Study Notes Class: 07

Compiled by: Sir Arslan Haroon

Topics Included

Unit 1: Plant Systems/Activities

Unit 2: Human Respiratory and Circulatory System/Project

Unit 3: Immunity and Diseases

Unit 4: Physical & Chemical Changes /Project

Unit 5: Structure of Atom /Project
Unit 01
Plant system
Section: A. MCQs
1. The root system which can get water from deep underground sources is
a. fibrous roots b. tap roots
c. storage roots d. root nodules
2. Which of the following is not an organ of plant?
a. epidermis b. root c. stem d. leaf
3. Vascular bundles are present in every part of the plant. They are made up of
a. xylem only b. phloem only c. both (a,b) d. root hair cells
4. Amin liked to grow plants on her terrace. The plants were getting light and water
everyday but they were not growing properly. What suggestion can you give her to improve
plant growth?
a. Add sugar to plant pots b. give water once a week
c. add composite fertilizer to plant pots d. shift them indoors
5. If water available to plants become less then stomata are closed even at daytime. This
protect plants from:
a. photosynthesis b. Respiration c. wilting d. transport of water
6. The protective layer around plant parts is
a. epidermis b. cortex c. mesophyll d. vascular bundle
7. If the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the air during daytime, the process of
a. photosynthesis will decrease b. respiration will decrease
c. photosynthesis will increase d. respiration will increase
8. Plant perform respiration all the time. The purpose of respiration in plants is to
a. prepare food b. release energy
c. absorb energy d. maintain healthy growth
9. If you stay under trees at night, you can feel dizziness due to
a. high level of oxygen and low level of carbon b. low level of oxygen and high level of carbon
c. poisonous gases released by trees d. ghosts living in trees
10. Which of the following is the correct word equation for respiration?
a. carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
b. carbon dioxide + water + sunlight → glucose+ oxygen
c. glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide+ water
d. glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide+ water+ energy
Section: B. True and False (correct the statement if it is false)
1. Exchange of gases in plants takes place through tiny holes called stomata located on the
margins of leaves
True
2. The rate of photosynthesis is slow in variegated leaves because there is maximum
amount of chlorophyll in them
False
Corrected statement: The rate of photosynthesis is slow in variegated leaves because there is a
reduced amount of chlorophyll in them.
3. Respiration only takes place in animal cells because they need energy
False
Corrected statement: Respiration takes place in both animal and plant cells because all living cells
need energy.
4. The job of the root hair is to protect the roots from damage.
False
Corrected statement: The job of the root hair is to increase the surface area for absorption of water
and nutrients from the soil.
5. Xylem is dead tissue while phloem is living tissue
True

Section: C. Short Questions

1. What are the three functions of roots?
 Hold the plant in place (Anchorage)
 Absorb water and nutrients (Absorption)
 Store food and nutrients (Storage)
2. How stomata help in the process of photosynthesis?
Stomata help in photosynthesis by:
 Letting in Carbon Dioxide (CO2) from the air
 Releasing Oxygen (O2) into the air
 Regulating water release
3. Why respiration takes place in plants?
Plants respire to:
1. Release energy from food (glucose) for growth and development
2. Power cellular activities like protein synthesis and cell division
3. Maintain cellular structure and function
4. How is photosynthesis important for?
a. plants b. humans and other animals c. atmosphere
Ans. Photosynthesis is important for:
- Plants: to grow and survive
- Humans and animals: to breathe (produces oxygen) and eat (plants are a food source)
- Atmosphere: to regulate air quality (removes carbon dioxide, adds oxygen)

Section. Long Questions

1. Compare the properties of xylem and phloem.
Xylem Phloem

Xylem transports water and minerals from phloem transports organic nutrients from
roots to shoots sources to sinks within the plant
Xylem is composed of tracheids, vessel phloem comprises sieve tube elements,
elements, fibers, and parenchyma cells companion cells, fibers, and parenchyma cells.
Cell walls are Thickened with lignin that Cell walls are Thin and flexible
making them rigid
Tissue type: Dead, non-living cells Tissue type: Living cells

