A

Project Report
On
"RAIN ALARM CIRCUIT"
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Diploma
in
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
From
STATE BOARD OF TECHINICAL EDUCATION & TRAINING
By
[Link] SRI (20274-EE-012)
[Link] (20274-EE-018)
[Link] (20274-EE-031)
[Link] PRAKASH (20274-EE-042)

Under the Esteemed guidance of

Mr. B. RAMA KRISHNA [Link]
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ANURAG ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(POLYTECHINIC)
ANANTHAGIRI (V, M), SURYAPET (DT), T.S, INDIA -508206
2022-2023
 ANURAG ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(POLYTECHINIC)
ANANTHAGIRI (V, M), SURYAPET (DT), T.S, INDIA -508206

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “RAIN ALARM CIRCUIT” is a bonafide
work done by [Link] SRI (20274-EE-012), [Link](20274-EE-018),
[Link](20274-EE-031), [Link] PRAKASH(20274-EE-042).In partial fulfilment of
the requirement for the award of the diploma in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from
SBTET, Hyderabad during the academic year 2022-2023.

Mr. B. RAMA KRISHNA Dr. J. SRINIVAS RAO

[Link] [Link], Ph.D
Assistant Professor Associate Professor
Project Guide Head of the department

EXTERNAL EXAMINER Dr. [Link]

[Link],Ph.D, MIEI
Principal
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our sincere acknowledgment to our project guide

Mr. [Link] KRISHNA, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering for his kind co-operation and encouragement, which help us in completion of this
project. It would have been very difficult to complete this project without the enthusiastic
support, encouragement and insight advice given by him.

It is our privilege to thank you our Project coordinators for continuous guidance and
monitoring

Also we would like to express our sincere thanks to Dr. [Link] RAO, Associate
professor & Head of the department, Diploma in Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for
his support and valuable suggestions for the completion our project.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our PrincipalDr. [Link], for
giving permission and his constant motivation towards higher education and research.

We are indebted to the computer support group and library of our college for giving us
access to the software and books required for this project.

Finally, we wish to thanks our parents and friends for their help and encouragement
during the project work.

Thank you

[Link] SRI (20274-EE-012)

[Link] (20274-EE-018)
[Link] (20274-EE-031)
[Link] PRAKASH (20274-EE-042)
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the work which is being presented in this is entitled
“RAIN ALARM CIRCUIT” submitted towards the partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the diploma in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from SBTET ,
Hyderabad in an authentic record of our own work carried out during the academic year 2022-
23 under the supervision of [Link] KRISHNA Assistant professor, Diploma in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Anurag Engineering College,
Ananthagiri.

[Link] SRI (20274-EE-012)

[Link] (20274-EE-018)
[Link] (20274-EE-031)
[Link] PRAKASH (20274-EE-042)
 CONTENTS

[Link] CHAPTER NAME PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT i
LIST OF FIGURES ii
LIST OF TABLES iii
1 INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT
1.1Explanation 1
1.2Block Diagram 1
1.3Circuit Diagram 2
2 HARDWARE ASPECTS
2.1List of the components required 3
3 COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION (4-34)
3.1Rain sensor 4
3.1.1 Operation 4
3.1.2 Irrigation Sensor 5
3.1.3 Automotive sensor 5
3.2 555Timer IC 6
3.2.1 Design 7
3.2.2 Pinout 8
3.2.3 Modes 10
3.2.4 Astable Mode 11
3.2.5 Monostable Mode 14
3.3Transistor 15
3.3.1 BC548 NPN Transistor 15
3.3.2 History and Usage 15
3.3.3 Pin out and specifications 15
3.3.4 2N2222 NPN Transistor 16
3.3.5 Specifications 17
3.4Bright White LED 18
3.5Diode 20
3.5.1 Main functions 20
3.6 1N4007 Diode 21
3.6.1 1N4007 Diode Characteristics 21
 3.6.2 1N4007 Diode Packages 21
3.7 220 K Ohm resistor 22
3.8 330 Ohm resistor 23
3.9 10K Ohm resistor 23
3.10 470K Ohm resistor 24
3.11 3.3K Ohm resistor 25
3.12 68K Ohm resistor 25
3.13 Capacitor 26
3.14 22 Microfarad Capacitor 27
3.15 10nf Capacitor 28
3.16 100pf Capacitor 29
3.17 Buzzer 30
3.17.1 Types of buzzer 30
3.17.2 Modern applications of buzzer 31
3.18 Wire 32
3.18.1 Features of connecting wire 32
3.19 Breadboard 32
3.19.1 History 33
3.20 Battery 34
3.20.1 12V Battery system 34
4 Working of the circuit 36
5 Experimental Results 38
5.1 Applications 39
5.2 Advantages 39
FUTURE SCOPE 40
CONCLUSION 41
BIBLIOGRAPHY 42
 LIST OF FIGURES
[Link] NAME OF THE FIGURE PAGE NO
1.2 Block Diagram 1
1.3 Circuit diagram of the project 2
3.1 Rain sensor 4
3.1.2 Automotive sensor(car rain sensor) 6
3.2 555 timer IC 6
3.21 555 Internal block diagram 8
3.22 Pinout of 555 single timer 10
3.2.3 Schematic of a 555 timer in astable mode 11
3.2.4 Waveform in astable mode 12
3.3.1 BC548 NPN Transistor 16
3.3.2 2N2222 NPN Transistor 18
3.4 Bright White LED 19
3.6.2 1N4007 Diode 22
3.7 220kohm Resistor 22
3.8 330 Ohm Resistor 23
3.9 10k ohm resistor 24
3.10 470k ohm resistor 24
3.11 3.3K Ohm resistor 25
3.13 68 K Ohm Resistor 26
3.14 22mf Capacitor 28
3.15 10nf capacitor 29
3.16 100pf farad capacitor 29
3.17.1 Piezoelectric disk beeper 30
3.17.2 Interior of buzzer 31
3.19 point printed circuit board (PCB) breadboard 33
3.21 12V Battery 34
5 Project image 38

i
 LIST OF TABLES

[Link] NAME OF THE TABLE PAGE NO

3.2 Pinout of 555Timer 10

3.2.1 Astable mode examples with common values 12

3.3.1 Specifications of 2N2222 17

ii
 ABSTRACT

Farmers are pillars of our nation. They have experienced losses due to intense rainfall which
damage crops root growth to overcome this, we have created this project. When the rain
detector senses rain, it sounds an alarm. As a result, various aspect has been achieved using
Rain detectors to stop irrigation home automation [Link] Management and proper
water usage has to be maintained in the recent years. So maintain proper usage of water we
need to save the water in every aspect. In agriculture field rain is a basic need but intense rain
can affect the crops root growth. Irrigation is enough cover the water need of crop but if
intense rainfall occurs it may damage the crops, growth of the crops. When Rain detector
detects rain it trigger the alarm.

