Summer Course

1) Complex sentences
- A complex sentence is an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A
dependent clause either lacks a subject or a verb or has both a subject and a verb that does
not express a complete thought.
- A complex sentence always has a subordinator (as, because, since, after, although, when) or
relative pronouns (who, that, which).
Examples:
1. After eating lunch at The Cheesecake Factory, Tim went to the gym to exercise.

The independent clause is ‘Tim went to the gym to exercise.” The subordinating clause before
it is dependent on the main, independent clause. If one were to say “after eating lunch at The
Cheesecake Factory,” it would be an incomplete thought.
Exercise:
Identifying Simple, Compound, and Complex Sentences.
1. We rang the doorbell, but no one answered it. __________
2. I wrote Jane a letter while she was away at camp. __________
3. Have you seen Mr. Nelson’s garden at the back of his house? __________
4. When Miss Jones entered the room, we all became quiet. __________
5. Susan likes chemistry, but she likes physics better. __________
6. Since we’ve lost every game but one, no one is excited about football this year. __________
7. When I’m tired , I’m not good company for anyone. __________
8. Wandering aimlessly up the path, Mr. Cutter approached the house. __________
9. Susan sang a solo and accompanied herself on the piano. __________
10. When the rain began, we were playing tennis. __________
11. When Uncle Jack comes to town, we all have a good time. __________
12. I worked all morning, and then I relaxed in the afternoon. __________
13. Beth likes all seasons of the year, but she likes fall best. __________
14. On our trip we drove every afternoon until five o’clock. __________
15. Dave began to feel better before the doctor arrived. __________

2) Subordinate clauses
An independent clause or main clause expresses a complete thought. It can stand alone as a
sentence.
A subordinate clause or dependent clause does not express a complete thought. It cannot stand
alone as a complete sentence.
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE If you want to reduce waste, a recycling program is a good idea.
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE If you want to reduce waste, a recycling program is a good idea. 1
Exercise:
Write whether the underlined clause is independent or dependent.
1. The teacher who lives next door to Rob is Mrs. Johnson. …………………
2. Our dog will run away if the gate is left open. …………………
3. Because the storm knocked out the power, school will be canceled on Thursday ……
4. This is the homework assignment that you missed last week. …………………
5. The movie was good although it was too long. …………………
6. Victoria heard what her sister said, but she ignored it. …………………
7. The moon shone on the ocean while the whales rose to the surface. …………………
8. At the end of his class, Jim walked to his locker where the coach was waiting. ………

3) Reported speech
There are two ways of relating what a person has said: direct and indirect.
In direct speech we repeat the original speaker’s exact words:
He said, “I have lost my umbrella.”
Remarks thus repeated are placed between inverted commas, and a comma is placed
immediately before the remark. Direct speech is found in conversations in books, in plays and
in quotations. In indirect speech we give the exact meaning of a remark or a speech, without
necessarily using the speaker’s exact words:
He said (that) he had lost his umbrella.
There is no comma after say in indirect speech. that can usually be omitted after say and tell +
object. But it should be kept after other verbs: complain, explain, object, point out, protest etc.
Indirect speech is normally used when conversation is reported verbally, though direct speech is
sometimes here to give a more dramatic effect.
When we turn direct speech into indirect, some changes are usually necessary.

DIRECT INDIRECT SPEECH

SPEECH
Simple Present Simple Past
“I never eat meat”, he explained. = He explained (that) he never ate meat.
Present Continuous Past Continuous
“I’m waiting for Ann”, he said. = He said (that) he was waiting for Ann.
Present Perfect Past Perfect
“I have found a flat”, he said. = He said (that) he had found a flat.
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
He said, “I’ve been waiting for ages”. = He said (that) he had been waiting for
ages.
Simple Past Past Perfect
“I took it home with me”, she said. = She said (that) he had taken it home with
her.
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 Future Conditional
He said, “I will/shall be in Paris on = He said (that) he would be in Paris on
Monday”. Monday.
Future Continuous Conditional Continuous
“I will/shall be using the car myself on = She said (that) she’d been using the car
the 24h”, she said. herself on the 24th.
Conditional Conditional
I said, “I would like to see it”. = I said (that) I would like to see it.

