ISSN: 2276-4201

Volume 16, Number 2, 2026

International Journal of Innovations in Engineering, Science and Technology

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A 2KVA HYBRID SOLAR POWER

Engr. Kema-Okolo Agberia Patience

okolopatience33@[Link]
Electrical Electronic Engineering Department
Delta State Polytechnic, Ogwashi-uku, Nigeria

ABSTRACT
Most commercial industrial and domestic process and activities depends on quality and quantity of
electrical power available. This work provides basically an alternative source of electrical energy
especially in an environment where power supply is not stable. It is achieved solely by the conversion
of direct current (A.C). The inverter operates in two modes, normal charging mode where there is
power supply and the backup mode, where there is no power from supply the design and
construction of this work are in module. The modules are power supply unit, charging unit, switch
circuit unit, and inverter unit. the modules are assembled together after construction to form a
complete circuit.

Keywords: Power Supply, Design Analysis, Construction, KVA

Introduction
The growing global demand for renewable energy solutions has led to increased interest in solar
power as sustainable and environmentally friendly energy source. This project focuses on designing,
constructing and installation a 2Kva solar power inverter, which can be changed both by solar panels
and the mains electricity supply. This dual charging capability ensures contious power availability,
making it a visible and reliable power solution.

The global energy landscape is undergoing a significant transformation, driven by the need to
address climate change, reduce dependence on fossil fuels, and ensure energy security. Renewable
energy sources, particularly solar power, have emerged as viable alternatives to conventional energy
systems. Solar power harnesses energy from the sun, offering an inexhaustible and environmental
friendly energy source. Despite its advantages, the intermittent nature of solar energy necessitates
the development of efficient storage and conversion systems to ensure a stable and reliable power
supply.
The primary challenge with solar power systems lies in their dependency of weather conditions and
daylight availability. During cloudy days or at night, solar panels cannot generate electricity, leading
to potential power shortages to address the issue, hybrid power systems that combine solar energy
and the main supply, ensuring that electricity is always available, regardless of weather conditions.

This work aims to design and construct a 2KVA solar power inverter that can be charged by both
solar energy and main electricity. The inverter is a crucial component of the system, converting the
direct current (DC) generated by solar panels into alternating current (AC) suitable for house hold
appliances, by integrating a dual charging capability, the system can optimize the use of solar energy
while relying on main electricity as a backup during periods of low solar generation.
The development of such a hybrid inverter system is particularly relevant in regions with unreliable
electricity supply, frequent power outages, or limited access to power grid. It offers sustainable
solution that not only reduce electricity bills but also contributes to environmental conservation by
decreasing reliance on fossil fuels. Furthermore, the work aligns with global efforts to promote
renewable energy adoption and reduce greenhouse gas emissions
The advent of solar cells has made it possible for an average Nigerian to tap the energy from the
sun to generate electrical power. The electronic power generator being an alternative source of
power generation that is readily available has some major limitations which includes:
68 | P a g e
 ISSN: 2276-4201
Volume 16, Number 2, 2026
International Journal of Innovations in Engineering, Science and Technology

1) During their operations, most of the power generators are noisy which causes disturbance
to the neighbourhood in form of noise pollution.
2) The waste product of the power generator in form of smoke and black oil poses a major
threat to the environment contributing to the global warming and soil/water pollution.
3) Cost of maintenance of electronic power generator is high compared to its alternative,
inverter (Ganiyu,2004). All these limitation (gaps) are bridged with the aid of introduction of
solar energy.

According to power electronics,(2019),it started with the development of mercury arc

rectifier, which was used to convert alternating current into direct current. Continuous
application of thyratrons and grid-controlled mercury over the years, leads to the
development of mercury valve with grading electrodes making it suitable for high voltage
direct current power transmission.