Rain detector alarm efficient way to stop irrigation whenever rain occurs. It is
also used in home automation by users to reclaim their belongings, cover windows. In some
situations, we can Collect some rain water. When rain falls, it will cause a setback to all the
reasons for sun drying enumerated above, especially when the materials being sun dried are
not retrieved quickly. Thus, designing and constructing a device which gives one a heads up
the instant it starts to rain hopefully giving you time to retrieve the materials being sun dried,
Also, since it can rain at anytime without any warning, clothes in a clothes line outside the
house that are almost dry may get wet if we do not realize it is raining on time.

iii
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT
 RAIN ALARM

1.1 INTRODUCTION:
Rain Alarm Project is a simple but very useful project that detects Rain (Rain Water) and
automatically triggers an alarm or buzzer

Water is a basic need in every one’s life. Saving water and proper usage of water is very
important. Here is an easy project which will give the alarm when there is rain, so that we can
make some actions for rain water harvesting and also save the rain water for using it later.

With the help of saving this rain water through rain water harvesting, we can increase the
levels of underground water by using underwater recharge technique.

Rain water detector will detect the rain and make an alert; rain water detector is used in the
irrigation field, home automation, communication, automobiles etc. Here is the simple and
reliable circuit of rain water detector which can be constructed at low cost.

1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig1.2:Block Diagram

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1.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig1.3: Circuit diagram of the project

2
 CHAPTER-2

HARDWARE ASPECTS
 RAIN ALARM

2.1 List of the components required

o 1 x Small Rain Sensor

 1 x 555 Timer IC
 1 x BC548 NPN Transistor
 2 x 2N2222 NPN Transistor
 1 x Bright White LED
 1x 1N4007 PN Junction Diode
 1 x 220 KΩ Resistor (1/4 Watt)
 1 x 330 Ω Resistor (1/4 Watt)
 1 x 10 KΩ Resistor (1/4 Watt)
 1 x 470 KΩ Resistor (1/4 Watt)
 2 x 3.3 KΩ Resistor (1/4 Watt)
 1 x 68 KΩ Resistor (1/4 Watt)
 1 x 22 µF Capacitor (Polarized)
 2 x 100 µF Capacitor (Polarized)
 1 x 10nF Ceramic Capacitor (Code – 103)
 1 x 100pF Ceramic Capacitor (Code – 101)
 1 x Buzzer (or Speaker – 8Ω)
 Connecting Wires
 Breadboard
 12V Power Supply

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CHAPTER-3

COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
 RAIN ALARM

3.1 SMALL RAIN SENSOR:

A rain sensor is a switching device activated by rainfall. There are two main
applications for rain sensors. The first is a water conservation device connected to an
automatic irrigation system that causes the system to shut down in the event of rainfall. The
second is a device used to protect the interior of an automobile from rain and to support the
automatic mode of windscreen wiper.

3.1.1 Operation

The rain sensor works on the principle of total internal reflection. An infrared light beams at
a 45-degree angle on a clear area of the windshield is reflected and it is sensed by the sensor-
inside the car. When it rains, the wet glass causes the light to scatter and lesser amount of
light gets reflected back to the sensor

An additional application in professional satellite communications antennas is to trigger a

rain blower on the aperture of the antenna feed, to remove water droplets from the mylar
cover that keeps pressurized and dry air inside the wave-guides

Fig3.1:rain sensor

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 RAIN ALARM

3.1.2 Irrigation Sensor

Rain sensors for irrigation systems are available in both wireless and hard-wired versions,
most employing hygroscopic disks that swell in the presence of rain and shrink back down
again as they dry out — an electrical switch is in turn depressed or released by the
hygroscopic disk stack, and the rate of drying is typically adjusted by controlling the
ventilation reaching the stack. However, some electrical type sensors are also marketed that
use tipping bucket or conductance type probes to measure rainfall. Wireless and wired
versions both use similar mechanisms to temporarily suspend watering by the irrigation
controller — specifically they are connected to the irrigation controller's sensor terminals, or
are installed in series with the solenoid valve common circuit such that they prevent the
opening of any valves when rain has been sensed.
In 1958, the Cadillac Motor Car Division of General Motors experimented with a water-
sensitive switch that triggered various electric motors to close the convertible top and raise
the openAutomotive
3.1.3 windows of a sensors
specially-built Eldorado Biarritz model, in case of rain. The first such
device appears to have been used for that same purpose in a concept vehicle designated Le
Sabre and built around 1950–51.

General Motors' automatic rain sensor for convertible tops was available as a dealer-installed
option during the 1950s for vehicles such as the Chevrolet Bel Air.

For the 1996 Model Year, Cadillac once again equipped cars with an automatic rain sensor;
this time to automatically trigger the windshield wipers and adjust their speed to conditions as
necessary.

In December 2017 Tesla started rolling out an OTA update (2017.52.3) enabling their AP2.x
cars to utilize the onboard cameras to passively detect rain without the use of a dedicated
sensor.

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 RAIN ALARM

Fig 3.1.2:Automotive sensor(car rain sensor)

3.2 555 Timer IC:

Fig3.2:555 timer IC

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, delay, pulse
generation, and oscillator applications. Derivatives provide two (556) or four (558) timing
circuits in one package. The design was first marketed in 1972 by Signetics. Since then,
numerous companies have made the original bipolar timers, as well as similar low-
power CMOS timers. In 2017, it was said that over a billion 555 timers are produced annually
by some estimates, and that the design was "probably the most popular integrated circuit ever
made". Several books report the name "555" timer IC derived from the three 5 kΩ resistors
inside the chip. However, in a recorded interview with an online transistor museum

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 RAIN ALARM

curator,Hans Camenzind said "It was just arbitrarily chosen. It was Art Fury (marketing
manager) who thought the circuit was gonna sell big who picked the name '555' timer IC..

