Outline
Sample Space
Events
Counting Sample
Points
Definitions
• Experiment: any process that generates data
– Observational
– Designed experiment
– Retrospective studies
• Outcomes of a study or investigation
• Chance outcomes
• Data types: numerical data or categorical data
• Observation: any recording of information
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Definition 2.1
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Example
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Example 2:
• An experiment consists of flipping a coin and
then flipping it a second time if a head occurs.
• If a tail occurs on the first flip, then a die is
tossed once.
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Figure 2.1 Tree diagram for
Example 2.2
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Example
• Suppose that three items are selected at random
from a manufacturing process. Each item is
inspected and classified defective, D, or
nondefective, N.
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Figure 2.2 Tree Diagram for
Example 2.3
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• Sample spaces with a large or infinite number of
sample points are best described by a statement
or rule method.
For example:
if the possible outcomes of an experiment are the set of
cities in the world with a population over 1 million, our
sample space is written
S = {x | x is a city with a population over 1 million},
which reads “S is the set of all x such that x is a city with a
population over 1 million.”
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Example
• If S is the set of all points (x, y) on the left side
of y= - x + 2 line in a x , y coordinate system
then we write the rule as:
• S = {(x, y) | x + y ≥ 2}.
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Example
• If S is the set of all points (x, y) on the boundary
or the interior of a circle of radius 2 with center
at the origin, we write the rule
• S = {(x, y) | x2 + y2 ≤ 4}.
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Definition 2.2
For example, in the tossing of a die we might let A be the event that an
even number occurs and B the event that a number greater than 3
shows.
Then the subsets A = {2, 4, 6} and
B = {4, 5, 6} are subsets of the same sample space
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
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Definition 2.3
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Definition 2.4
Note that both A and B will occur on a given toss if the outcome is an element of
the subset {4, 6}, which is just the intersection of A and B.
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Definition 2.5
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Definition 2.6
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Figure 2.3 Events represented by
various regions
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Figure 2.4 Events of the sample
space S
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Section 2.3
Counting Sample
Points
Rule 2.1 : Multiplication rule
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Example
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Example
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Figure 2.6 Tree diagram for
Example 2.14
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Example
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Example
• If a 22-member club needs to elect a chair and a
treasurer, how many different ways can these
two to be elected?
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Example
• Suppose, for instance, that a customer wishes to buy a new cell
phone and can choose from n1 = 5 brands, n2 = 5 sets of
capability, and n3 = 4 colors.
• How many different ways can an order take place?
• These three classifications result in n1n2n3 = (5)(5)(4) = 100
different ways for a customer to order one of these phones
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Rule 2.2
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Example
• Sam is going to assemble a computer by himself. He has the choice of chips
from two brands, a hard drive from four, memory from three, and an
accessory bundle from five local stores. How many different ways can Sam
order the parts?
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Example
• How many even four-digit numbers can be formed from the
digits 0, 1, 2, 5, 6, and 9 if each digit can be used only once?
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Definition 2.7
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Definition 2.8
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Theorem 2.1
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Theorem 2.2
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Example
• In one year, three awards (research, teaching, and service) will be given to a
class of 25 graduate students in a statistics department. If each student can
receive at most one award, how many possible selections are there?
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Example
• A president and a treasurer are to be chosen from a student club
consisting of 50 people. How many different choices of officers
are possible if
(a) there are no restrictions;
(b) A will serve only if he is president;
(c) B and C will serve together or not at all;
(d) D and E will not serve together?
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Solution
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Theorem 2.3
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Theorem 2.4
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Question
• If the order of the elements within a cell is of no importance:
Consider the set {a, e, i, o, u}. The possible partitions into two cells in which the
first cell contains 4 elements and the second cell 1 element are
• {(a, e, i, o), (u)}, {(a, i, o, u), (e)}, {(e, i, o, u), (a)}, {(a, e, o, u), (i)}, {(a, e, i,
u), (o)}.
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Example
• In a college football training session, the defensive coordinator
needs to have 10 players standing in a row.
• Among these 10 players, there are 1 freshman, 2 sophomores, 4
juniors, and 3 seniors.
• How many different ways can they be arranged in a row if only
their class level will be distinguished?
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Theorem 2.5
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Example
• In how many ways can 7 graduate students be assigned to 1
triple and 2 double hotel rooms during a conference?
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Example
• A young boy asks his mother to get 5 Game-BoyTM cartridges
from his collection of 10 arcade and 5 sports games. How many
ways are there that his mother can get 3 arcade and 2 sports
games?
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Theorem 2.6
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