Exercise:

Change the direct speech into reported speech. Choose the past simple of ‘ask’, ‘say’ or ‘tell’:
1. “Come quickly!” She
______________________________________________________________
2. “Did you arrive before seven?” She
______________________________________________________________
3. “How was your holiday?” She
______________________________________________________________
4. “I would have visited the hospital, if I had known you were sick” She
______________________________________________________________
5. “Don't touch!” She
______________________________________________________________
6. “Do you usually cook at home?” She
______________________________________________________________
7. “They had never been to Scotland until last year” She
______________________________________________________________
8. “Make sure you arrive early!” She
______________________________________________________________
9. “I should have studied harder for the exam” She
______________________________________________________________
10. “Would you mind telling me how to get to the art gallery, please?” She
______________________________________________________________
11. “Please don’t forget my book” She
______________________________________________________________
12. “Make sure you arrive at six!” She
______________________________________________________________
13. “Remember to study hard!” She
______________________________________________________________
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14. “Where do you want to eat tonight?” She
______________________________________________________________
15. “I usually drink coffee in the mornings” She
______________________________________________________________

4) Homophones:
Exercise:
1. I exclaimed, "We can knot / not let that happen, John!"
2. John said, "I just don't sea / see why we should put ourselves in danger for more homework."
3. I stood up and said, "Because it's the right / write thing to do, John."
4. Some of these ninjas were twice my sighs / size so I had to be smart.
5. I grabbed the answer keys and ran toward the principal's / principle's office.
6. The ninjas were chasing me so I dropped a banana peal / peel on the ground.
7. One of the ninjas slipped and fell into the garbage chute / shoot face first.
8. I said, "What a waist / waste ," as I heard him fall into the dumpster with a crash.
9. The ninjas were still chasing me so I lead / led them downstairs.
10. I grabbed a handful of tacks / tax from a bulletin board and tossed them on the floor.
11. Then I hid in a supply closet as the ninjas ran passed / past me.
12. I knew / new when they ran over my trap because several ninjas started howling.
13. Those ninjas must have been in a lot of pain / pane because they left the school after that.
14. I returned to class with the answer keys and everyone rose / rows and cheered for me.
15. Except for John, he was to / too / two mad at me to celebrate.
16. My brother and I went stargazing last knight / night .
17. We went out alone to a field by the creak / creek .
18. All of a sudden I saw a bright light soar / sore over our heads.
19. Then we heard / herd a crashing sound.
20. We started walking toward the noise and we saw a big hole / whole in the ground.
21. As we got closer, a cloud of smoke flew / flue from the crater.
22. "Oh dear / deer !" my brother said.
23. A little green and purple alien with 20 feat / feet crawled out of the wreckage.
24. The alien had a glowing vain / vein on his forehead.
25. "Take me to your leader / liter ." said the alien.

5) Prepositions
“Prepositions express a relation in space between two or more entities or a relation in time
between two events, or various other abstract relations such as instrument and cause.”
A preposition refers to the word or phrase which shows the relationship between one thing and
another, linking nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. 4
 For example:
(1). A relation in Place and Time:
We waited at the bus stop for ten minutes. There is a telephone booth outside the bank.
(2). Feelings:
Are you worried about your exam? I was surprised at your remarks.
(3). Other relationships like Instrument and Cause:
The girl stabbed the burglar with a knife.
One-word Prepositions

aboard along at besides down inside on round to up

about amid before between during into onto since towards/towards upon
above amidst behind beyond except like opposite than under via
across among below but for near outside through underneath with
after around beneath by from of over throughout unlike within
against as beside despite in off past till until without
Two- and three-word Prepositions

according to as well as due to in exchange for inside of on account of prior to

ahead of because of except for in favour of in spite of on top of subsequent to
apart from but for for lack of in front/back of instead of out of such as
as for by means of in addition to in line with near to outside of thanks to
as of by virtue of in aid of in place of next to owing to up to

Exercise:

Locate the prepositions in the sentence and circle or underline them.

1. We cut through the fence and snuck into the secret government base.
2. We were looking for the documents that were hidden in a safe.
3. There was a guard with a dart gun hiding behind a door.
4. We tried sneaking by him, but I tripped over a mop.
5. The guard grabbed my friend by the neck, but I snuck around him and karate chopped him.
6. He fell on the ground and we crept into the elevator.
7. The red lights above us were flashing and we could hear footsteps coming toward us.
8. We were near the safe when a bunch of guards ran from the break room.
9. We hid under a cardboard box and they ran by us.
10. We crept along the wall, snuck inside the room, and broke into the safe.
11. I took the secret documents from the safe that was hidden under a desk.
12. I put the documents in my bag without looking at them.
13. She snuck under the gate, and I removed the alarm from the wall.
14. We crawled onto the elevator and climbed up the elevator shaft.
15. We were near the exit when the elevator started moving toward us.