3.2.1 Design:
Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package incorporated the equivalent of
25 transistors, 2 diodes, and 15 resistors on a silicon chip packaged into an 8-pin dual in-line
package(DIP-8). Variants available included the 556 (a DIP-14 combining two complete 555s
on one chip), and 558 / 559 (both variants were a DIP-16 combining four reduced-
functionality timers on one chip).
The NE555 parts were commercial temperature range, 0 °C to +70 °C, and the SE555 part
number designated the military temperature range, −55 °C to +125 °C. These chips were
available in both high-reliability metal can (T package) and inexpensive epoxy plastic (V
package) form factors. Thus, the full part numbers were NE555V, NE555T, SE555V, and
SE555T.
Low-power CMOS versions of the 555 are now available, such as the Intersil ICM7555 and
Texas Instruments LMC555, TLC555, TLC551.
Internal schematic:
The internal block diagram and schematic of the 555 timer are highlighted with the same
color across all three drawings to clarify how the chip is implemented.
Voltage Divider: Between the positive supply voltage V CC and the ground GND is a voltage
divider consisting of three identical resistors(5 kΩ for bipolar timers, 100 kΩ or higher for
CMOS) to create reference voltages for the comparators. CONTROL is connected between
the upper two resistors, allowing an external voltage to control the reference voltages:
When CONTROL is not driven, this divider creates an upper reference voltage of 2⁄3 VCC and
a lower reference voltage of 1⁄3 VCC

 When CONTROL is driven, the upper reference voltage will instead be V CONTROL and
the lower reference voltage will be 1⁄2 VCONTROL.

 Threshold Comparator: The comparator's negative input is connected to voltage

divider's upper reference voltage, and the comparator's positive input is connected to
THRESHOLD.
 Trigger comparator: The comparator's positive input is connected to voltage divider's
lower reference, the comparator's negative input is connected to

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 RAIN ALARM
TRIGGER.

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 RAIN ALARM

 Flip-flop: An SR flip-flop stores the state of the timer and is controlled by the two
comparators. RESET overrides the other two inputs, thus the flip-flop (and therefore
the entire timer) can be reset at any time.
 Output: The output of the flip-flop is followed by an output stage with push–pull
(P.P.) output drivers that can supply up to 200 mA for bipolar timers, lower for
CMOS timers.
 Discharge: Also, the output of the flip-flop turns on a transistor that connects
DISCHARGE to the ground.

Fig3.21:555 Internal block diagram

3.2.2 Pinout:

The pinout of the 8-pin 555 timer is shown in the following table.

In the following table, longer pin designations are used, because manufacturers never
standardized the abbreviated pin names across all datasheets.

555 Pin
Pin name Pin description
pin# direction

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Ground supply: this pin is the ground reference
1 GND Power
voltage (zero volts).[

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Trigger: when VTRIGGER falls below 1⁄2 VCONTROL (1⁄3 VCC,

except when CONTROL is driven by an external
signal), OUTPUT goes to the high state and a
2 TRIGGER Input timing interval [Link] long as TRIGGER continues
to be kept at a low voltage, OUTPUT will remain in
the high state.

Output: this pin is a push-pull (P.P.) output that is

driven to either a low state (GND) or a high state
(VCC minus approximately 1.7 volts for bipolar
timers, or VCC for CMOS timers). For bipolar timers,
OUTPUT Output
3 this pin can drive up to 200 mA, but CMOS timers
are able to drive less (varies by chip). For bipolar
timers, if this pin drives an edge-sensitive input of
a digital logic chip, a 100 to 1000 pF decoupling
capacitor (between this pin and GND) may need to
be added to prevent double triggering.

Reset: a timing interval may be reset by driving

this pin to GND, but the timing does not begin
again until this pin rises above approximately
4 RESET Input
0.7 volts. This pin overrides TRIGGER, which
in turn overrides THRESHOLD. If this pin is not
used, it should be connected to VCC to prevent
electrical noise accidentally causing a reset.

Control: this pin provides access to the internal

voltage divider (2⁄3 VCC by default). By applying a

voltage to this pin, the timing characteristics can
be changed. In astable mode, this pin can be used
5 CONTROL Input
to frequency-modulate the OUTPUT [Link] this pin
is not used, it should be connected to a 10 nF
decoupling capacitor (between this pin and GND)
to ensure electrical noise doesn't affect the internal
voltage divider.
Threshold: when the voltage at this pin is

greater than VCONTROL (2⁄3 VCC by default except when

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6 THRESHOL Input CONTROL is driven by an external signal), then the
D OUTPUT high state timing interval ends, causing
OUTPUT to go to the low state.

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Discharge: This pin is an open-collector (O.C.)

output for bipolar timers, or an open-drain (O.D.)
DISCHARG output for CMOS timers. This pin can be
7 Output
E used to discharge a capacitor between
intervals, in phase with OUTPUT. In bistable mode
and schmitt trigger mode, this pin is unused, which
allows it to be used as an alternate output.

Positive supply: For bipolar timers, the supply

voltage range is typically 4.5 to 16 volts (some are
spec'ed for up to 18 volts, though most will operate
as low as 3 volts). For CMOS timers, the supply
8 VCC Power voltage range is typically 2 to 15 volts (some are
spec'ed for up to 18 volts, and some are spec'ed as
low as 1 volt). See the supply min and max
columns in the derivatives table in this article.
Decoupling capacitor(s) are generally applied
(between this pin and GND) as a good practice.

Table 3.2:Pinout of 555Timer

Fig3.22:Pinout of 555 single timer.

3.2.3 Modes:
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The 555 IC has the following operating modes:

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1. Astable (free-running) mode – The 555 can operate as an electronic oscillator. Uses
include LED and lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone generation,
security alarms, pulse-position modulation, and so on. The 555 can be used as a
simple ADC, converting an analog value to a pulse length (e.g., selecting
a thermistor as timing resistor allows the use of the 555 in a temperature sensor with
the period of the output pulse determined by the temperature). The use of a
microprocessor-based circuit can then convert the pulse period to temperature,
linearize it, and even provide calibration means.
2. Monostable (one-shot) mode – In this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-shot" pulse
generator. Applications include timers, missing pulse detection, bounce-free switches,
touch switches, frequency dividers, capacitance measurement, pulse-width
modulation (PWM), and so on.
3. Bistable (flip-flop) mode – The 555 operates as an SR flip-flop. Uses include bounce-
free latched switches.
4. Schmitt trigger (inverter) mode – the 555 operates as a Schmitt trigger inverter
gate which converts a noisy input into a clean digital output.