Ehikhamenle and okeke 2017 reported that in the quest of conversion of direct current to
alternating current power, limitations such as very low load current (in the order of
milliamps) and poor power efficiency where identified with the regards to the circuit design
by lane fox in 1970. These gaps was bridged by Jacob design and construction of direct
current to alternating current converter that yielded an output power of 6KVA, 22ov ac and
50HZ with efficiency of 93.5% in 1986 to have a noiseless cheap, pollution free and portable
mechanism of converting direct current to alternating current power, uninterrupted power
supply (UPS) designed an inverter circuit that produces 4KVA output 27AC, 50HZ and
efficiency of 95% a huge achievement of inverter of uninterrupted power. Supplies
Everonmaru facturing company

Ac is the standard electrical current in which flow of electrons is reversed 120 times/second
(i.e 60 cycles per second .) while DC is direct current, which is the type supplied by batteries
( scientific communities 2019 ).

The design helps to reduce the challenges of power supplies at all times, as energy is stored
up during the day via charging of the battery and the stored up energy is used up when
needed as an alternative source of energy supply when supply from national grid fails without
affecting the integrity of the battery (Ekwurigbe and uchegbu, 2016).
This is made possible via the solar panels that generates solar energy from the sun and
convert it to electricity with the aid of collection of individual silicon cells that the solar panel
is made up of. According to Olajuyin and Olubakinde (2017) multiple solar panels can be
wired both in parallel and series to increase current capacity and to increase voltage
respectively, in which smaller wire sizes are used to transfer electronic power from solar
panels array to the change controller and the attached batteries to favour the use of higher
voltage output.
In their discussion, Olajuyin and Olubakinde (2017) report that there are three basic types
of solar panels which includes monocrystalline solar panels, polycrystalline solar panels and
amorphous solar panels ; state in their order of effectiveness with the most effective being
the most costly while the least effective type is the cheapest in using amophous solar panel,
more square footage is required to produce the same amount of power as monocrystalline
and polycrystalline type of solar panel will produce.
According to solar alawys (2018) there are three types of solar panel array mounts which
includes:
1) Fixed solar panel mounts; fixed panels are stationary and are mounted correctly to
absorb as much light from the sun as possible. Is the simplest and cheapest system
available but offers the least flexibility, hence the amount of sunlight it can absorb is
69 | P a g e
 ISSN: 2276-4201
Volume 16, Number 2, 2026
International Journal of Innovations in Engineering, Science and Technology

limited. Also as the earth orbit changes throughout the year, the inability to modify the
position of the mount (and thus the panels )to the varying angle of the sun limits the
amount of energy absorption.
2) Adjustable solar panel mounts; adjustable panel and array mountings provide more
flexibility, as their seasons change, their positions can be altered to compensate for the
sun angle in order to maximize the panels exposure and level of energy absorbed by
modifying the inclination of the panels mounts, the solar output of the panels can be
increased by 25%.

Tracking solar panel mounts; is the most efficient mountings, they follow from the sun
throughout the day to absorb the most energy possible. They are available as a single
axis or double axis system while the transformer tracks the trajectory of the sun as it
rises and sets during the day. The latter will do the same but also automatically
compensate for the suns changing angle throughout the year through their expensive
they will provide up to 30% where more solar output than adjustable and fixed
mountings. Some people prefer to buy additional solar panels and place them on
adjustable mounts rather than invest in trackers.
According to kraemer et al. (2018) a solar inverter is a device that converts direct current
(DC) electricity generated by solar panels into alternating current electricity (AC)
electricity, which can be used by house hold appliances and fed into the grid.
kraemer et al. (2018) provide an in-depth analysis of the fundamental principles of solar
inverters, emphasizing their critical role in converting DC electricity generated by solar
panels into the AC electricity suitable for house hold and commercial use. They highlight
the importance on inverter efficiency, noticing that even small improvement can
significantly impact the overall performance and economic viability of solar power
systems. The study also discuss the roles of advanced features like maximum power
point tracking (MPPT)which optimizes the energy harvest from solar panels by
continuously adjusting their operating point to maximize output.
kraemer et al. (2018) discussed technological advancement in inverter design, including
the use of high efficiency semiconductor materials and improved cooling techniques.
These advancements have led to inverters that are not only more efficient but also
reliable and longer lasting. kraemer et al. also emphasized the importance of reducing
power losses and improving thermal management to enhance inverter performance.
According to wotye et al. 2019: solar inverter is an essential component of a photovoltaic
system, the solar inverter contains DC electricity produced by solar panels into AC
electricity, suitable for home and commercial use.
Wotye et al. 2019 categorize solar inverters into three main types: string inverters, micro-
inverters, and central inverters. Each type has central inverters. Each types has distinct
applications, advantages, and limitations. String inverters are noted for their cost-
effectiveness and suitability for residential systems, whereas micro-inverters offer
improved performance monitoring and flexibility, particularly in systems with shading
issues or complex roof layouts. Central inverters are highlighted for their application in
large scale commercial and utility projects due to their ability to handle higher power
levels. Wotye et al 2019. Emphasize the importance of selecting the appriopriate inverter
type based on the specific needs and constraints of the solar power system, ensuring
optimal performance and cost effectiveness.
According to Zhang et al. 2020 a solar inverter power electronics devices that converts
DC output of solar panels into AC power, facilitating the integration of solar energy into
electrical grid.

