yt e's) = a or ” an pe ne Ey ean AS ca ox x & = = nr r Let f = r"F be solenoidal. Then div f = 0 ; 437" =n 4 Br" = (nye is solenoidal, S(nt3y"=0 nae Example 5: Evaluate ¥. (or) show that © is solenoidal. [JNU 2004, 2006 (Set No.2), (K) Aug. 2014 (Set No. 1}] 28 Engineering Mathematics = III 7 % a uence v5) Ste a =r bela Wehave fi = x= a aur 330 De =3r3 3S P= 3r 4-373 =0 Hence ee is solenoidal. 2 Example 6; Find div 7 whete F = xi +3) +2k Solution : Wehave > Foxieypezkafit+ hit fk REVIEW QUESTION: (1) Define divergence ofa vector. State Solenoidal vector EXERCISE 1.2 Show that (i) 3y*zi +2°x?f—3x7y7k (8) (x4 3y)1 40-22) f+ 00-20% is solenoidal . If ¢=2x3y7z4, show that div (grad §)= 12xy?z* +4y5c4 + 24x22? Prove that div (7 x2)=0 where g is a constant vector, Prove that div (2)-2 where F=xd+y)+zb . If F = y(ax? + z)i + x(° - 27) J+ 2xy(z —xy)K is solenoidal then find a [JNTU (H) May 2016] 1.9 CURLOFAVECTOR Def. Let / be any continuously differentiable vector point function. Then the vector function a defined by 7 Lenk +E x iscalled curlof 7 ands denoted by curl F or (Vx f). « aut pain Le Leet yl Z) Vector Differentiation and Vector Operators 29 Theorem 1 :If 7 isa differentiable vector point function givenby f= f+ fJ-+ fk then ot f-[ oP lee * 3 a + a 5 4 = H, - as - Proofscut F=Vxi = Dix 2= Dix Zuie nies = Y(Le- B35) ox By a ox ax (2-8). {2-B)-fB-2 ey or éz ox Gy Note 1: The aboveexpression foreurl 7 can be remembered casily through the representation Fojok& pa curl f=lar ay a&]=VxF fi fi Note2: If f ig aconstant vector then curl f Theorem 2: curl (745) = curl T+ curl 5 Proof : curl @b)= SiS as) E8) = curl @teurl B. 1. Physical Interpretation of curl If @ is the angular velocity ofa rigid body rotating about a fixed axis through O and ¥ is the velocity of any point P(x,y,z) on the body, then V Thus the angular velocity of a uniformly rotating body is equal to half the curl of the linear velocity of any point of the body. This justifies the use of the word “curl ofa vector”. In general, the curl of any vector point function gives the measure of the angular velocity at any point of the vector field. 2. Irrotational Motion, Inrotational Vector Any motion in which curl of the velocity vector is a null vector ie. cur! V=0 is said to be irrotational, otherwise itis said to be rotational. Def. A vector jis said to be irratational ifcurl 7 =O. [JNTU (K) Feb. 2015 (Set No. 4)] If 7 is irotational, then there will always exista scalar function (x,y,2)suchthat J = VO - This function 6 iscalled sealar potential of f and f iscalled conservative. 