Class 2 Complete Notes

This document provides comprehensive notes for Class 2 subjects (English Grammar,
Mathematics, and GK/EVS). Each topic includes concise explanations and examples to aid
understanding. Figures are provided where appropriate to help visualize concepts.

English Grammar

Alphabets Revision
There are 26 letters in the English alphabet. Each letter has a capital (uppercase) and a small
(lowercase) form. Practise writing both forms clearly.

Vowels & Consonants

The vowels are a, e, i, o, u (and sometimes y). All other letters are consonants. Vowels form the
heart of words, while consonants shape their beginnings and endings.

Phonic Sounds & Blends

Blends are combinations of letters that create distinct sounds, such as bl, cl, fl, gr, tr, ch, sh, th.
For example: “bl” in “blue” and “sh” in “shoe”.

Silent Letters
In some words, certain letters are not pronounced. Examples: knife (silent k), comb (silent b),
hour (silent h).

Two/Three/Four/Five Letter Words

Practise reading and spelling short words. E.g., two-letter: “am”, three-letter: “cat”, four-letter:
“frog”, five-letter: “plant”.

Naming Words (Nouns)

Nouns name people, places, animals, or things. Common nouns name general things (girl, city),
while proper nouns name specific ones (Sara, Patna).

Pronouns
Pronouns replace nouns to avoid repetition. Examples: I, we, you, he, she, it, they, me, him, her,
us, them.

Action Words (Verbs)

Verbs express actions or states. Examples: run, eat, jump, think. A sentence needs a verb to show
what is happening.

Describing Words (Adjectives)

Adjectives describe nouns (colour, size, shape, taste, number). Example: “red apple”, “three
dogs”.

Articles
The articles a and an are used for non-specific singular nouns (a book, an apple). “The” is used
for specific nouns (the sun).

This/That/These/Those
Use “this” for a singular object near you, “that” for a singular object far away, “these” for plural
objects near you and “those” for plural objects far away.

Is/Am/Are
These are present forms of “be”. Use “I am”, “he/she/it is”, “you/we/they are”.

Was/Were
These are past forms of “be”. Use “I/he/she/it was”, “you/we/they were”.

Has/Have/Had
Use “has” with he/she/it, “have” with I/you/we/they. “Had” is the past form for all pronouns.

Singular & Plural

Add -s or -es to make nouns plural (book/books, bush/bushes). Irregular plurals change
completely (child/children, mouse/mice).

Gender (Basic)
Masculine nouns refer to males (boy, father). Feminine nouns refer to females (girl, mother).

Opposites (Antonyms)
Words with opposite meanings, such as hot/cold, big/small, open/closed.

Rhyming Words
Words that end with the same sound, e.g., cat–hat, sun–run. Rhymes make poems and songs
fun.

Prepositions (Basic)
Prepositions show position or relation: in, on, under, behind, near, beside, between, above,
below.

Conjunctions (Basic)
Words that join words or sentences: and (joins similar ideas), but (joins contrasting ideas), or
(offers choice).

Tenses (Basic)
Simple Present (I eat), Simple Past (I ate), Simple Future (I will eat).
Contractions (Basic)
Shortened forms that use an apostrophe, e.g., don’t (do not), I’m (I am), she’s (she is).

Sentence Making
A simple sentence has a subject (who/what) and a verb (action). Example: “The cat sleeps.”

Sentence Types (Basic)

Statements end with a period (.). Questions end with a question mark (?). Exclamations show
strong feelings (!).

Punctuation (Basic)
Begin sentences with capital letters. End statements with a period, questions with a question
mark and exclamations with an exclamation mark.

Jumbled Words & Sentences

Unjumble letters to form words and rearrange words to form correct sentences. It builds
thinking skills.

Comprehension & Composition

Read short passages and answer questions. Write about a picture or a paragraph on familiar
topics like “My School”.

Letter & Story Writing

Write informal letters to friends or family. Finish short stories by adding suitable endings.

Fill in the Blanks & Matching

Practice grammar exercises like fill-in-the-blanks and match words with pictures or meanings.

Word Building & Vocabulary

Make new words from given letters and build vocabulary in categories like days, months,
colours, fruits, animals, etc.

Numbers in Words
Learn to write numbers 1–200 in words (one, two, three…).
Mathematics
Figure: Basic 2D Shapes

Numbers (1–999)
Understand three-digit numbers. Read and write numbers up to 999 and identify the hundreds,
tens and ones places.

Number Names
Write numbers in words. Example: 243 is written as “two hundred forty-three”.

Place Value
Place value tells how much a digit is worth. In 356, 3 is hundreds (300), 5 is tens (50), 6 is ones
(6).

Expanded Form
Write numbers as a sum of values. Example: 356 = 300 + 50 + 6.

Before, After, Between

Find the predecessor (number before), successor (number after), and the number between two
numbers.

Ascending & Descending

Arrange numbers from smallest to largest (ascending) or largest to smallest (descending).
Comparison
Use > (greater than), < (less than) and = (equal to) to compare numbers.

Even & Odd Numbers

Even numbers end with 0,2,4,6,8. Odd numbers end with 1,3,5,7,9.