3.2.4 Astable:

Fig3.2.3:Schematic of a 555 timer in astable mode

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Fig3.2.4:Waveform in astable mode

Frequency C R1 R2 Duty
cycle
0.1 Hz 100 μF 8.2 Kω 68 kΩ 52.8%
(+0.048%)
1 Hz (+0.048%) 10 μF 8.2 Kω 68 kΩ 52.8%

10 Hz (+0.048%) 1 μF 8.2 kΩ 68 kΩ 52.8%

100 Hz 100 8.2 kΩ 68 kΩ 52.8%

(+0.048%) nF
1 kHz (+0.048%) 10 nF 8.2 kΩ 68 kΩ 52.8%

10 kHz 1 nF 8.2 kΩ 68 kΩ 52.8%

(+0.048%)
100 kHz 100 8.2 kΩ 68 kΩ 52.8%
(+0.048%) pF

Table3.2.1:Astable mode examples with common values:

In the astable configuration, the 555 timer puts out a continuous stream of rectangular pulses
having a specific frequency. The astable configuration is implemented using two
resistors, and one capacitor In this configuration, the control pin is not used, thus it is
connected to ground through a 10 nF decoupling capacitor to shunt electrical noise. The
threshold and trigger pins are connected to the capacitor thus they have the same voltage.

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Initially, the capacitor is not charged, thus the trigger pin receives zero voltage, which is less
than 1⁄3 of the supply voltage. Consequently, the trigger pin causes the output to go high and
the internal discharge transistor to go to cut-off mode. Since the discharge pin is no longer
short-circuited to ground, the current flows through the resistors and to the capacitor,
charging it. The capacitor starts charging until the voltage becomes 2⁄3 of the supply voltage.

At that time, the threshold pin causes the output to go low and the internal discharge
transistor to go into saturation mode. Consequently, the capacitor starts discharging through
until it becomes less than 1⁄3 of the supply voltage, at which point the trigger pin causes the
output to go high and the internal discharge transistor to go to cut-off mode once again. And
the cycle repeats.
During the first pulse, the capacitor charges from zero to 2⁄3 of the supply voltage, however,
in later pulses, it only charges from 1⁄3 to 2⁄3 of the supply voltage. Consequently, the first
pulse has a longer high time interval compared to later pulses. Moreover, the capacitor
charges through both resistors but only discharges through thus the output high interval is
longer than the low interval. This is shown in the following equations:

Fig3.2.5:Schematic
Resistor of a 555 timer in astable mode with a 1N4148 diode to create a
requirements:
duty cycles less than 50%
 The maximum power rating of must be greater than , per Ohm's law.

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 Particularly with bipolar 555 types, low values of must be avoided so that
the output stays saturated near zero volts during discharge, as assumed by
the above equation. Otherwise, the output low time will be greater than
calculated above.

The first cycle will take appreciably longer than the calculated time, as the
capacitor must initially charge from 0 V to 2⁄ 3 of VCC from power-up, but only
from 1⁄3 of VCC to 2⁄3 of VCC on subsequent cycles.

3.2.5 Monostable:

Fig3.2.6:Schematic of a 555 in monostable mode

Example values C = 100 nF, R = 180 kΩ to 220 kΩ for debouncing a pulled-up pushbutton.

Fig3.2.7:Waveform in monostable mode

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3.3 Transistor:

A transistor is a miniature semiconductor that regulates or controls current or voltage flow in

addition amplifying and generating these electrical signals and acting as a switch/gate for
them. Typically, transistors consist of three layers, or terminals, of a semiconductor material,
each of which can carry a current.

3.3.1 BC548 NPN Transistor:

The BC548 is a general-purpose NPN bipolar junction transistor commonly used in European
and American electronic equipment. It is notably often the first type of bipolar transistor
hobbyists encounter and is often featured in designs in hobby electronics magazines where a
general-purpose transistor is required. The BC548 is low in cost and widely available.

3.3.2 History and usage:

The BC548 is a part of a family of NPN and PNP epitaxial silicon transistors that
originated with the metal-cased BC108 family of transistors. The BC548 is the
modern plastic-packaged BC108; the BC548 article at the Radiomuseum website
describes the BC548 as a successor to the BC238 and differing from the BC108 in
only the shape of the package. Datasheets for the BC548 give specifications that are
identical to, or exceed, those of the BC108, BC148 and BC238 predecessors. Thus the
BC548 (or BC546 to 550) is a valid substitute in any circuit designed for the older
BC108 (or BC148), which includes many Mullard and Philips published designs.

3.3.3 Pinout and specifications:

The BC548 is supplied in a standard TO-92 3-pin package. The assignment of

transistor elements (b,c,e) to leads, i.e. the "pinout", uses the same convention used by
some - but not all - other TO-92 devices. As viewed in the top-right image, going from
left to right, the pinout is as follows:

 lead 1 (left in diagram) is the collector,

 lead 2 is the base, and

 lead 3 is the emitter.

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Sometimes the middle pin is supplied bent to form a triangle of leads (as found in TO-18 case
transistors and, for example, the ZTX108-L) to match the pinout of the BC108 more exactly.

The BC548 part number is assigned by Pro Electron, which allows many manufacturers to
offer electrically and physically interchangeable parts under one identification. Devices
registered to this Pro Electron number must have the following minimum performance
characteristics:

 Breakdown voltage, collector-to-emitter with base open-circuit VCEO = 30 V (see below)

 Rated continuous collector current IC = 100 mA (Fairchild's BC548 at one time had a
higher rating)
 Rated total power dissipation Ptotal = 500 mW (some manufacturers may specify 625 mW
- see below)
 Transition frequency (gain-bandwidth product) ft = 150 MHz minimum (300 MHz
typical)

Fig 3.3.1 :BC548 NPN Transistor

3.3.4 2N2222 NPN Transistor:

The 2N2222 is a common NPN bipolar junction transistor(BJT) used for general purpose
low- power amplifying or switching applications. It is designed for low to medium
current, low power, medium voltage, and can operate at moderately high speeds. It was
originally made in the TO-18 metal can as shown in the picture.

The 2N2222 is considered a very common transistor, and is used as an exemplar of an NPN
transistor. It is frequently used as a small-signal transistor and it remains a small general
purpose transistor of enduring popularity.