2. Photosynthesis and respiration are two different processes. Differentiate between

them.
Photosynthesis Respiration

- Happens only in plants and some other - Happens in all living things (plants, animals,
organisms humans, etc.)
- Uses energy from sunlight - Uses energy from glucose (or other organic
molecules)
- Takes in carbon dioxide and water - Takes in oxygen and glucose

- Produces glucose (a type of sugar) and - Produces carbon dioxide and water
oxygen
- Helps plants grow and develop - Gives energy to cells to function and move

- Happens in plants and some other organisms - Happens in all living things (plants, animals,
humans, etc.)
Section: E. Structured Question
1. The following diagram shows the two processes taking place in the plant cell i.e
photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

a. Which process takes place only in green parts of the plants?

Ans. Photosynthesis
b. which process takes place in all living cells at all times?
Ans. Respiration
c. which process only takes place during the day time?
Ans. Photosynthesis
d. which process can help to balance carbon dioxide level in the air?
Ans. Photosynthesis
e. which structure acts as a solar panel
Ans. Mitochondria
Unit 02
Human respiratory and circulatory system
Section: A. MCQs
1. A team of climbers was climbing a high mountain. When they reached near top they felt difficulty in
breathing because at high altitude there is
a. more oxygen b. less oxygen
c. more carbon dioxide d. low temperatures
2. The exchange of substances between blood and body cells can take place at the;
a. capillaries b. veins c. Arteries d. Heart
3. A person affected with anemia looks pale and feels tired. All his body cells are getting
a. less food b. less oxygen c. less water d. less carbon dioxide
4. The exchange of gases between blood and air takes place at
a. Trachea b. Bronchi c. Bronchioles d. Alveoli
5. Cellular respiration always requires.
a. glucose and oxygen b. glucose
c. glucose, oxygen and carbon dioxide d. alcohol, lactic acid and carbon dioxide
6. Valves are flaps that keep blood flowing in one direction. Valves are found in
a. artery and vein b. artery, vein and capillary
c. vein and heart d. artery, vein, capillary and heart
7. Oxygenated blood is found in two chambers of hart including
a. right and left atrium b. right and left ventricle
c. right atrium and right ventricle d. left atrium and left ventricle
8. Which components of blood is liquid?
a. plasma b. red blood cells c. white blood cells d. platelets
9. Which blood cell is filled with hemoglobin?
a. RBC b. WBC c. platelets d. plasma
10. Which chamber of heart pumps the blood to lungs?
a. right atrium b. right ventricle c. left atrium d. left ventricle

Section: B. True and false (correct the statement if it is false)

1. Breathing is a chemical reaction and cellular respiration is a physical process.
FALSE
Corrected statement: Breathing is a physical process, and cellular respiration is a chemical reaction.
2. Blood clotting requires platelets in the blood.
True
3. Anaerobic respiration release large amount of energy.
FALSE
Corrected statement: Anaerobic respiration releases small amount of energy.
4. Thick walls of alveoli help in the exchange of gases.
FALSE
The correct statement is: Thin walls of alveoli help in the exchange of gases.
5. Most veins carry blood rich with oxygen and food.
FALSE
Most veins carry blood that is low in oxygen and rich in carbon dioxide and other waste products.
Section: C. Short Questions.
1. Can cells survive without energy?
Ans. No, cells can't survive without energy. Energy helps cells do their jobs, like moving, growing, and
repairing themselves.
2. Arrange these words in such a way as to show how oxygen from air reaches into your blood; (nasal
cavity, bronchioles, blood capillaries, air, alveoli, nostrils, and trachea).

Ans. Path for oxygen to follow: Nostrils → Nasal cavity → Trachea → Bronchioles → Alveoli
→ Blood capillaries.

3. Which substances are transported by blood?

Ans. Blood carries water, nutrients, gases, wastes and chemical from one part of the body to another.
4. Differentiate between;
a. artery and vein b. atrium and ventricle

Artery Vein
Carries oxygen-poor blood back to the heart
Carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart

Atrium Ventricle
Upper heart chamber that receives blood
Lower heart chamber that pumps blood out
5. How does the blood circulate around the body?