70 | P a g e
 ISSN: 2276-4201
Volume 16, Number 2, 2026
International Journal of Innovations in Engineering, Science and Technology

Zhang et al. 2020 focus on recent advancements in semi-conductor materials used in

solar inverters, particularly silicon carbide SiC and gallium nitride GaN. These materials
offer significant benefits over traditional silicon-based devices, including higher
efficiency, better thermal management, and the ability to operate at higher switching
frequencies. The authors highlight that SiC and GaN devices can reduce power losses
and improve the overall performance of solar inverters, making them more suitable for
modern, high efficiency solar power systems.
According to utarsun et al 2018: a device that enables the conversion of solar energy
converted by PV panels into usable AC electricity, forming a crucial part of hybrid energy
solar systems.
Urtasun et al. 2018 explore the concept of hybrid energy systems, which combine solar
power with other energy sources, such as mains electricity or diesel generators, to
provide a reliable and continuous power supply. The authors emphasize that hybrid
system can mitigate the intermittency of solar power and enhance energy security,
particularly in regions with unreliable grid infrastructure or frequent power outages. By
optimizing the use of solar energy and reducing reliance on fossil fuels, hybrid systems
and lower electricity cost and decrease greenhouse gas emissions.
According to Adaramola et al. 2017 solar inverters convert the variable DC output from
solar panels into a stable AC output, suitable for use by common electrical appliances
and for grid injection. Adaramola et al. 2017 propose a comprehensive frame work for
designing and optimizing hybrid solar power systems. The frame work considers factors
such as load demand, nsystem reliability, and cost-effectiveness, emphasizing the
importance of accurate load forecasting and proper sizing of system components. The
authors suggest the well-designed hybrid systems can significantly improve energy
access and reliability, particularly in off grid and remote areas.
According to Nandi and Ghosh 2019: a solar inverter is a power conversion device that
transforms the DC electricity generated by solar PV systems into AC electricity for home
use and businesses. Nandi and Ghosh 2019 present a detailed case study of a hybrid
solar-wind system implemented in a remote village. The study illustrates how combining
solar and wind energy can provide a reliable and continuous power supply, improving
the quality of life for residents and supporting local economic development.
The author discuss the technical and economic aspects of the system, including the
integration of energy storage and control mechanisms to balance supply and demand.
According to Patel and Argawal 2018: solar inverters are devices that change the DC
output from solar panels into AC, making solar energy usable for home appliances and
capable of feeding into the electric grid.
Patel and Argawal 2018 explore various dual charging mechanism for solar inverters,
which enables the system to be charged by both solar panels and mains electricity. The
authors discuss different approaches, such as automatic switching and parallel charging,
highlighting the benefits of each method. Dual charging systems can enhance reliability
and ensure a continuous power supply, even during periods of low solar generation.
According to Yadav and the Sharma 2020: the power electronic device that converts the
DC electricity produced by solar panels into AC electricity, which can be used by
household appliances or injected into the power grid. Yadav and Sharma 2020 address
the technical challenges associated with integrating dual charging capabilities into solar
inverters. These challenges includes synchronization of energy sources, protection
against overcharging, and maintaining system stability. The authors propose several
solutions, such as the use of advanced charge controllers, protection circuits, and robust
design principles to ensure reliable operations.