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The 2N2222 was part of a family of devices described by Motorola at a

1962 IRE [Link] then it has been made by many semiconductor companies, for
example, Texas Instruments.

3.3.5 Specifications:
The JEDEC registration of a device number ensures particular rated values will be met by all
parts offered under that number. JEDEC registered parameters include outline dimensions,
small-signal current gain, transition frequency, maximum values for voltage withstand,
current rating, power dissipation and temperature rating, and others, measured under standard
test conditions. Other part numbers will have different parameters. The exact specifications
depend on the manufacturer, case type, and variation. Therefore, it is important to refer to the
datasheet for the exact part number and manufacturer.

Manufacturer Vce Ic PD fT

ST
40 V 800 mA 500 mW/1.8 W 300 MHz
Microelectronics
2N2222A

Table3.3.1:Specifications of 2N2222

All variations have a beta or current gain (hfe) of at least 100 in optimal conditions. It is used
in a variety of analog amplification and switching applications.

The 2N2222A transistor is a common NPN BJT & it is mainly used in the applications of
switching & amplifying with less power. This transistor is mainly designed for low power,
low to medium current, medium voltage & works at fairly high speeds.
In the 2N2222 NPN transistor, a single P-doped layer is embedded among two N-doped
layers. This transistor includes three terminals like Base, Emitter & Collector. 2N2222A
transistor symbol is shown below.

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Fig3.3.2:2N2222 NPN Transistor

3.4 Bright White
LED:

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when current flows
through it. Electtrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in
the form of photons. The color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is
determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the
semiconductor. White light is obtained by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-
emitting phosphor on the semiconductor device.

Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-
intensity infrared (IR) light. Infrared LEDs are used in remote-control circuits, such as those
used with a wide variety of consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were of low
intensity and limited to red. Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps, replacing
small incandescent bulbs, and in seven-segment displays. Later developments produced
LEDs available in visible, ultraviolet (UV), and infrared wavelengths, with high, low, or
intermediate light output, for instance white LEDs suitable for room and outdoor area
lighting. LEDs have also given rise to new types of displays and sensors, while their high
switching rates are useful in advanced communications technology with applications as
diverse as aviation lighting, fairy lights, automotive headlamps, advertising, general
lighting, traffic signals, camera flashes, lighted wallpaper, horticultural grow lights, and
medical devices.

LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources, including lower power

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consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster
switching. In exchange for these generally favorable attributes, disadvantages of LEDs
include electrical

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limitations to low voltage and generally to DC (not AC) power, inability to provide steady
illumination from a pulsing DC or an AC electrical supply source, and lesser maximum
operating temperature and storage temperature. In contrast to LEDs, incandescent lamps can
be made to intrinsically run at virtually any supply voltage, can utilize either AC or DC
current interchangeably, and will provide steady illumination when powered by AC or
pulsing DC even at a frequency as low as 50 Hz. LEDs usually need electronic support
components to function, while an incandescent bulb can and usually does operate directly
from an unregulated DC or AC power source.

As a transducer of electricity into light, LEDs operate in reverse of photodiodes.

On average, incandescent light bulbs use about 60 watts of electricity, and LED light bulbs
use about 10 watts.

Fig3.4: Bright White LED

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3.5 Diode:

A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts current primarily in one

direction (asymmetric conductance). It has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction, and
high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other.

A semiconductor diode, the most commonly used type today, is a crystalline piece
of semiconducto material with a p–n junction connected to two electrical terminals. It has
an exponential current–voltage characteristic. Semiconductor diodes were the
first semiconductor electronic devices. The discovery of asymmetric electrical conduction
across the contact between a crystalline mineral and a metal was made by German
physicist Ferdinand Braun in 1874. Today, most diodes are made of silicon, but other
semiconducting materials such as gallium arsenide and germanium are also used.

The obsolete thermionic diode is a vacuum tube with two electrodes, a heated cathode and
a plate, in which electrons can flow in only one direction, from cathode to plate.

Among many uses, diodes are found in rectifiers to convert alternating current(AC) power
to direct current (DC), demodulation in radio receivers, and can even be used for logic or
as temperature sensors. A common variant of a diode is a light-emitting diode, which is used
as electric lighting and status indicators on electronic devices.

3.5.1 Main functions:

The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one direction
(called the diode's forward direction), while blocking it in the opposite direction
(the reverse direction). As such, the diode can be viewed as an electronic version of a check
valve. This unidirectional behavior is called rectification and is used to convert alternating
current (AC) to direct current (DC). As rectifiers, diodes can be used for such tasks as
extracting modulation from radio signals in radio receivers.
However, diodes can have more complicated behavior than this simple on–off action, because
of their nonlinear current-voltage characteristics. For instance, a diode's forward-direction
voltage drop varies only a little with the current, and is more so a function of temperature;
this effect can be used as a temperature sensor or as a voltage reference. And its high
resistance to current flowing in the reverse direction suddenly drops to a low resistance when
the reverse voltage across the diode reaches a value called the breakdown voltage.
Semiconductor diodes

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in the forward direction also need to surpass a threshold voltage before being able to conduct
electricity.

A semiconductor diode's current–voltage characteristic can be tailored by selecting

the semiconductor materials and the doping impurities introduced into the materials during
[Link] techniques are used to create special-purpose diodes that perform many
different [Link] example, diodes are used to regulate voltage (Zener diodes), to protect
circuits from high voltage surges (avalanche diodes), to electronically tune radio and TV
receivers (varactor diodes), to generate radio-frequency oscillations(tunnel diodes, Gunn
diodes, IMPATT diodes), and to produce light (light-emitting diodes). Tunnel, Gunn and
IMPATT diodes exhibit negative resistance, which is useful in microwave and switching
circuits.

Diodes, both vacuum and semiconductor, can be used as shot-noise generators.

3.6 1N4007 Diode:

1N4007 is a rectifier diode, designed specifically for circuits that need to convert alternating
current to direct current. It can pass currents of up to 1 A, and have peak inverse voltage
(PIV) rating of 1,000 V.

