DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Innovative practice
Course Code: 18EE303
Course Title: ELECTRICAL MACHINES II
Select any three from the following
1. Why the armature of a dc machine is made of silicon steel.
2. Why is the armature placed on the rotor of the machine?
3. Draw the equivalent circuit of DC shunt, Series and compound generator
and segregate it loss and Efficiency.
4. Calculate the flux fer pole of dynamo with 722 armature, conductors
generating 500 V when running at 1000 rpm when the armature is (a) Lap
connected b) wave connected.
Given Date: 10.11.2022 Submission Date: 08.11. 2022
Faculty Incharge HOD/EEE
Answer Key
Separately Excited DC Generators
External DC source (e.g., battery) is used in this system for energizing field magnets. As the
rotation speed increases, it can provide a higher EMF and voltage in the output. The circuit
diagram for the separately excited DC generators is illustrated in figure 3, and the symbols are as
below:
IL = Load current
Ia = Armature current
Eg = Generated EMF (Electromagnetic Force)
V = Terminal voltage
Figure3. Circuit diagram of the separately excited DC generators
The generated power and the delivered power to the external force can be calculated as:
Ia=Il=I
V=IRa
Pg=Eg×I
Pl=VI
Self-Excited DC Generators
Self-excited DC generators have field magnets that are energized by their own supplied current,
and the field coils are connected to the armature internally. There is always some flux in the poles
because of the residual magnetism. As the armature rotates, some current is produced, and this
small current flows through the field coils with the load and strengthening the pole flux. By
increasing the pole flux, the EMF and the current increase, and the accumulative process is
continuing until the excitation is necessary. Self-excited DC generators are classified based on the
field coils and their position as follows:
1. Shunt Wound Generators
2. Compound Wound Generators
3. Series Wound Generators
Shunt Wound DC Generators
The field windings are connected to the armature conductors parallelly to excite the generator.
Field windings are the insulated current-carrying coils that produce the needed magnetic field for
excitation of the generator. A shunt generator excites by residual magnetism in poles, and the
field windings have the same voltage as the terminals in the shunt-wound generator, while the
actual value of this voltage depends on the load and its speed. The circuit diagram for this type is
as below:
Figure4. Circuit diagram of the Shunt Wound DC Generators
where:
V = Terminal voltage
Eg = Generated EMF
Ish = Current flowing through the shunt field
Ia = Armature current
IL = Load current
Rsh = Shunt winding resistance
Ra = Armature resistance
Armature current Ia consists of two parts of shunt field current Ish and load current IL.
Ia=Ish+Il
When the IL is the maximum, the effective power for the load would be the maximum. As a
result, it is better to keep the shunt current as low as possible. So it is reasonable to keep the
resistance of the shunt high.
Ish= V /Rsh
/
V=Eg−IaRa
Generated power and power delivered to the load are:
Pg=Eg×Ig
Pl=V×Il
Series wound generators
The field winding is in series with armature conductors in series-wound generators. Figure 5 is
the circuit diagram for this generator. Current in the field coil is the same as the load and flows in
both. Field windings are designed with few turns and using thick wires to have low electrical
resistance. The circuit diagram for this type is as below:
Figure5. circuit diagram of the series Wound DC Generators
Ia=Il=Isc=I
V=Eg−I2×Ra
Generated power and power delivered to the load are:
Pg=IEg
Pl=IV
Compound Wound DC Generators
The output voltage and EMF depend on the load current in the series wound type, and on the
other hand, in the shunt type, the output is proportional to the inverse of the load current. To
overcome the disadvantage of both types, compound wound generators are available, combining
both series and shunt. The circuit of the compound wound generators includes both series and
shunt field wounding. There are a series and a parallel winding with the armature and include two
types of short shunt compound wound generator and long shunt compound wound generator.
Long Shunt Compound DC Generators
In long shunt compound DC generators, the shunt windings are parallel with both series field and
armature. The circuit diagram for this type is as below:
Figure 6. Circuit diagram of the short Shunt Compound Wound DC Generators
The currents in the circuit are:
Ish= V /Rsh
Ics=Il+Ish
Ics=Ia
The load voltage is equal to:
V=Eg−Ia(Ra−Rsc)
Generated power and the delivered power to the load are:
Pg=IG×Eg
Pl=IG×V
Short Shunt-Wound DC Generator
In short type, an armature is parallel with the shunt field windings, as shown in the following
figure:
Figure6. circuit diagram of the short Shunt Compound Wound DC Generators
The currents in this systems are:
Isc=Il
Ish= V+IscRsc /Rsh
Ia=Isc+Il
The load voltage, load power, and the generated power are:
V=Eg−IaRa−IscRsc
Pl=IG×V
Pg=IG×Eg