 Heart pumps blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen.

 Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart's left side.
 Heart pumps it out to the body through arteries.
 Blood delivers oxygen and nutrients, and picks up waste.
 Blood returns to the heart through veins and the cycle repeats.
6. Compare respiration and breathing.

Respiration Breathing
- Exchanging gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
- Taking air in and out of the lungs
between the body and the air.
- Using oxygen to create energy for the body - Getting oxygen into the lungs and removing
carbon dioxide

Section: D. Long questions

1. Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration

- Occurs in the presence of oxygen. (O2) - Occurs in the absence of oxygen. (O2)
- Glucose is completely broken down to carbon - Glucose is partially broken down to lactic acid or
dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) ethanol and carbon dioxide (CO2)
- Large Energy is released and stored. - Less energy is released compared to aerobic
respiration
- Takes place in the mitochondria of cells - Takes place in the cytoplasm of cells
- Example: Breathing in oxygen and using it to - Example: Muscle cells using stored energy to
generate energy for your body contract during intense exercise

2. How do the respiratory and circulatory system work together to provide body cells with the materials
they need?
Ans. The human respiratory and circulatory systems work together to supply the body with oxygen and get
rid of waste carbon dioxide.
Respiratory System:
- Brings oxygen into the body through inhalation (breathing in)
- Oxygen enters the lungs and is stored in tiny air sacs called alveoli
- Oxygen is absorbed into the bloodstream through the alveoli
Circulatory System:
- Picks up oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and delivers it to the heart
- Heart pumps blood to the body's cells through arteries (blood vessels)
- Oxygen and nutrients are delivered to cells through capillaries (tiny blood vessels)
- Cells use oxygen and nutrients to produce energy and grow
Section: D. Structured Questions
1. The table shows how the composition of the air changes when you inhale and exhale.

Gas Amount in inhale air Amount in exhale air

Oxygen 21% 16%
Carbon dioxide 0.04% 4%

Nitrogen 78% 78%

Water vapor Variable Saturated

a. Why oxygen percentage is reduced in the air that is breathed out?

Ans. Because our bodies use oxygen and produce carbon dioxide
b. Amount of which gas is unchanged and why?
Ans. The amount of Nitrogen (N2) gas is unchanged because our bodies don't use it or produce it.
c. Why carbon dioxide percentage is increased in the exhaled air?
Ans. Carbon dioxide (CO2) percentage is increased in exhaled air because our bodies produce CO2 as a
waste product
2. The following diagram shows structure of artery, capillary and vein.

a. Which blood vessels can be seen only through microscope?