3.6.1 1N4007 Characteristics:

 Maximum Recurrent Peak Reverse Voltage 1000V
 Maximum RMS Voltage 700V
 Maximum DC Blocking Voltage 1000V
 Average Forward Current: 1.0A
 Peak Forward Surge Current: 30A
 Maximum Instantaneous Forward Voltage: 1.0V
 Maximum DC Reverse Current At Rated DC Blocking Voltage: 5.0µA @ 25°C
 Typical Junction Capacitance: 15pF
 Typical Reverse Recovery Time: 2.0us
 Mounting Type: Through Hole
 Operating Temperature: -55°C ~ 150°C
3.6.2 1N4007 Package:
 1x 1N4007 1A Power Diode
 1N4007 Diode Pinout

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 1N4007 owns a cathode (-) and anode (+). In the schematic symbol, the tip of the
triangle with the line on top of it is the cathode. The cathode is marked on the body of
a diode by a band.

Fig3.6.2:1N4007 Diode

The 1N4007 belongs to a sort of 1 A general-purpose silicon rectifier diode, commonly used
in AC adapters for common household appliances. It is fairly low-speed rectifier diode, being
inefficient for square waves of more than 15 kHz. The 1N4007 diode is a standard recovery
rectifier with a molded plastic case.

3.7 220 kilo ohm Resistor :

Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, act to lower voltage levels
within circuits. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to limit current flow, to adjust signal
levels, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines among other uses.
220K Ohm 0.5W (1/2W) High Quality Metal Film Resistor (MFR) with ±1% Tolerance and
Tin Plated Copper Leads. 220K Ohm Resistor Color Code: Red, Red, Black, Orange, Brown.
Resistance: 220K Ohm, Power Rating: 0.5 Watt (1/2W), Approximate Maximum Current:
1.51mA .

Fig 3.7:220kohm Resistor

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220K Ohm Resistor Color Code: Red, Red, Yellow, Golden. Resistance: 220K Ohm, Power
Rating: 0.25 Watt, Approximate Maximum Current: 1.07mA

3.8 330 Ohm Resistor:

The 330 Ohm resistor is a common resistor in electronics. Like any color coded resistors, its'
value can be quickly determined just by looking at the color bands on the body of the resistor.
In particular, a four band 330 Ohm resistor can be quickly identified by two orange bands and
a brown band.

Fig 3.8:330 Ohm Resistor

330K Ohm Resistor Color Code: Orange, Orange, Yellow, Golden. Resistance: 330K Ohm,
Power Rating: 1 Watt, Approximate Maximum Current: 1.74mA ..

3.9 10K Ohm Resistor:

The 10K Ohm resistor is a passive electronic component used to control the flow of
electric current in a circuit. It has a resistance value of 10,000 Ohms and is used to limit the
current flow in a circuit to a specifiic level.

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Fig3.9:10k ohm resistor

10K Ohm Resistor Color Code: Brown, Black, Orange, Golden. Resistance: 10K Ohm, Power
Rating: 0.5 Watt, Approximate Maximum Current: 7.07mA .

3.10 470K Ohm Resistor:

470K Ohm Resistor Color Code: Yellow, Violet, Yellow, Golden. Resistance: 470K Ohm,
Power Rating: 0.5 Watt, Approximate Maximum Current: 1.03mA .
3.3K Ohm 0.25W High Quality Carbon Film Resistor (CFR) with ±5%

Fig3.10:470k ohm resistor

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Tolerance and Tin Plated Copper Leads. 3.3K Ohm Resistor Color Code: Orange, Orange,
Red, Golden. Resistance: 3.3K Ohm, Power Rating: 0.25 Watt, Approximate Maximum
Current: 8.7mA .

3.11 3.3K Ohm resistor:

A 3.3K ohm resistor is an electronic component that has a resistance value of 3,300 ohms

The color code for a 3.3K ohm resistor is orange, orange, red, and Gold.

Fig 3.11:3.3K Ohm resistor

3.12 68K Ohm Resistor:

68K Ohm Resistor Color Code: Blue, Gray, Orange, Golden. Resistance: 68K Ohm, Power
Rating: 0.25 Watt, Approximate Maximum Current: 1.92mA . Price: Rs 1.35 ~ 0.88.
68K Resistor. The colour code bands from left to right are blue,grey,orange for 6,8 and three
zeros in Ohms or 68K Ohms. This is normally abbreviated to 68K. The tolerance band is gold
for +/-5%.

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Fig3.11:68 K Ohm Resistor

3.13 Capacitor:

A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field by virtue of

accumulating electric charges on two close surfaces insulated from each other. It is
a passive electronic component with two terminals.

The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While some capacitance exists between
any two electrical conductors in proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is a component designed to
add capacitance to a circuit. The capacitor was originally known as the condenser, a term still
encountered in a few compound names, such as the condenser microphone.

The physical form and construction of practical capacitors vary widely and many types of
capacitor are in common use. Most capacitors contain at least two electrical conductors often
in the form of metallic plates or surfaces separated by a dielectric medium. A conductor may
be a foil, thin film, sintered bead of metal, or an electrolyte. The nonconducting dielectric acts
to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. Materials commonly used as dielectrics
include glass, ceramic, plastic film, paper, mica, air, and oxide layers. Capacitors are widely
used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, an
ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy, although real-life capacitors do dissipate a small
amount (see Non-ideal behavior). When an electric potential difference (a voltage) is applied
across the terminals of a capacitor, for example when a capacitor is connected across a
battery, an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing a net positive charge to collect
on one plate and net negative charge to collect on the other plate. No current actually flows
through

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the dielectric. However, there is a flow of charge through the source circuit. If the condition
is maintained sufficiently long, the current through the source circuit ceases. If a time-varying
voltage is applied across the leads of the capacitor, the source experiences an ongoing current
due to the charging and discharging cycles of the capacitor.

3.14 22 Microfarad Capacitor:

Capacitor is rated at 2.2 μF which means it could hold a charge of 2.2 microcoulomb for
every volt applied across its terminals. The rating 400V indicates that it can withstand up to
400V across its terminals. So the maximum charge it could hold would be 2.2 μF *400V =
0.88 micro coulomb.

100 Microfarad Capacitor: Answer: The 100uF cap (the bulk capacitor) is primarily to
support the supply during temporary battery disconnection during physical shock (eg banging
or dropping). The 100uF should be close to the battery terminals.

