Notes class 6
Compiled By: Sir Arslan Haroon
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Topics
1. Mixtures
2. Energy
3. Electricity
4. Magnetism
5. Technology in Everyday Life
6. Technology in Everyday Life
7. Solar System
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Unit 06
Elements
And
Compounds
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Section A. MCQs
1. CO2 is the chemical formula of carbon dioxide. What is the ratio of carbon and
oxygen in carbon dioxide?
a. 3:1 b. 2:1 c. 1:2 d. 1:1
2. The symbol of sodium is
a. Ni b. Ne c. N d. Na
3. Which of the following is an element?
a. carbon dioxide b. water c. copper d. salt
4. Sugar is a compound of
a. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen b. hydrogen, oxygen, sodium
c. calcium, carbon, oxygen d. molecule, atom , compound
5. Which of the following is a compound?
a. Cl b. C c. NaCl d. O2
6. Sodium and chlorine combine to form
a. sand b. chalk c. sugar d. salt
7. ________________ is a combination of atoms.
a. Atom b. molecule c. element d. gas
8. What type of matter is made up by combining elements?
a. solid b. compounds c. molecule d. atom
9. Which of these is the correct symbol for aluminum?
a. Al b. aL c. AL d. al
10. How many elements have been discovered so far?
a. 100 b. 118 c. 112 d. 114
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Section B: Match the column
Column A Column B
A substance that cannot be broken into a Symbol
simpler form
When two or more elements join together Metal
chemically, forming a new substance
A substance is made up of two or more Atom
atoms
Have shiny surface Compound
One or two letters used to represent an Molecule
element.
Section C: Short Questions.
1. Carbon is an element while carbon dioxide is a compound, why?
Ans. Carbon is an element because it is made up of only one type of atoms, while carbon
dioxide is a compound because it is made up of two types of elements i.e. carbon and
oxygen.
2. Classify the following substances into elements and compounds.
i. mercury ii. Sulphur iii. Sugar iv. Water v. gold vi. Salt
vii. Oxygen
Elements Compounds
Mercury Sugar
Sulphur Water
Gold Salt
Oxygen
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3. Write three uses of aluminum.
a. Aluminum used in construction industry like high rise buildings and window frames.
b. Aluminum used in household and industrial appliances.
c. Aluminum used in motor cars, aircrafts, space crafts and ships.
4. Give symbols of sodium, calcium, cobalt, gold and mercury.
Elements Symbols
Sodium Na
Calcium Ca
Cobalt Co
Gold Au
Mercury Hg
5. Differentiate between elements and compounds. Elaborate your answer with
examples.
Elements:
The matter which consists of the same type of atoms is called elements.
Examples: iron, gold, silver, copper, oxygen and carbon.
Compounds:
The matter that is made up of two or more different types of elements is
called compound. Examples: salt, water, sugar.
6. Identify five compounds found at your home and write down their uses.
Compounds Uses
Salt Cooking and preservation
Sugar Drinks and desserts
Water Cooking, washing, drinking
Chalk Writing and drawing
Vinegar Cooking and preservation
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7. Give the similarities and differences between metals and non metals.
Similarities:
a. Both are elements.
b. Both found in nature.
c. Both can be used to make different compounds.
Differences:
Metals Nonmetals
Metals are shiny objects. Nonmetals don’t shine mostly.
Conduct heat and electricity Don’t conduct heat and electricity.
Iron, copper, silver Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen.
Section: D. long Questions.
1. Differentiate between elements and compounds. Elaborate your answer with
examples.
a. Elements:
The matter which consists of the same type of atoms is called elements.
They retain the same properties even if broken down. There are a total of 118 elements.
Most of the elements are found naturally.
Examples: gold, copper, silver, iron, oxygen, hydrogen and carbon are all elements.
b. Compounds:
A compound is a substance that is made up of two or more different
elements. Elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio.
Examples: water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), salt (NaCl) are examples of compounds.