Ans. Capillaries can be seen only through a microscope.
b. Which blood vessel will hold more blood than the other two?
Ans. Veins hold more blood than arteries and capillaries.
c. Why pulse is produced only in arteries?
Ans. Pulse is produced only in arteries because they carry blood under high pressure from the heart.
Unit 3
Immunity and diseases
Section A. MCQs:
1. When the skin is damaged bacteria enter in our body which line of defense is crossed by these
bacteria?
a. First line of defense. b. Second line of defense.
c. Third line of defense. d. Fourth line of defense
2. A newborn baby has less immunity as compared to other people the baby has only.
a. Innate immunity. b. Adaptive immunity.
c. Passive immunity. d. Innate and natural passive immunity.
3. The army of your body has special bullets which can identify the enemy and kill it. These bullets are
small proteins called.
a. Pathogens. b. Antibodies. c. Virus. d. Bacteria
4. Danish is allergic to dust and Pollen his health issue is a/an.
a. Infectious disease. b. Disease due to pathogen. c. Viral attack. d. Non infectious disease.
5. Rabies is a very serious threat to health and life of a person. If a rabies infected dog bite a person the
only way to save him is by providing.
a. Innate immunity. b. Adaptive immunity. c. Passive immunity. d. Learned immunity.
6. Maximum number of additional defense layers is required for.
a. Medical staff. b. Teachers. c. Students. d. Lawyers.
7. Typhoid and polio spread by faecal oral route. If we want to prevent such diseases in our area we
should.
a. Control mosquitoes. b. Control air pollution.
c. Improve hospital. d. Improve sanitation and hygiene condition.
8. Respiratory system related diseases mostly spread through.
a. Water b. food c. blood d. droplets in air
9. Third line of defense learns about the enemy and adopts accordingly it is also called.
a. Adaptive learned immunity. b. Innate immunity
c. Passive immunity d. Natural passive immunity
10. Which of these can provide you with long term immunity against infectious diseases.
a. Antibiotics b. Vitamins c. vaccines d. red blood cells.
Section: B. Short Questions.
1. Which line of defense acts last in immune response? Lists its components.
Ans. The third line of defense, also known as the adaptive immune response, acts last in the immune
response and includes T cells, B cells, and antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
2. Which line of defense is not concerned with recognition of the pathogen intruder?
Ans. The first line of defense, which includes physical and mechanical barriers such as the skin and mucous
membranes, is not directly concerned with recognition of the pathogen intruder.
3. Some harmful chemicals can make you sick but chemicals are not included in the list of pathogens.
Why?
Ans. Harmful Chemicals are not considered pathogens because pathogens are specifically defined as living
things that cause disease, such as:
- Bacteria- Viruses- Fungi- Protozoa- Parasites
4. Adaptive immune response increases with time. Why?
Ans. The adaptive immune response increases with time due to clonal selection, affinity maturation,
memory cell formation, and antibody production, leading to a stronger and more efficient response.
5. People throughout the world have become focused on improving immune system from March 2020.
Why?
Ans. The COVID-19 pandemic, declared a global health emergency in March 2020, has raised awareness
about the importance of a strong immune system, leading to a global focus on immune-boosting strategies.
Section: C. Long Questions.
1. Explain different types of immunity.
Ans. There are two main types of immunity:

 Innate Immunity: This is the body's first line of defense against pathogens. It is non-specific,
meaning it does not target specific pathogens, and is present from birth. Innate immunity includes
physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, as well as white blood cells that attack foreign
substances. It consists of first and second line of defense.
 Adaptive Immunity: This type of immunity develops over time as the body encounters specific
pathogens. It is specific, meaning it targets specific pathogens, and involves the activation of
immune cells like T cells and B cells. It is third line of defense.
 Passive Immunity: Temporary immunity acquired through external sources, such as antibodies
received from mother to child during pregnancy or breastfeeding, or through immunoglobulin
injections.

These types of immunity work together to provide comprehensive protection against infections and
diseases.
2. Explain the mechanism of antibody formation.
Ans. Antibody formation, also known as humoral immunity, involves the production of antibodies by B cells
in response to the presence of a foreign substance or antigen. The mechanism of antibody formation is as
follows:
 Antigen Presentation: Antigens enter the body and are processed by antigen-presenting cells
(APCs) like dendritic cells or macrophages.
 Activation of B Cells: APCs present the antigen to B cells, which recognize the antigen through their
surface-bound antibodies (B cell receptors).

 Antibody Production: Plasma cells produce and secrete antibodies, which are proteins that
recognize and bind to specific epitopes on the antigen.

 Antibody Secretion: Antibodies are secreted into the bloodstream and other bodily fluids, where
they can bind to antigens, marking them for destruction or neutralizing their effects.