30 Engineering Mathematics — Ill Itis easy to prove that, if 7 = grad, then curl 7 = 0. Hence Vx 7 =0 there exists ascalar function @ such that f = Vp. This idea is useful when we study the “work done by a force” later. Properties: If A and B are any two vectors, then curl (A+B) =curl At curl B 3. Conservative Vector field: Let D bea set of points ina plane. A vector F(x, y) is conservative on D if for some real value (x,y), F = Vo forall (x,y) in D. In thisevent, $ isa potential function for F on D. Theorem : If F isa conservative vector field then curl F = 0 [INTU (K) Aug. 2014 (Set No. 1)] Proof : Since F is aconservative vector field then F =¥@ forsome $. We have curl (grad §) = 0 => curl Example 1: Find curl 7 for JSNTU (K) July 2011 (Set No. IN} Solution: curl 7 n ®lo = = 7-0) jO-1)+kU-O)a7 +7 +k Example 2: Find curl f for f = 2x77 —ysf-+3x=*& © [JNTU (Kk) July 2011 (Set No. 1)] Solution ; We have f = 23277 — yy +3xr5k 7 oj z_|2 2 = = - curl f=) = y & = FO + y]—Jl3e" - 4xz]+-4[0-0] 2s? —ye 3xe}] = yf +(4xz—325)J Example 3:Findeurl f for f = xyz? T+ay?s J +x" yz K NTU (K) July 2011 (Set No. 4)] Given f sayz? Ptay?s fox yk 7 GF & a 8 @|] . 5 x curl f=] = eR =1 (x72 - xy") - J Q2—-2y2)4 F72-227) 2, Vector Differentiation and Vector Operators 4 Example : If f = ay?i+2x?yqj-4yz7k findeurl 7 atthe point (1,—1, 1). Solution : Let f =xy7i +2x7pzj—3y27& . Then i curl f=V¥xf B)or Blom 2 a ey? 2xtye -3y2"| 2) 8 a 52y0)| Joey 202 y)- (3987) - ax v2 #20 32") fu 20% = i[-3=*-28*y]- j[0-9] + Alan -2ay] =-132" +287 yi + (4y-299K out f at(, -1, 1) =-#-2K. Example: Find div curl f for f = 927 +x 7 + p= dxe- pets? + f(x,y) 2 2M Pray tdeeyte org ex & a a & Hence ¢ 2742p yet dex +e. 36 Engineering Mathematics — Ill Example 16 ; Find whether the function F = (x? - y3)i+(y? -3x)+(z? —ay 9k is irrotational and hence find scalar potential function corresponding to it. [JNTU (i) June 2011 (Set No. 1) k 2 Solution: Vx = @ i d & & t—y? yP—3y 2? ay Sot-y)| O28 a2 8 62 ae “WW -»9]-[2e -3) 11| 2.0%-29-262-y| a {0-2-0} sf-»)-0]+4[C-3)-0-3y?)] = xi ty + ky? -3) Since Vx F #0, F is notirrotational. Example 17: If Vo = yzi +24) +ayk , find >. Solution : We know that Vp = 227 + 274.28 ar” ay Given that ¥ = yz? +29 +39 ele ‘Comparing the eoresponding coefficients, we have a = yy Integrating partially wrt, 7,2, respectively, we get =. + a constant independent of x = 292 + a constant independent of y = ays +a constant independent of z Here possible form of @ is = ay: + a constant. Example 18 Show that the vector field isimotational, Find the potential function. [INTU (I) Feb. 2011 (Set No, 3)| f= 2ye7t + (x72? +2008y2)f +(2x ye + jre08 32) Solution: Given f = 2xyz77 + (x°z? + rons yz)] +(2x°yz + poos yey curl f = Ble ~ Rlo = it & a 2x? P22 4+zc0syz 2x7 72+ yoos yz Vector Differentiation and Vector Operators 37 =T [2x"2—ysin (y2)(z) +008 y2—2x72 + zoos yz (y) —c0s yz] +] [aye diye] +h [2x2 -2127] = 0 +, The function is irrotational. There exists ¢ such that grad g = 7. Then @ is called the scalar potential function. rey a Days 7 +(x2s? + 208 yz)J + (2x7 y2 + yoosyz) E ‘Comparing the components, = dys? > =x? ys? +6,(¥,2) = (sin xz? 4 zeosyz hex + Zn), +en(%,2) z 4 2 , Mein x # = 2x" z+ yeos ye O= +ex(%¥) v2 212 Fle *. b=xys? +sin yo-+ constant is the potential function, Example 19 : I is a constant vector, evaluate curl V where V= «xP. [JNTU 2006 (Set No.3)] Solution: curl (x7) 2x Zoe} Ti x| SxF +ox Lix[O+@xi] [-ax(bxZ)=(@2)b = (25) eZ] = Bi x(ox7)= Yi T)o-(F-o)i] = En-L(F-w)f =30-0= 20 Example 20: Show that F =(y? — 2? +3yz—2x)f + Gaz + 2ay)j + Gay - 2x24 2z)k is both solenoidal and irrotational. JSNTU(K) May 2017 (Set No. 4)] Solution : Given F = (y? — 27 43yz-2x)i + (Baz + 2xy)j + Gay 2xz + 22)b =Ri+Ry+ Rk oF, _4,, OFs 2x 2x +2) oy a Divergence of # 20F oh OB ex ay a =-2+2x+(2x+2)=0 .. F is solenoidal 38 Engineering Mathematics = Ill i j Now curl of F = VxF = £ Blo = ly? 2? 43y2-2x Beet 2xy 3xy—2xz + 2c poo te 22)-2 ome ‘ 20) -i|2on- tar +22)-2 (94 - #4392-20| +F Zomam20" -2 tave-29] F 4x —3x)} + 7 KBy — 22) - (22 4 3y)} + RBs 4. 2y)-(2y +329} =0 is irrotational, Hence F is both solenoidal and irrotational. Note: If (x, yz) is any solution of Laplace's equation (4 = 0) .then Vp isa vector which is both solenoidal and irrotational. REVIEW QUESTIONS State irrotational and Solenoidal vectors State Solenoi EXERCISE 1) Ol@ Faxi-y?j+ Fk [INTU CH) June 2015] OSs =e G+ 74k) [NTU (K) Feb. 2013 (Set No. 2)] find curl 7. (i) if Fexi-y?f+29k find curl F [NTU (1) June 2015} Prove that @ Ff =(y tsi + (2 +49] + (e+ yk isirrotational, (i) Fe yet taj +k [NTU (H1) June 2014] Prove that V. (@»f}=-. curl 7 where @ is a constant vector. Prove thateurl(@ 7) = 23 where g is aconstant vector, [JNTU 1996, 2006S (Set No.1}] 2xej + 2yck find (i) curl f (ii)curl curl f = Logan (x+y)K, then show that @. curl @ = 0 [INTU 1995, (11) June 2010 (Set No. 4)] Prove that P= yef +24) +)xk isirotational. [INTU (H)June 2014] Vector Differentiation and Vector Operators 39 (8) Prove that F =(y" cosx+2°)i+(2ysinx—4)j/+3yz& is irrotational and find its scalar potential. [INTU (ID May 2016] (9) Find the value of q,b,¢ such that (x4 y+ az)i +(6x+2y—2)) +(Cxtey+22)k is irrotational. LINTU (K) Feb. 2015 (Set No.1)| (H@® (0 ©) 0 HO (9) GH 2e+2 (x? +220 GH) Ox+2)j Q) a=-Lb=Le=-1 1.10 OPERATORS (1) Vector differential operator Vv The operator ¥ Aries is defined such that voit ES where @ is ascalar point function. Note: If ¢ isa scalar point function then Vg= oxig= (2)Scalar differential operator @-V The operator 7, V = (@.7) ave ne +(@.k) = is defined such that sr ; a BVT LH ae He Ff and enj-antve ataHd os (3) Vector differential operator @ x V The operator TVA TAS ODS XE is defined such that x é EW GINS ax plone ( @xv fe@x) Li@en Hany oe oO (ili) (a x Vx FaGrneL sax peT sani x (4)Sealar differential operator V. a af ET gers isdofined such that Vs f= G52 AE Note: V, f isdefined asdiv f . Itis ascalar point function. (5) Vector differential operator V * The operator ¥ » ie The operator _y a xe jx sks is defined such that ae ay ee ae Ba jx Lein ay ae Ux paix 40 Engineering Mathematics = Ill Note: Vx/f is defined as curl / . It is a-vector point function. (6) Laplacian Operator V? w2t.(2 Thus the scalar differential operator y2 2 et ae oy Laplace Equation, Harmonic Function, Potential Surface : () ¥26=¥.