Ordinal Numbers
Words that tell position, like 1st (first), 2nd (second), up to 20th.

Skip Counting
Count by 2s, 3s, 5s or 10s. Example: 5, 10, 15, 20 when skip counting by 5s.

Addition
Combine numbers to find a total. Practise adding two-digit and three-digit numbers, with and
without carrying.

Subtraction
Take away one number from another. Practise two-digit and three-digit subtraction, with and
without borrowing.

Multiplication
Repeated addition. Learn tables from 2 to 10 and multiply a 2-digit number by a 1-digit number.

Division
Sharing equally. Learn to divide small numbers and understand the relation: Dividend = Divisor
× Quotient + Remainder.

Fractions
A fraction shows a part of a whole. Half (½), quarter (¼) and three-quarters (¾) are common
fractions.

Patterns
Find number or shape patterns by adding, subtracting or repeating shapes.

Shapes (2D)
Recognise circles, triangles, squares, rectangles, ovals and diamonds. See the figure above.

Shapes (3D)
Learn about solid shapes like cubes, cuboids, spheres, cylinders and cones.

Measurement – Length
Use centimetres (cm) and metres (m) to measure how long things are. Compare longer and
shorter objects.
Measurement – Weight
Use grams (g) and kilograms (kg) to measure how heavy objects are. Compare heavier and
lighter objects.

Measurement – Capacity
Use millilitres (mL) and litres (L) to measure how much liquid containers can hold.

Time
Read the clock to the hour and half hour. Learn the days of the week, months of the year and
AM/PM.

Money
Identify Indian coins and notes, and practise simple addition and subtraction of money.

Data Handling
Read and draw picture graphs and tally marks. Interpret simple charts.

Mental Maths
Practise quick tricks for addition and subtraction to improve speed.

Place Value Chart

Hundreds Tens Ones
3 5 6
Example: In the number 356 above, 3 is in the hundreds place, 5 is in the tens place and 6 is in
the ones place.
General Knowledge / Environmental Studies (EVS)
Figure: Simple Body Parts

My Body
Learn about major body parts (head, arms, legs, torso) and the five senses. Keep your body clean
and brush your teeth twice daily.

My Family
Understand the roles of family members. Joint families are large with grandparents, uncles and
aunts. Nuclear families are small with parents and children.

My House
Different types of houses (kutcha, pucca). Rooms include bedroom, kitchen, bathroom and
living room. Keep your house clean.

My School
Know the rooms and people in a school – classrooms, library, teachers, principal. Follow school
rules and respect teachers.
Food We Eat
Identify healthy foods (fruits, vegetables, grains) and junk foods (sweets, chips). Learn sources
of food from plants and animals.

Water
Water comes from rivers, lakes, wells and rain. Use water wisely and drink clean water. Do not
waste water.

Air
Air is all around us. We need clean air to breathe. Moving air is wind. Do not pollute the air.

Plants
Parts of a plant: root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit. Different types include trees, shrubs, herbs,
climbers and creepers.

Animals
Animals can be domestic (cow, dog), wild (tiger, deer) or pet (cat, fish). Learn their homes and
what they eat.

Birds
Birds have beaks and feathers. Some birds fly; others like ostriches cannot. They build nests to
lay eggs.

Insects
Insects have six legs. Butterflies, bees and ladybirds are insects. Some insects are helpful, while
others harm crops.

Seasons & Weather

India has summer, winter, rainy, spring and autumn seasons. Each season has different
weather, clothes and activities.

Clothes
We wear clothes made of cotton, wool, silk and synthetic materials. Choose clothes according to
the season.

Transport
Vehicles move people and goods. Land transport includes cars and trains; water transport
includes boats; air transport includes aeroplanes.

Directions
Learn left/right and the four main directions – North, South, East, West.

Festivals of India
Celebrate religious and national festivals such as Diwali, Holi, Eid, Christmas, Republic Day and
Independence Day.
National Symbols
India’s national symbols include the tricolour flag, national emblem, national animal (tiger),
bird (peacock), flower (lotus) and tree (banyan).

Our Helpers
Community helpers include doctors, teachers, farmers, police officers and postmen. They help
society run smoothly.

Good Habits
Practise cleanliness, honesty, kindness and respect for elders. Say “please” and “thank you”.

Safety Rules
Follow road safety rules: look both ways before crossing. Keep safe at home and school; do not
talk to strangers.

Days & Months

There are seven days in a week and twelve months in a year. Learn their names and order.

Earth, Sun & Moon

Earth is round and rotates to give day and night. The sun is a star that gives light and heat. The
moon reflects sunlight and changes its shape.

Colours & Shapes

Identify colours like red, blue, green and shapes like circle, square and triangle. The rainbow has
seven colours.

Occupations
Jobs people do. Examples: farmer grows crops, teacher teaches children, doctor treats sick
people.

Places
Important places include schools, hospitals, markets, parks and zoos. Know what each place is
for.

Feelings & Emotions

Feelings such as happiness, sadness, anger and fear are normal. Learn to express feelings
appropriately.

Important Days
Know the dates and significance of important days such as Independence Day (15 August) and
Gandhi Jayanti (2 October).