The 100uF should be close to the battery terminals. The 100uF cap should be placed between
the power connector to the PCB and the supply line/plane that feed V BAT to the radio. This
effectively bypasses the inductance of the battery and or power supply leads which may be
very long. The resistance of the VBAT supply line between 100uF cap and the radio should be
kept very low - milliohms - to ensure no extra droop voltage when the switching regulator is
running. So, for a four layer board where VBAT is an internal plane, the 100uF cap can
probably be anywhere as the resistance of the plane is extremely low. But, for two layer
boards where VBAT is a trace, care should be taken to ensure that the trace is wide between the
power connector to the cap and the cap to the radio so that the overall resistance is in the
milli-ohm range.

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Fig:22mf Capacitor

3.15 10Nf capacitor:

This is a Ceramic Capacitor with a value of 0.01uF (103). This capacitor can be used for
power decoupling, ensuring smooth power in your circuit, and timing circuits, among other
things. It could be placed next to a microcontroller's power pins.

The nanofarad is 1/1,000,000,000 of a farad, which is the capacitance of a capacitor with a

potential difference of one volt when it is charged by one coulomb of electricity.

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Fig:10nf capacitor

3.16 100pf capacitor:

Ceramic miniature disc capacitor EGPU have small capacitance tolerances and a high
resonant frequency. The picofarad is 1/1,000,000,000,000 of a farad, which is the capacitance
of a capacitor with a potential difference of one volt when it is charged by one coulomb of
electricity.

Fig:100p farad capacitor

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3.17 Buzzer:

A buzzer or beeperis an audio signaling-device,which may be mechanical, electromechanical,

or piezoelectric (piezo for short).Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm
devices, timers, train and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

3.17.1 Types:
Electromechanical:

Early devices were based on an electromechanical system identical to an electric bell without
the metal gong. Similarly, a relay may be connected to interrupt its own actuating current,
causing the contacts to buzz (the contacts buzz at line frequency if powered by alternating
current) Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling to use it as a sounding board.
The word "buzzer" comes from the rasping noise that electromechanical buzzers made.

Mechanical:

A joy buzzer is an example of a purely mechanical buzzer and they require drivers. Other
examples of them are doorbells.

Piezoelectric:

Fig3.17.1:Piezoelectric disk beeper

A piezoelectric element may be driven by an oscillating electronic circuit or other audio

signal source, driven with a piezoelectric audio amplifier. Sounds commonly used to indicate
that a button has been pressed are a click, a ring or a beep.

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Fig3.17.2:Interior of buzzer

Interior of a readymade loudspeaker, showing a piezoelectric-disk-beeper (With 3 electrodes

... including 1 feedback-electrode ( the central, small electrode joined with red wire in this
photo), and an oscillator to self-drive the buzzer.
A piezoelectric buzzer/beeper also depends on acoustic cavity resonance or Helmholtz
resonance to produce an audible beep.

3.17. 2 Modern applications of buzzer:

While technological advancements have caused buzzers to be impractical and undesirable,
there are still instances in which buzzers and similar circuits may be used. Present day
applications include:

 Novelty uses
 Judging panels
 Educational purposes
 Annunciator panels
 Electronic metronomes
 Game show lock-out device
 Microwave ovens and other household appliances

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 Sporting events such as basketball games

 Electrical alarms
 Joy buzzer (mechanical buzzer used for pranks)
3.18 Wire:

A wire is a flexible strand of metal.

Wire is commonly formed by drawing the metal through a hole in a die or draw plate. Wire
gauges come in various standard sizes, as expressed in terms of a gauge number or cross-
sectional area.
Wires are used to bear mechanical loads, often in the form of wire rope.
In electricity and telecommunications signals, a "wire" can refer to an electrical cable, which
can contain a "solid core" of a single wire or separate strands in stranded or braided forms.
Usually cylindrical in geometry, wire can also be made in square, hexagonal, flattened
rectangular, or other cross-sections, either for decorative purposes, or for technical purposes
such as high-efficiency voice coils in loudspeakers. Edge-wound coil springs, such as
the Slinky toy, are made of special flattened wire.

3.18.1 Features of Breadboard Connecting Wires

 Conductor : Tinned Copper/ Tin-plated Copper.

 Diameter of Copper Core: 0.25mm.

 Insulation Type: PVC.

 Wire Type: Single Strand.

 Colour : Red, Black.

 A single set consists of two wires.

 Each wire is 1 meter long.

 Highly flexible.

3.19 Breadboard:

A breadboard, solderless breadboard, or protoboard is a construction base used to build semi-

permanent prototypes of electronic circuits. Unlike a perfboard or stripboard, breadboards do

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not require soldering or destruction of tracks and are hence reusable. For this reason,
breadboards are also popular with students and in technological education.

A variety of electronic systems may be prototyped by using breadboards, from small analog
and digital circuits to complete central processing units (CPUs).

Compared to more permanent circuit connection methods, modern breadboards have high
parasitic capacitance, relatively high resistance, and less reliable connections, which are
subject to jostle and physical degradation. Signaling is limited to about 10 MHz, and not
everything works properly even well below that frequency.

3.19.1 History:

Fig3.19:400 point printed circuit board (PCB)

breadboard
In the early days of radio, amateurs nailed bare copper wires or terminal strips to a wooden
board (often literally a bread cutting board) and soldered electronic components to
them. Sometimes a paper schematic diagram was first glued to the board as a guide to placing
terminals, then components and wires were installed over their symbols on the schematic.
Using thumbtacks or small nails as mounting posts was also common.

Breadboards have evolved over time, with the term now being used for all kinds of prototype
electronic devices. For example, US Patent 3,145,483, was filed in 1961 and describes a
wooden plate breadboard with mounted springs and other facilities. US Patent 3,496,419,was
filed in 1967 and refers to a particular printed circuit board layout as a Printed Circuit
Breadboard. Both examples refer to and describe other types of breadboards as prior art.

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3.20 Battery:

A battery is a source of electric power consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with
external connections for powering electrical devices. When a battery is supplying power, its
positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode. The terminal marked
negative is the source of electrons that will flow through an external electric circuit to the
positive terminal. When a battery is connected to an external electric load, a redox reaction
converts high-energy reactants to lower-energy products, and the free-energy difference is
delivered to the external circuit as electrical energy. Historically the term "battery"
specifically referred to a device composed of multiple cells; however, the usage has evolved
to include devices composed of a single cell.

Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded, as

the electrode materials are irreversibly changed during discharge; a common example is
the alkaline battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable electronic
devices. Secondary (rechargeable) batteries can be discharged and recharged multiple times
using an applied electric current; the original composition of the electrodes can be restored by
reverse current. Examples include the lead–acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium-ion
batteries used for portable electronics such as laptops and mobile phones.

Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and
wristwatches to, at the largest extreme, huge battery banks the size of rooms that provide
standby or emergency power for telephone exchanges and computer data centers. Batteries
have much lower specific energy (energy per unit mass) than common fuels such as gasoline.
In automobiles, this is somewhat offset by the higher efficiency of electric motors in
converting electrical energy to mechanical work, compared to combustion engines.

3.20.1 12V battery system:

Fig3.2.1:12V Battery

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12V batteries are used in most vehicles because the electrical components such as the starter,
lighting, and ignition systems are designed to operate on 12 volts. The 12-volt rating of a
battery is the nominal voltage and it may be slightly higher or lower depending on the state of
charge and loads

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 CHAPTER-4

WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT

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4 Working of the Circuit:

We will see the working of the simple Rain Sensor Alarm Circuit Project. When rain falls on
the sensor, the Aluminium Wires on the Sensor Board will start conducting and close the path
between the supply and base of the transistor Q2.

As a result, the Transistor Q2 will turn ON, which will also turn ON the Transistor Q1. This
will turn ON the Bright White LED connected to the emitter of the Transistor Q1.

When the transistor Q2 is saturated, the capacitor C1 will be shorted and will make the
transistor Q3 to be turned ON. C1 will get charged by the resistor R4.

When the Transistor Q3 reaches the saturation mode, the Reset Pin of the 555 Timer IC,
which is connected to the emitter of Q3, will be made positive.

The 555 timer is configured in Astable Mode. As the Reset pin of the 555 Timer IC is given
positive voltage, it becomes active and we will get a Pulse signal at the output pin 3 of the
555 Timer IC. This will turn ON the buzzer and the alarm is activated.

If you are using a speaker, Capacitor C4, which is connected in between the Pin 3 of 555
timer and the speaker, will block the DC signal and allows only the variations in the signal
which makes the speaker to make sound. The diode D1 will not allow any reverse current
from the timer.

Because of the resistor R4 and capacitor C1, when the capacitor is completely charged, the
transistor Q3 will get in to cut – off mode after sometime.

As a result, the Reset pin of the 555 Timer IC will not receive any positive voltage and the
speaker will stop making sound. The time for 555 Timer to make speaker sound depends on
the values of C1 and R4.

When there is no rain, the aluminium wire on the sensor will not conduct as they do not have
any conduction path (open circuit). As a result, the sensor cannot trigger the 555 Timer IC
and there will be no alarm.

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Note:

 Rain senor should be kept in the open place at 30 to 40 degrees from the ground. As a
result, rain water will not be present on the sensor for long time.
 This circuit will automatically switch of the alarm after sometime and LED will glow
continuously until the rain stops.

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CHAPTER-5
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
 RAIN ALARM

5. Result:

By this project we learnt and did rain alarm circuit and at the event rain ,when the rain falls on
rain sensor the bulb glown up and buzzer given an alarm sound.

Fig5:Project image

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5.1 Applications of rain alarm circuit:

Rain Alarm Project is a simple but very useful project that detects Rain (Rain
Water) and automatically triggers an alarm or buzzer.
 Water is a basic need in every one’s life. Saving water and proper usage of water is very
important. Here is an easy project which will give the alarm when there is rain, so that
we can make some actions for rain water harvesting and also save the rain water for
using it later.

 With the help of saving this rain water through rain water harvesting, we can increase the
levels of underground water by using underwater recharge technique.

5.2 Advantages of rain alarm circuit

1. It helps in saving money by switching off the irrigation system when it rains. This
saves money by cutting off bills on electricity consumption.
2. It extends life of rain sensor based systems such as car wiper, irrigation systems by
running them only when it is necessary.
3. Rain sensors help save water during rain events and hence water is available
during summer and emergency applications such as firefighting etc.
4. Operating principle is very easy.
5. It consumes less power for operation.
6. Installation of rain sensor based systems are very much simple.
7. Individual rain sensor costs very less.

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Future scope of rain alarm circuit:

The future scope of this project is to increase the application of such circuits which use IC
555 for easy lifestyle. These rain sensing circuits can be used for many future purposes like in
rainwater harvesting etc. We can similarly make this project using Arduino .
Automotive Rain Sensor Market is expected to reach USD 7.26 Billion by 2028 with a
CAGR of 6.71% over the forecast period. The Automotive Rain Sensor Market refers to the
global market for sensors that are specifically designed for use in automobiles to detect rain
and control the operation of windshield wipers.

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Conclusion:

This project brought together several components and ideas to achieve a common goal,to
prove that is possible to know and take precuations to help farmers from rain using our rain
sensor or rain alarm circuit .We put lot of time into achieve a rain alarm circuit and to
perform best it possibly [Link] that the project as a whole is finished,we hand it over to
future generations to design and improve each [Link] future projects may
include.

Design of circuit:

The circuit desinging is done on the zero PCB but temporarily we used rough circuit on
breadboard and then used zero PCB for signing (mounting) the circuit.

Design of power supply:

Then after we designed a power suppply of 12V using 12v back up power supply.

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 RAIN ALARM

Bibliography:

 "Rain Alarm Circuit" by [Link]: This website provides a detailed

explanation of how to build a rain alarm circuit, along with a list of necessary
components and a schematic diagram.
 "Rain Detector Circuit using Arduino" by [Link]: This article describes
how to build a rain detector circuit using an Arduino board and a rain sensor module.
 "How to Build a Simple Rain Detector Circuit" by [Link]: This
website provides a step-by-step tutorial on building a rain detector circuit using a few
basic electronic components.
 "Rain Alarm Circuit using 555 Timer IC" by [Link]: This article describes
how to build a rain alarm circuit using a 555 timer IC and a few other components.
 "Simple Rain Alarm Circuit Diagram" by [Link]: This website provides a
simple rain alarm circuit diagram, along with a list of necessary components and a
brief explanation of how the circuit works.
 "Rain Alarm using Transistors" by [Link]: This article describes
how to build a rain alarm circuit using transistors and a few other components.
 "How to Make Rain Alarm Circuit with NE555 Timer IC" by
[Link]: This website provides a tutorial on building a rain alarm
circuit using an NE555 timer IC and a few other components.
 "Rain Detector Circuit Diagram" by [Link]: This website provides
a rain detector circuit diagram, along with a list of necessary components and a brief
explanation of how the circuit works