Project planning and management

DR. SYEDA SULTANA PARVEEN

PROFESSOR SOCIAL WORK
SHAHJALAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Project planning and management
CONCEPT OF PROJECT, TYPES STEPS ,IDENTIFICATION
References
References
Gareis R, Huemann M. Maturity-models for the project-oriented
company, in J. [Link] (ed.), The Gower Handbook of Project
Management, 4th ed. Aldershot: Gower, 2006
Archibald R. 2003. State of the Art of Project Management: 2003.
Project Management Conference, Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniera,
Bogota, Colombia, December 5–6, 2003.
References
Ahuja, Hira. N. and Campbell, W. J. Estimating: From Concept to
Completion,Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1987.
Projects in the country.
ADP is a sum of yearly costed development projects, the main thrusts of ADP are attaining
balanced development, poverty reduction,

Employment generation,
Food security,
Social protection
Human resource development,
Gender equality,
Environmental protection and
Climate resilience.
What to understand?

What is project?
What makes the project?
Stages of a project .
Functions in the stage.
Importance of project
Definition
Project is the smallest investment unit in the socioeconomic
development of a country.
It is called the building block of development.
The word project came from the Latin word “Projecure” means to
throw forth.
A project is a specialized arrangement or activity for solving a
particular problem or improving upon a particular situation. Projects
are .however ,not always necessarily problem oriented though it is
true that they carry a strong problem solving orientation.(CIRDAP)
Characteristics of a project:

A project must contain

Specific objective or goal.

A clear description of income and expenditure.
It should have a specific geographical area.
A specific beneficiary group.
It must have specific activities.
 Elements of a project

Name of the project.

Long-term and short term objectives.
Position of project in the National, local level, and sectorial plan.
Name of the organization related to the implementation process.
Identification and specification, and creation of the prerequisites.
 Elements of a project
To test and select different alternative method to implement the project.
Appraisal for selecting the goal and available resources for the project.
Record of The expenditure .
Time limit.
Nature of the project.
Yearly income.
Yearly investment cost for the project,
To have clear information about the raw materials ,responsibility. training,
Importance of training.
To determine the necessary appropriate technology and skill.
Importance of project.

Socioeconomic development.
Micro and macro level development.
Limited income and development
To avoid complexity.
Technical and administrative soundness.
To design a good plan.
Proper use of financial capacity.
To make a balance among different elements of the project.
Project
Project Management in Practice Turning London's Waste Dump into the 2012
Olympic Stadium Back in 2006. the 2012 Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) chose a
river-surrounded, 1-square-mile East London disposal site loaded with discarded
appliances, tons of waste. shanties, and soil polluted with petrol, oil. lead. tar. and
arsenic as the site for their 2012 Olympic Stadium to seat 80.000 visitors.

To meet a mid-2011 completion due date, the ODA project man- ager lan Crockford
quickly assembled a project team of over 1.000 including governmental employees
and other stakeholders, such as the London Development Agency as landowner,
politicians, utility firms, com- munity councils, miscellaneous local governmental
groups, and of course, the athletes, all of whom wanted a voice in the site design. To
clean up the site, the team created a "Soil Hospital" on-site with 60 scientists and
technicians who processed and cleaned 800,000 tons of soil.
Project
To use the surrounding river for transporting equipment and materials to the
site, others on the team dredged 30,000 tons of silt, gravel, garbage, and one
car from 2.2 kilometers of the river, which hadn't seen commercial use in
over 35 years.

When they were ready to design the stadium, they referred to plans and
schedules for London's 90,000-seat Wembley Stadium (but that took 10 years
to build) and Sydney's 2000 Olympics 80.000- seat stadium (but that would
have stretched halfway across the surrounding rivers on the London site).
Moreover, the scope for this stadium was that 25.000 seats would be
permanent but the other
Project

Was the life cycle of this project S-shaped, J-shaped or something else?
Considering just the purpose of the river dredging as a project itself,
what was the shape of its life cycle?
 Project cycle

Project is the combination of different interlocked and

interconnected functions aiming at a specific Goal. It has
a specific starting point and a an ending point.

The different functions of the project makes the project

cycle. These functions are interrelated, systematic,
logically connected.
 Stages of a Project
Project has three major stages.

A. Design
[Link]
C. Evaluation.
A project

A. Design

B.
C. Evaluation.
Implementation
 Different stages .
In different explanation theorists suggested different types of
stages.

According to Warren C Baum there are 6 stages within the life cycle of
a project.
Skylark Chada mentioned 8 stages of a project.
Rondinelli mentioned 12 stages.
Arcjhibalt , D—5 stages stages of a project.
 Project cycle
Warren C. Baum was the founder of project cycle. From The experience
of World Bank Baum suggested 6 stages of a project.

These are as follows.

[Link] Identification.
[Link] Preparation
[Link] appraisal
[Link] Negotiation.
5,Project implementation and supervision
[Link] Evaluation
 Large, Medium and Small Projects
How the Project category is determined and
Large
what activities are done within each phases in
Project
each categories?
Medium

Project size
Project

• Project size Small

Project
• Project complexity
Project complexity

Source: [Link]

Phases Large Project Medium Project Small Project

Initiation Establish Terms of Develop a Business Case Develop a Business
Reference Case
Planning Create a Project Plan Create a Project Plan Create a Project Plan

Execution Build Deliverables Build Deliverables Build Deliverables

Closure Review Project Review Project Undertake
Completion 26 Completion Post-Implementation
Review
Baum’s stages
[Link]
Identification.