 5. Memory Cell Formation: Some activated B cells differentiate into memory cells, which remain in
the body, ready to respond quickly and effectively upon future exposure to the same antigen.
Unit 4
Physical and chemical changes
A: MCQs (Choose the correct option)
1. Which of the following is an example of physical change?
a. Mixing baking soda and vinegar b. Chopping of log
c. Burning a paper d. Baking a birthday cake
2. Which of the following is an example of chemical change?
a. Filling up a balloon with air. b. Freezing of water.
c. Photosynthesis. d. Boiling of water.
3. Which change can be easily reversed?
a. Chemical change b. Physical change
c. both a and b d. neither a and b.
4. When a new substance is formed with properties different from the ones it was formed
a. chemical change b. physical change
c. freezing d. boiling
5. If the chemical properties of a substance remain unchanged and only the state changes it is called
a
a. chemical change b. physical change
c. both a and b d. neither a and b
6. Which of the following is an example of a physical change?
a. metal rusting b. silver tarnishing
c. boiling of water d. burning of a paper
7. What best describes a physical change?
a. Composition changes b. composition stays the same
c. state stays the same d. mass is lost
8. Which of the following is an example of chemical change?
a. water freezes b. wood cutting
c. baking bread d. wire is bent
9. Rusting can be prevented by
a. scratching b. painting
c. washing d. cleaning
10. Milk turns sour, this is a
a. physical change b. chemical change
c. physical property d. chemical property
B: SHORT QUESTIONS.
1. Why is boiling of egg a chemical change and boiling of water is a physical change?
Ans. Boiling an egg is a chemical change because it changes the egg's texture and structure
permanently. Boiling water is a physical change because it only changes the water's state (from liquid to
gas) without changing its properties.
2. What is a chemical property?
Ans. A chemical property is a characteristic of a substance that shows how it reacts or changes when
mixed with other things, like flammability or ability to change color.
 3. Define the chemical property called rusting.
Ans. Rusting is when iron or steel reacts with air and water to form a red, flaky substance (iron oxide)
that weakens the metal.
4. Why silver gets tarnished after some time?
Ans. Silver tarnishes because it reacts with tiny amounts of sulfur and oxygen in the air, forming a dull,
grayish layer on its surface. This happens faster in humid environments.

C: LONG QUESTIONS.

1. Distinguish between physical and chemical changes. State with at least two examples from daily
life.
Ans. Physical changes:

- Involve a change in state or form, but not in composition.

- Can be reversed without creating a new substance.
- Examples:
- Ice melting into water (state change from solid to liquid).
- Folding paper (change in shape, but still paper).

Chemical changes:

- Involve a change in composition, resulting in a new substance.

- Cannot be reversed without an additional chemical reaction.
- Examples:
- Cooking an egg (proteins denature and coagulate, changing its composition).
- Rusting of iron (iron reacts with oxygen, forming a new compound, iron oxide).

2. Describe combustion with the help of word equation? Explain the harmful effects of the
combustion on the environment.
Ans. Combustion is a chemical reaction where a substance reacts with oxygen to produce heat and
light. The word equation for combustion is:

Fuel + Oxygen -----------------→ Heat + Light

Example: Methane (natural gas) + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Heat + Light

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O + Heat + Light

 Harmful effects of combustion on the environment:

- Air pollution: Releases harmful gases like carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter,
contributing to climate change and respiratory problems.
- Greenhouse effect: Carbon dioxide emissions trap heat, leading to global warming and climate
change.
- Acid rain: Nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide emissions combine with water and oxygen to form acid
rain, damaging ecosystems and infrastructure.
 - Deforestation: Burning fossil fuels contributes to deforestation, as forests are cleared for fuel
extraction and transportation.

These harmful effects can be mitigated by using cleaner energy sources, increasing energy efficiency,
and implementing pollution-reducing technologies.

3. What is rusting? Suggest any three ways to prevent the rusting of iron.
Ans. Rusting is a chemical reaction where iron or its soolla, like steel, react with oxygen and moisture in
the air to form iron oxide, a reddish-brown flaky substance. It weakens the metal structure, leading to
damage and decay.

Three ways to prevent rusting of iron:

1. Coating: Apply a protective layer, such as paint, varnish, or plastic wrap, to prevent moisture and
oxygen from reaching the iron surface.
2. Galvanizing: Dip the iron in a zinc solution, which forms a protective layer that prevents rusting.
3. Oil or Grease: Apply a thin layer of oil or grease to the iron surface, which repels water and prevents
rusting.

Additional methods include using rust-resistant alloys, applying a rust-inhibiting chemical, or storing
iron in a dry, well-ventilated area.