71 | P a g e
 ISSN: 2276-4201
Volume 16, Number 2, 2026
International Journal of Innovations in Engineering, Science and Technology

MATERIALS AND METHOD

Principle of operation of inverter
In figure 1, is the battery source, a switch and a transformer

When the switches is closed current starts to flow in the circuits, this will make the transformer
EWF, opposing the EWF of the battery. This rise will depend on the inductance of the transformer,
the greater the inductance, the more time will be required to produce the current required to balance
the EMF of the battery. Now, if the switch is opened before the current of the transformer grows
fully, the current in the circuit will start to fall. This will make the transformer to generate reverse
EMF. Once the circuit current reaches zero, the switch is once again closed by producing open, close
cycle of switch in this circuit, we can produce an alternating current (AC) output from DC current
source, i.e the battery. If the switch is kept in close or open state for a long duration then there will
not be any current in the secondary but if the switch is opened and closed at a constant rate, then
the changes at the primary of the transformer will reduce output at the secondary of the
transformer. The output from the secondary winding of the transformer is a square wave of
frequency at which the switch is opened and closed. A transistor was used as a switch in place of
manual switch; transistor is used for switching the primary circuit on/off. This generates an
automatic AC current output without need of someone opening and closing a switch.
Construction
The construction of this module is of two sections; the external structure and the internal structure.
The construction is of great importance because after designing the whole circuit, it ensured that
all circuit works to what it is specially designed for. All materials components used in the construction
of this work were mostly locally sourced.
Module description
External structure. The body (or casing) is made of galvanized steel. Measuring 14.0cm x 14 .0cm
x 26 cm. the compact size was chosen for easy carriage whenever it is needed.
Internal structure: the components including integrated circuit (SG3524IC). Capacitors, resistors,
variable resistors, diodes, poi-polar junction transistors comparators and so on are soldered t the
vero board. This components made up the control board.(I . e oscillator and buffer stages).
The power MOsFETs. The transformer is mounted on the inner part of the module, which is provided
with cooling fans to allow ventilation. The transformer core is built with 76 lamination sheets. The
ticker wire used for primary winding because it carries much current (42A) and lower voltage (12V)
while the thinner were used for secondary winding because it carried less current (4.35A) and higher
voltage (230V)
Design analysis
Design calculation of the oscillator system
The oscillator uses an external resistor RT to establish a constant charging current into an external
capacitor CT. this uses more current than series connected RC

72 | P a g e
 ISSN: 2276-4201
Volume 16, Number 2, 2026
International Journal of Innovations in Engineering, Science and Technology

It provides a linear dependent reference for the PWM comparator. The oscillator IC SGG3524 has
the following specifications.
i. Supply current less than 10Ma
ii. Supply voltage up to 40v max
iii. Current at pm 16 vcc =50Ma
iv. Current at oscillator output transistor (dual)50Ma
v. Regulated output (linear) 5v at pin 16
vi. Voltage at inverting input at pin 2=2.4v
vii. Voltage at pin 1=2v
viii. Voltage at pin 3= 47mv

Calculation of resistor at the input of the error amplifier

73 | P a g e
 ISSN: 2276-4201
Volume 16, Number 2, 2026
International Journal of Innovations in Engineering, Science and Technology

At pin 1 of SG3524 the voltage can be varied from 0v to 2.8v initially the voltage at pin 1 must be
greater than that of pin 2 in order to 0v at pin 10(shutdown).v+> v_ the output is approximately
equals to vcc but when 𝑉+ > 𝑉− the output voltage is equals to zero
Therefore when 𝑉+ = 𝑉the output voltage shutdown the whole system through pin 10 because pin
10 needs more 0.6V to shut down the oscillator section
To calculate 𝑉𝑅1 let 𝑅3 = 10kΩ; V-at pin 1=2.1V 𝑉𝑅1=
𝑉−
{ቀ𝑉+ቁ − 1}
2.8
=10000[ቀ ቁ − 1]
2.1
𝑉𝑅1= 10000[ሺ1.33ሻ − 1]
1000 x 0.33 𝑉𝑅1= 333.3𝐾Ω

The frequency used for lighting the electronic devices in Nigeria and some other countries is 50Hz.
In order to produce 220VAC secondary voltage output in the inverter design, therefore the frequency
must be well designed by using RC network (resistance and capacitor network to determine the
frequency of operation) if one does not get a 50Hz frequency from the inverter then one may get
flickering in tube light run on inverter, also fan running on such inverter shows irregular variations
in speed.