[Link] [Link]
Evaluation Preparation

5,Project
[Link]
implementation
appraisal
and supervision

[Link]
Negotiation.
 Project identification :
Projects are the smallest unit of economic development.

Every project has its specific goal.

Based on the felt need the project should be identified as which project
is necessary.
It is necessary to understand the need of the community.
When felt is considered the participation of the community will be
ensured.
To have a successful project community participation is important
 Project identification:
Rekha Agarwal recommended some major points to be considered
during the identification period. The points are,

There should be a similarity between the economic need and the place.
To investigate and discuss the opposing element.
Wastage of economic resources should be considered instead of any
production.
Product should be inline with the optimum scale.
Project identification:

There should be a consistency between the requirement of the

community and the project.
The IRR (Internal Rate of Return )should be considered to make a
balance between the highest possible benefit and the objective of the
project.
Principle for local level project
identification.

Principle should be followed in the local level project

identification.

Incomplete project should get the priority.

Plan to avoid very big project. (time shoud be within two year).
A vast survey, consultation with local level leader and common people
should be consider.
A plan To avoid any repetition regarding short term and long term
project in the local level.
Project Cycle
Eval
Ident
uatio
ificati
n
on
Impl
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ntati
Appr
on &
aisal
Moni
torin Nego
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n
and
Appr
World Bank Project Cycle
Project preparation.

Project preparation is the first step of feasibility study of various

element of a project.
Feasibility study helps to make the proposed project integrated with
the physical and social environment.
Limited or scarcity of resource mobilization depends on feasibility
study.
 Project appraisal

Project appraisal is the third stage of a project cycle.

To understand the possibility of future return regarding financial

investment, technical reliability ,managerial force ,social need, chance
of reinvestment, employment scope project appraisal is the scientific
analysis or break-even test.
Project appraisal

To understand the condition and objective, structure of the

administrative process, or the probability to use the project for any
special goal.

•This analysis is a kind of research.

Project appraisal is necessary to understand to determine investment

plan.
Project appraisal
Project negotiation:

To run a project fund is important. This could be grant, loan or self

finance. from any big organization negotiation between the donor and
the receiver is an essential stage.

Project related other activities such as contract with the technical

expert ,time duration, short term or long term,
Project appraisal
Contract required various type of negotiation.

According to Baum it is the comprehensive review and the best phase

of a project work
Project implementation and
supervision
The target of implementation stage is to make the project active.
In this stage the functions are making infrastructure , collection of
materials, setting the machine and instrument.
Due to different types of social or economic changes the function of the
project may face obstacles. As a result it could be found that the there
is big gap between the plan and
Project evaluation.

Project evaluation is the last stage of a project cycle.

Evaluation is the measurement of the success of a project .
To to analyze the output of the project according to the objective
evaluation is the instrument.
Evaluation is the measurement of the development of a project.
 Classification of Projects by Type and Area
• Construction of a
building or
structure;
• Developing of a
Restructuring plan of new product line;
the company, • Software
including the development.
introduction of a
system of financial Technical
planning and projects Organizational
budgeting, projects
development and
implementation of
• Reorganizing or
special software
creating a new
Types of company;
• Implementation of a
Mixed
projects
projects by new system of
management;
area • Execution of an
international
conference or
exhibition.
Economical
projects
• Reform of welfare; Social • Privatization of the
• Social protection of
projects company;
vulnerable
• Introduction of
population;
financial planning
• Overcoming the
and budgeting;
effects of natural
• Introduction of a
and social
new taxation
disasters. 41 system.
Project cycle of D.A. Rondinelli.
This cycle of project contains 12 stages.

[Link] identification and definition

[Link] formulation, preparation and feasibility analysis.
[Link] design.
[Link] appraisal.
[Link] selection negotiation and approval.
[Link] activation and organization.
Project cycle of D.A. Rondinelli

[Link] implementation and operation.

[Link] supervision ,monitoring and control.
[Link] completion or termination.
[Link],difusion and transfer to normal administration.
[Link] evaluation.
[Link]-up analysis and actions taken.
 Project identification and definition:

Considering the socioeconomic and cultural environment of the area and the
community the project must be identified.

The selected project should have the connections with national policy, regional
and sectorial plan and preferences.
Peoples participation must be ensured to have good result and goal.
Lack of community participation a super quality project may fail to reach to its
goal.
The spontaneous participation of common people is called the participation not
the leaders participation.
[Link] formulation,
preparation and feasibility
analysis.
2. In the second stage of feasibility study is the important task to arrange
preparation and formulation of the project.
Feasibility study will act as the guidance to show the fault of the project.

3. Design : The design stage is will give the analysis result on the below
mentioned section:
a, To determine the priority
b. To prepare the budget.
c. To determine the technological requirement, collection and setting.
d. To make the implementation planning.
Project appraisal .
This is the pre -investment analysis process of the project.
To understand the real strength and capacity of every small segment of
the project this stage will analyze the technical ,financial ,managerial,
social, management section of the project. To analyze the “X” and
“Category project the following method will be the instrument
[Link] present value
[Link] –cost ratio
[Link] rate of return.
Project selection negotiation
and approval.

To complete the project various type of negotiation will be required.

To make the negotiation long lasting there must be a contract among
the related functional body of the project.
Project activation and
organization.

The collected and analyzed equipment will be refined and review in this
stage.
To determine the whether the element of the project are inline with the
objective or not.