6) Commas
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To better understand the use of the comma, begin by learning the following basic uses:
1. USE A COMMA TO SEPARATE INDEPENDENT CLAUSES. (and, but, yet, so, or nor, for)
He walked down the street, and then he turned the corner.
2. USE A COMMA AFTER AN INTRODUCTORY CLAUSE OR PHRASE.
When Evan was ready to iron, his cat tripped on the cord. 2
3. USE A COMMA BETWEEN ALL ITEMS IN A SERIES.
We bought apples, peaches, and bananas today.
4. USE COMMAS TO SET OFF NONRESTRICTIVE CLAUSES. (who, whom, whose, that, which).
Steven Strom, whose show you like, will host a party next week.
5. USE A COMMA TO SET OFF APPOSITIVES.
Alexander Pope, the Restoration poet, is famous for his monologues.
6. USE A COMMA TO INDICATE DIRECT ADDRESS.
John, I think you’re wrong.
7. USE COMMAS TO SET OFF DIRECT QUOTATIONS.
Mary said, “I dislike concerts because the music is too loud.”
8. USE COMMAS WITH DATES, ADDRESSES, TITLES, AND NUMBERS.
On December 12, 1890, orders were sent out for the arrest of Sitting Bull.
John Lennon was born in Liverpool, England, in 1940.

Exercise:

Insert any missing commas in the following sentences. (Some sentences don’t need any!)
1. That singer whoever he is really knows how to sing.
2. The woman sitting at the back table is a well-known restaurant reviewer.
3. When conditions are right that horse can run just like its father.
4. His four favorite artists are Monet Renoir Degas and Manet.
5. Let Warren and Andrea our most skillful speakers present our proposal.
6. I believe that a computer breakdown is a common excuse for late papers.
7. Slowly slyly and cautiously Eric slid the wallet across the table.
8. What we need is creative leadership leadership that will encourage experimentation.
9. During high school he read Romeo and Juliet Julius Caesar and Hamlet.
10. Song of Solomon I believe is the professor’s favorite.
11. I believe that should the eggs break we will have a mess.
12. Sometimes I think that people are extremely foolish.

7) Adjective and adverb clauses

Adjective Clauses
An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun.
An adjective clause usually follows the word or words it modifies.
White-water rafting is a sport that you might enjoy.
This is the site where we will begin our rafting trip. 6
Underline the adjective clause in each of the following sentences. Then, circle the word it modifies.
1. A guide who has been carefully trained takes new rafters out.
2. Areas of the river that can be hazardous are marked on a chart.
3. You must learn techniques that minimize danger.
4. Guides who are especially skilled reassure inexperienced people.
5. Some beginners have spectators take snapshots, which they can enjoy later.
6. Would you like to see photos of the first time I went rafting?
7. Some rafters spend hours writing reports that friends will read.
8. One report, which I particularly enjoyed, described an unexpected onrush of white water.
9. Everyone who loves a challenge in the outdoors should consider rafting.
10. Several people whom I respect have recommended the sport to me.
11. It is a sport that you should try in the company of an experienced guide.
12. The name Chicago is an Algonquian word that means “place of the onion.”
13. Josh drew this family tree, which shows the history of seven generations of his family.
14. Who will be responsible for raising the flag on days when you are absent from school?
15. Can you tell me the year the first space shuttle was launched?
16. Is it a stalactite that extends from the roof of a cave?

Adverb Clauses
An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.
An adverb clause generally tells how, when, where, why, how much, to what extent, or under
what condition the action of a verb takes place.
If the rain stops soon, we will continue the game.
Dad and I hid the gift so that we could surprise my sister.

Underline the adverb clause in each of the following sentences. Then, circle the subordinating conjunction.
1. After the owners of the store reduced prices, more people shopped there.
2. Call me if you need any help organizing the recycling campaign.
3. Carole performed a more difficult dive than any of her challengers did.
4. I made several errors on the test because I had misread the instructions.
5. Although televised newscasts are informative, I prefer reading the newspaper.
6. Jorge carries his laptop computer wherever he goes.
7. Cathy plays tennis better than I do.
8. You may go whenever you finish your homework.
9. As we drove up the mountain, the fog grew heavier.
10. A few of the guests at the party acted as if they were bored.
12. Our nervousness subsided after the first round of the contest ended.
13. If you want to try out for the golf team, contact Coach Atkins by Friday. 7
14. A solar eclipse occurs when the moon comes between the sun and the earth.
15. Although he was seasick at times, Jules enjoyed most of the cruise.
16. Rosalie has been playing chess since she was four years old.
17. I need to stay after school today so that I can finish my science project.