Calculation of frequency adjustment circuit

Let 𝐶1= 0.1𝑢𝑓 = 10 𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑
F = 50Hz
1
F = = 1.1 𝑅4 𝐶𝐼 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 1.1 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑇
50 =1.1 x 𝑅4 𝑥 0.1𝑥 10_6
1 = 1.1 x 𝑅4 𝑥 0.1𝑥 10_6
1
𝑅4 = 55.5𝑥 10_6 𝑅4 =
181 ,818Ω

74 | P a g e
 ISSN: 2276-4201
Volume 16, Number 2, 2026
International Journal of Innovations in Engineering, Science and Technology

Since 181, 818 Ω resistor is not available in the market 300k Ω variable resistor was used to adjust
to frequency of 50Hz within the resistance value. To obtain 50Hz output frequency from the inverter
the 𝑉𝑅1 (variable resistor) 300k Ω was adjusted with the aid of an oscilloscope.
To calculate current limiting resistor for the voltage regulator

At the output of the regulator, there will be voltage drop across the IC regulator of about 0.7V
therefore, output voltage from 7812=11.3V
The specified current of the regulator is 50Ma . 𝑉+= 𝐼𝑅8
11.3=50 x 10 𝑅8
_3
𝑅8 =
11.3
50𝑥10−8
𝑅8 =226 Ω
Preferred value of 𝑅8 =320 Ω

Driver section
In a two signal that is changing polarity, when the first signal is positive, the second signal will be
negative and vice versa. This process will be repeated 50 times per second, that is, alternating signal
with 50 Hz frequency is generated inside the flip-flop section of the IC .
This 50Hz alternating signal is output at pin 11 and 14 of the IC. This alternating signal is known as
“MOS drive signal”. The MOS drive signal at pin-11and 14 is between 3 to 4V. voltage at these pins
should be of the same value; any difference in the voltage at these pins could damage the MOSFET
at the output

MOS drive signal from pin-11 and 14 of the 𝐼𝐶2 is given to the base of MOS driver 𝑇1 𝐴𝑁𝐷 𝑇2 . This
result in the MOS drive signal getting separated into two different channels.
Transistor 𝑇1 𝐴𝑁𝐷 𝑇2 amplify the 50Hz MOS drive signal at their bases to a sufficient level and output

75 | P a g e
 ISSN: 2276-4201
Volume 16, Number 2, 2026
International Journal of Innovations in Engineering, Science and Technology

them from emitter. 50Hz signal from the emitter if 𝑇1 is given to the gate (G) of each MOSFET
channel. Through resistance 𝑅10 (2.2kΩ) each MOSFET gate (G) receives the 50Hz signal through a
resistor (100Ω). The process also goes for the second channel of the signal generated.

Switching section (MOSFET)

MOSFET is a metal oxide semi-conductor field effect transistor with three terminal legs that can be
used either as an amplifier or as a switching device.
The three terminals are drain, sources and the gate.
The resistor values at the base of 𝑇𝑅1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑅2 was obtained from the transistor parameter (i.e the
specification according to the data given by the manufacturer, through data book or catalog0. The
type of transistor used in c945 is of the following specifications. 𝐼𝑐 max = 500𝑚𝐴
𝐻𝑓𝑒 = 𝑏 = 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 100 − 600
Using the formula given below 𝑅𝑏 =
𝑉𝑏𝑒
𝑉𝑐𝑐 _ 𝐻𝑓𝑒 =
𝐼𝐵
𝐼𝑐 100−500𝑋10−3
𝑏= 𝐼𝑏
𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝐶 ÷ 𝐼𝑏 𝐼𝐵

𝐼𝐵 = 5𝑚𝐴

76 | P a g e
 ISSN: 2276-4201
Volume 16, Number 2, 2026
International Journal of Innovations in Engineering, Science and Technology
12−0.7 11.3
𝑅𝐵 = 0.005 = 0.005
𝑅𝐵 = 2.260Ω = 2.2𝐾Ω
Preferred value of 𝑅𝐵 = 2.2𝑘Ω
In the oscillator unit, a 50 Hz is generated alternatively, reaching each channel of the MOSFET
separately. This results in alternative switching of the mosfet drive on and off and when the second
channel is on, the first one will be off. This on and off switching process is repeated 50 times per
second therefore, with this system of operation, MOSFET is used as a switching system for inverter.