D: Structured Questions.
1. Why is the pan made of metal and handle of a plastic?
Ans. The pan is made of metal (usually stainless steel or aluminum) because:

 Metal conducts heat well, allowing for even cooking.

 Metal Is durable and can withstand high temperatures.
 Metal can be shaped and formed into a sturdy, functional design.

The handle, on the other hand, is often made of plastic because:

 Plastic is a poor conductor of heat, making it safer to handle.

 Plastic is lightweight and comfortable to grip.
 Plastic can be molded into a variety of shapes and designs.

By combining metal and plastic, the pan and handle provide a functional and safe cooking experience!

2. In the process of making chapati there are 3 steps from A, B to C. Which stage is a physical and
chemical change? Give your reasons also.
Ans. The three steps in making chapati are:

A. Mixing flour, water, and other ingredients to form dough (physical change)
B. Kneading the dough (physical change)
C. Cooking the chapati on a pan (chemical change)

Step C, cooking the chapati, is a chemical change because:

 - Heat breaks down the starches in the dough, converting them into simpler sugars.
- The proteins in the dough denature and coagulate, changing their structure.
- The Maillard reaction occurs, browning the chapati and creating new flavor compounds.

These changes alter the chemical composition and structure of the dough, making it a chemical change.

3. When a candle is burned both physical chemical changes take place.

a. Identify and explain the changes.
b. Give another similar example where both physical and chemical changes take place.
Ans. a. When a candle is burned:

Physical change:

- Melting of wax (state change from solid to liquid)

- Vaporization of liquid wax (state change from liquid to gas)

Chemical change:

- Combustion reaction between wax and oxygen, producing carbon dioxide, water, and heat
- Breakdown of wax molecules into new substances (carbon dioxide and water)

b. Another example:

- Rusting of iron:

Physical change:

- Change in appearance (iron turns reddish-brown)

- Change in texture (iron becomes flaky and weak)

Chemical change:

- Oxidation reaction between iron and oxygen, producing iron oxide (rust)
- Breakdown of iron molecules into new substances (iron oxide)

In this example, physical changes (appearance and texture changes) occur alongside chemical changes (new
substance formation, molecular breakdown).

4. During the process of digestion proteins are broken down into amino acids and molecules,
a. Is digestion a chemical change? How do you know?
b. Identify the process in plants where a chemical change takes place? Justify your answer.
Ans.
a. Yes, digestion is a chemical change because:

- Proteins are broken down into smaller molecules (amino acids), changing their chemical structure and
composition.
- Enzymes catalyze these reactions, facilitating chemical bond breakage and formation.
- The final products (amino acids) have different properties and functions than the original proteins.
b. The process in plants where a chemical change takes place is photosynthesis.

Justification:

- Photosynthesis involves the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen, resulting in
a chemical change.
- Light energy drives this process, facilitating chemical reactions that alter the molecular structure of
reactants.

In photosynthesis, plants transform light energy into chemical energy, storing it in the bonds of glucose
molecules, which is a classic example of a chemical change.

5. Combustion takes place in the internal combustion engine of a car. What burns in the engine to
release energy for the car to move? Can it burn without air or oxygen?
Ans. In a car's internal combustion engine, fuel burns to release energy. The fuel combines with air
(oxygen) in the engine's cylinders, igniting the mixture to produce a small explosion that powers the
engine.

The fuel cannot burn without air or oxygen. Combustion requires three elements:
 Fuel (gasoline or diesel)
 Air (oxygen)
 Ignition (spark or heat)

Without air or oxygen, combustion cannot occur, and the engine will not run. The air intake system in
the engine draws in air, which is mixed with fuel and ignited, producing the energy needed
to power the car.