Summer Course
ANSWERS
1) Complex sentences
1. compound 2. complex 3. simple 4. complex 5. compound 6. complex 7. complex 8. simple 9.
simple 10. complex 11. complex 12. compound 13 compound 14. simple 15. complex

2) Subordinate clauses
1) dependent 2) independent 3) independent 4) dependent 5) independent 6) dependent 7)
dependent 8) independent

3) Reported speech
1. She told me to come quickly.
2. She asked me if I arrived (had arrived) before seven.
3. She asked me how my holiday was (had been).
4. She said (that) she would have visited the hospital, if she had known I was sick.
5. She told me not to touch.
6. She asked me if I usually cooked at home.
7. She said (that) they had never been to Scotland until ast year.
8. She told me to arrive early.
9. She said (that) she should have studied harder for the exam.
10. She asked me how to get to the art gallery.
11. She asked me not to forget her book.
12. She told me to arrive at six.
13. She told me to remember to study hard.
14. She asked me where I wanted tonight / that night.
15. She said that she usually drank coffee in the mornings.

4) Homophones:
1. not 2. see 3. right 4. size 5. principal's 6. Peel 7. chute 8. waste 9. led 10. tacks 11. passed12.
knew 13. pain 14. rose 15. too 16. night . 17. creek . 18. soar 19. heard 20. hole 21. flew /22.
dear 23. feet 24. vein 25. leader. 8
5) Prepositions
1. We cut through the fence and snuck into the secret government base.
2. We were looking for the documents that were hidden in a safe.
3. There was a guard with a dart gun hiding behind a door.
4. We tried sneaking by him, but I tripped over a mop.
5. The guard grabbed my friend by the neck, but I snuck around him and karate chopped him.
6. He fell on the ground and we crept into the elevator.
7. The red lights above us were flashing and we could hear footsteps coming toward us.
8. We were near the safe when a bunch of guards ran from the break room.
9. We hid under a cardboard box and they ran by us.
10. We crept along the wall, snuck inside the room, and broke into the safe.
11. I took the secret documents from the safe that was hidden under a desk.
12. I put the documents in my bag without looking at them.
13. She snuck under the gate, and I removed the alarm from the wall.
14. We crawled onto the elevator and climbed up the elevator shaft.
15. We were near the exit when the elevator started moving toward us.

6) Commas
1. That singer, whoever he is, really knows how to sing the blues.
2. The woman sitting at the back table is a well-known restaurant reviewer.
3. When conditions are right, that horse can run just like its father.
4. His four favorite artists are Monet, Renoir, Degas, and Manet.
5. Let Warren and Andrea, our most skillful speakers, present our proposal.
6. I believe that a computer breakdown is a common excuse for late papers.
7. Slowly, slyly, and cautiously, Eric slid the wallet across the table.
8. What we need is creative leadership, leadership that will encourage experimentation.
9. During high school, he read Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar, and Hamlet.
10. Song of Solomon, I believe, is the professor’s favorite.
11. I believe that should the eggs break, we will have a mess.
12. Sometimes I think that people are extremely foolish.

7) Adjective and adverb clauses

Adjective Clauses
1. A guide who has been carefully trained takes new rafters out.
2. Areas of the river that can be hazardous are marked on a chart.
3. You must learn techniques that minimize danger.
4. Guides who are especially skilled reassure inexperienced people.
5. Some beginners have spectators take snapshots, which they can enjoy later.
6. Would you like to see photos of the first time I went rafting?
7. Some rafters spend hours writing reports that friends will read.
8. One report, which I particularly enjoyed, described an unexpected onrush of white water.
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9. Everyone who loves a challenge in the outdoors should consider rafting.
10. Several people whom I respect have recommended the sport to me.
11. It is a sport that you should try in the company of an experienced guide.
12. The name Chicago is an Algonquian word that means “place of the onion.”
13. Josh drew this family tree, which shows the history of seven generations of his family.
14. Who will be responsible for raising the flag on days when you are absent from school?
15. Can you tell me the year the first space shuttle was launched?
16. Is it a stalactite that extends from the roof of a cave?

Adverb Clauses
1. After the owners of the store reduced prices, more people shopped there.
2. Call me if you need any help organizing the recycling campaign.
3. Carole performed a more difficult dive than any of her challengers did.
4. I made several errors on the test because I had misread the instructions.
5. Although televised newscasts are informative, I prefer reading the newspaper.
6. Jorge carries his laptop computer wherever he goes.
7. Cathy plays tennis better than I do.
8. You may go whenever you finish your homework.
9. As we drove up the mountain, the fog grew heavier.
10. A few of the guests at the party acted as if they were bored.
12. Our nervousness subsided after the first round of the contest ended.
13. If you want to try out for the golf team, contact Coach Atkins by Friday.
14. A solar eclipse occurs when the moon comes between the sun and the earth.
15. Although he was seasick at times, Jules enjoyed most of the cruise.
16. Rosalie has been playing chess since she was four years old.
17. I need to stay after school today so that I can finish my science project.

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