CONCLUSIONS
The construction of a solar powered inverter at a frequency of 50Hz was designed to complement
the power supply from the national grid and put to use under load conditions. The inverter
functioned in compliance with the model specification. The installation was done correctly while all
design procedures were duly observed.

FUNDING
Tertiary Education Trust Fund(TETFund), Nigeria through The Institution Based Research (IBR)
Interventions, supported this work.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author acknowledges the Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund), Nigeria for supporting this
research through the Institution Based Research (IBR) Interventions

REFERENCES

Andrew, A.L 1998. Applied physics for electronic technology, Arnold holder headline
.org/publishers, London

Ehikhamenle M. and okeke R.O. 2017 design and development of 2.5KVA Inverter Adopting a
Microcontroller Based Frequency Meter, International Journal of Engineering and Modern
Technology, Vol 3(!),p.2.

Ekwuribe J. Michael uchegbu E. chineye 2016.

Design and construction of a 2.5KVA photovoltaic inverter, American journal of science, engineering
and technology. Vol.1, no,1 pp. 7-12.

Ganiyu, 5. 2004. Design and construction of a 1kva power inverter. Unpublished B .tech thesis
LAUTHEC, ogbomoso, oyo state Nigeria

Olajuyin Elijah Adebayo and Olubakinde Eniola 2017. Design of a 2KVA solar inverter journal of
emerging trends in engineering and applied science (JETEAS) 8(6):257-262.

Power electronics, 2019(Accessed 5th June, 2019,available from [Link]

electronics.)

Scientific communities,2019. Alternating current & direct. (accessed 18 may,2019 available

From [Link] / health/scientific committees/opinions lay/en/electromagnetic
fields/glossary/abc/alternating [Link])

Solar always,2019. (Accessed 18 may,2019, available from

[Link]
77 | P a g e
 ISSN: 2276-4201
Volume 16, Number 2, 2026
International Journal of Innovations in Engineering, Science and Technology

Adeyanju, A. Y (2003). Design and construction of 750 watts inverter. Unpublished B. tech thesis
lautech Ogbomoso, Nigeria.

Allan, c.(1997) the principle of computer hardware. oxford science publication, New york.

C.A Awosope (2017). Epileptic power outage and unreliable services from public power supply in
Nigeria

Decree NO. 24 (November 1971) of the Nigerian military government

ECN Ordinance N0. 15 (1950).

Electric power sector reform Act of 2005 in Nigeria .

Emmanuel Umbu, Esq (December 6, 2016). Electronic power implementation committee of Nigeria
(EPIC)

Hughes E. (1998) Electrical Technology, Longman scientific Technology book series, London 8th
edition.

[Link] icsg3524 pulse with modulation

[Link] ICTC 4066BP
IEF industry applications Magazine(1st January – Feb 1996) volume 2.

Innovative system design and engineering ISSN2222.17 27 (paper)

ISSN2222.287.1 (online) vol.5 No.2 2014- [Link]

Nelson J.C (1986).basic operation amplifier butter and Co. limited

Oladimeji, T.T (2018) and Okereke, C.O (2018) performance analysis of a branded and locally
constructed modified 1KVA sinewave solar inverter for domestic electric power supply
(Nigeria)

Peter Prenar (April 8, 2016). Importance of electricity in the economy

Say (1978). Physical basis of a transformer

Solar max 25C: RF Interference voltsage (dBp,V)

Theraja (2002): Effect of power failure

Thomas C.B.(1991). Computer architecture and logic [Link] Hill New York

Yusmarhita yusop (2016). Study of capacitance power transfer using class-E

Resenan Inverter (Nigeria)

78 | P a g e