(¥6) = div (grad 6) (2) V7 =0 then 6 is said to satisfy Laplacian equation. This ¢ is called a harmonie function. 2 +e is [Link] Laplacian operator. ar @) ¥°6=0 ée., dis harmonic function and (x, y,2) is aconstant function. Then the surface represented by 61s called a potential surface. RESULT: If ve =0, then V@ is both solenoidal and irrotational. Proof: We know that curl(grad $) = Vx Vq=0 So V6 is always irrotational. Also we know that div(grad @) = V.¥ =0 So V6 is also solenoidal Hence Vo is both solenoidal and irrotational. Example 1; Prove that div. (grad r") = m(m+ Dy" (or) ¥? @") =antm +1) (or) V(r") = nt + De”? [JNU 20038, Aug. 20085,(k) Nov. 2009S (Set No. 2)] Solution : Let # = xi + 3f+2k and r =[7|.Then 7 =x? +7 +27 Dien ‘x! partially, we get 2r = sean Se na ee * r a Now grad (r")= “rile Soe = Sim" 2 Siete o-div (grad =D dtm syenS [ee Zam ] = my om ayr tx? ee] = mln 2ye 4 Se] = nf(m—2)r 40?) 430" ?] = rif —2) 04302] = mlm —243) 0? m(m-+l)r™? Henee ¥? (e") = m(m + re” Note: Lf =—1, then V2!) =0 Vector Differentiation and Vector Operators a Example2: Show that 72| eno ey 2d pre)? pe) where r =|F). [INTU 1995S, 20038 (Set No. 4)] Solution great (7)]-W70) = LUO = Dis oo = Viper 2 div [grad fr) = PL/@)] = VP) = zal] aur (xd Sf" ek = = using Quotient Rule lf eri eo): ron: } using Product Rule a (ne pesto z LO. LOS 285 p92 Boni pe Pee =FOeS 0. Hence the result. Note: Using the above result, we can have sfOD sror=riontrotro Oo w(2}-0 0) ¥Mlogr) = + [NTU (K) (R13) Nov. 2018] r r (iii) V(r") = nate"? NTH 2007, 20075 (Set No. 331 Sotution 49 Let FO) = 4. Then #e)= Hb ane fe) ; 2( Dh wry = prns2 rw =242(f)-2-2 HD} -v re -rine2 rine 503s) 0 ii) Let f(r) =logr. Then fiat and rez + 7 2 PypMasKn4s, 2p 37{4)-3 (iit) Let fQr)=r". Then f(r) = me! and f(r) = n(n—1)e"> VE flr) = pte 2 pile) = nln = ye 2 nel , r = nal 42a = 2 nn? —n) =? 4) S(t Dr? a2 Engineering Mathematics — III Example 3: If@ satisfics Laplacian cquation, show that Vo is both solenoidal and irrotational. [JNTU () Jan, 2011 (Set No. 2)] Solution : Given V7 = 0 => div (grad 6) = 0=> grad ¢ is solenoidal. We know that curl (grad $) = 0 = grad ¢ is always irrotational. Example 4: Show that (i) (@.¥)p=@.V (i) (@.V)F =@. Solution : ( Let @ =a, +a, j+a,k . Then a : : o{:4@ oO é é Ve Bf, + Pra bea, 2 Vala taj raking rks barns tes 2 EMe=a, Bea, % a ay ae (i) Henee (q. wr=Ya5) =Yq 2 sca waghnal a Example 5; Prove that() (fx¥)r=0 — Gi) (/xV)xr=-2F Solution: () (Fx¥)-F =D =EU xi a w Far=Gahg Pare Pee Fe PDL Fob = DF xsl = PIF oi-F] a (P20) xP = Fx7) =DI+F DIAG ME -3f =f-3f =f. ind div F, where F = grad (2° + y'+ 2° — 3xyz) [INTU 1997, 2002] Example 6: 5 ion : Let g = x3 + y? +2 — xyz. Then F = grado = 21 Boag? -y231+307 -29 /+300 yk HH) k Gay) “= Ox + 6p + 6c =6 (x+y +s) ie. div [grad (9 +)? + 29 —3.2g2)] = V7(x) +p +25 — Sap) = 6(x 4p +2) Example 7: If f=(¢2+)2+22)" then find div grad fand determine n if div grad f=0. JINTU 2003) Solution: Let f = (2+y?+2)" and F = xi + yf + zk

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