6. Melting of butter is a change where a substance changes from a solid to a liquid state, write a few
more examples.
Ans. Here are a few more examples of changes where a substance changes from a solid to a liquid state:

 Ice melting into water

 Chocolate melting.
 Wax melting in a candle or wax melt warmer
 Coconut oil melting from a solid to a liquid at room temperature

These changes are all examples of physical changes, where the substance doesn't change its chemical
composition, but rather its state or phase.
Unit 5
Structure of an Atom
A: MCQs (Choose the correct option)
1. Neutrons carry.
a. no electric charge b. positive charge
c. negative charge d. unit charge
2. The smallest particle of an element is;
a. molecule b. Atom. c. cell. d. DNA.
3. Carbon has a mass no of 12. It has protons and neutrons.
a. 6,6 b. 12, 6 c. 12,12 d. 6,12.
4. The nucleus of an atom contains.
a. proton, electron, neutron b. electrons, protons.
c. protons and neutrons. d. electrons and neutrons.
5. Protons carry.
a. positive charge b. negative charge
c. no charge d. zero charge
6. The atomic no of an elements tells the number of;
a. electrons and neutrons b. protons only
c. protons and neutrons d. neutrons only
7. If the atomic mass of nitrogen is 14, and it has 7 neutrons, how many electrons does a nitrogen
atom have?
a. 8 b. 6 c. 14 d. 7
8. The mass no of an atom is represented by;
a. A b. B c. Z d. M
9. Nitrogen is an element with the symbol N and the atomic no is 7. Its electronic configuration is
represented as
a. 2, 5 b. 2, 6 c. 5, 2 d. 2, 2
10. What is the sequence of these elements in the periodic table? Li, Be, He, N.
a. He, Li, Be, N b. N, Li, Be, He c. He, N, Li, Be d. N, He, Li, Be

B: Short Questions.
1. An atom has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 16;
a. Determine the number of protons present in it.
b. Determine the number of neutrons present in it.
c. Determine the number of electrons present in it.
a. The atomic number of an atom represents the number of protons present in the nucleus. Therefore, this
atom has 8 protons.

b. The mass number represents the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Since this atom
has 8 protons and a mass number of 16, the number of neutrons is:
16 (mass number) - 8 (protons) = 8 neutrons

c. In a neutral atom, the number of electrons equals the number of protons. Therefore, this atom has 8
electrons.
 2. Find the meaning of periodic from the dictionary. Explain the arrangements of elements into
periods and groups in a periodic table.
Ans. According to the dictionary, "periodic" means:
" Happening or done at regular intervals; recurring regularly"
In the context of the periodic table, elements are arranged in a periodic way, meaning they are organized in
a regular, recurring pattern.

- Elements arranged in rows called periods and have similar properties.

- Elements arranged in columns called groups and have similar properties.

C: LONG QUESTIONS.
1. What is an atom? Describe the structure of an atom in terms of protons, neutrons and electrons.
Explain with the help of an example that atom is electrically neutral.
Ans. An atom is the smallest unit of a chemical element, made up of three main parts:
 Protons (positively charged): Found in the nucleus (center) of the atom.
 Neutrons (no charge): Found in the nucleus along with protons.
 Electrons (negatively charged): Orbiting around the nucleus.
Example: Carbon (C) atom
- Protons: 6 (in the nucleus)
- Neutrons: 6 (in the nucleus)
- Electrons: 6 (orbiting around the nucleus)
The number of protons (6) equals the number of electrons (6), making the carbon atom electrically
neutral. This is because the positive charge of the protons is balanced by the negative charge of the
electrons.

2. How is periodic table a way to organize elements in a systematic manner? What are the rows and
columns of the periodic table and how are the helpful.
Ans. The periodic table is a systematic way to organize elements by their properties and characteristics.
It's like a map that shows how elements are related to each other.
The rows of the periodic table are called periods, and the columns are called groups or families.

Periods (rows):
- Elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells.
- Properties like atomic radius and electronegativity change gradually across a period.

Groups (columns):
- Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties due to the same number of electrons in
their outermost energy level.
- Elements in the same group react similarly to other elements.

This organization helps us:

- Identify relationships between elements
- Predict chemical behavior and properties
- Classify elements as metals, nonmetals, or metalloids
- See trends and patterns in element properties

It's like a puzzle, where each element fits into its own special place, showing how it relates to others!
Periodic Table