2. Identify five compounds found at your home and write down their uses.
i. Salt (Sodium Chloride):
It makes food taste good and helps to preserve it.
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ii. Baking Soda (Sodium Bicarbonate):
It helps in bake cookies and cakes.
iii. Chalk (Calcium Carbonate):
It is used for writing and drawing.
iv. Sugar:
It is used for making sweet desserts and drinks.
v. Vinegar (Acetic Acid):
Used in cooking and can help in preservation.
3. Give the similarities and differences between metals and non metals.
Similarities:
a. Both are elements.
b. Both found in nature.
c. Both can be used to make different compounds.
Differences:
Metals Nonmetals
Metals are mostly solids, hard and strong. Non metals are mostly soft.
Metals can be bent. Non metals are brittle so they cannot easily
be bent.
Metals have high boiling and melting Non metals have low boiling and melting
points. points.
Metals are shiny objects. Nonmetals don’t shine mostly.
Conduct heat and electricity Don’t conduct heat and electricity.
Iron, copper, silver Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen.
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Unit 07
Mixtures
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Section A: MCQs.
1. When sugar is mixed in water it becomes
a. Element b. compound c. Alloy d. mixture
2. The process used to purify oil is called:
a. Evaporation b. distillation c. filtration d. winnowing
3. Which one is not an example of alloy?
a. Brass b. steel c. iron d. bronze
4. The percentage of nitrogen in air is
a. 35% b. 78% c. 87% d. 21%
5. The maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a solvent at specific
temperature is called:
a. solubility b. solution c. concentration d. mixture
6. Which of the following is the property of mixtures?
a. The substance lose their original properties
b. The substances are mixed in a fixed amount.
c. The substances can be separated by physical method.
d. Only one type of substance is mixed.
7. The solid particles which are left on filter paper while filtration are called
a. Residue b. filtrate c. solvent d. solute
8. Air is a mixture of different gases. This combination is an example of
a. chemical b. physical c. not a or b d. both physical and chemical
9. A mixture of sugar and grain is an example of
a. homogenous b. heterogeneous c. colloids d. solutions
10. Soup powder is mixed with water in this soup powder is an example of:
a. solute b. solvent c. solution d. mixture
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Section B: Short Questions
1. Give one examples of mixtures with the following combination.
A. Liquid ------- Liquid (Vinegar in Water)
B. Solid ------- Solid (Copper In Zinc)
C. Liquid ------Liquid (Water in Milk)
D. Solid -------Liquid (Sugar in Milk)
E. Gas ------- Liquid (Carbon in Water)
F. Solid ------ Gas (Smoke in Air)
2. Which process would you use to separate the following? Give the reason
a. sand and water.
Ans. We can use the filtration method because sand is insoluble in water.
b. alcohol and water .
Ans. We can use the distillation method because both have different boiling points.
c. vinegar and water.
Ans. We can use the distillation method because both have different boiling points.
3. Why is water considered as a universal solvent?
Ans. Water is considered a universal solvent because it can dissolve a wide range of
solutes in it.
4. Can you use polythene bag for filtration. If not, why?
Ans. Normally polythene bags are not suitable for filtration because substances cannot
pass through it unless we make holes in it.
5. Why is air considered as a mixture and not a compound?
Ans. Air is considered a mixture because it consists of different type of gases (nitrogen,
oxygen, carbon, smoke and dust particles). These gases physically combined together
and can be separated easily.
6. Identify substances in the following table.
Mixture Heterogeneous /Solutions
Oil and water Heterogeneous
Flour and water Heterogeneous(if dough is not made)
Milk and water Solutions
Honey and water Solutions
Orange juice Solutions
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Section C: Long Questions
1. Explain different separation techniques to get a pure substance from a mixture.
Ans. Following are some separation techniques,
a. Hand sorting: - We can use this method to separate solid mixtures by hand.
b. Sieving: - For larger quantities of solid mixtures with different sizes of particles
we can use the sieving method.
c. Filtration: - This method is used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid. Such
as sand from water.
d. Distillation: - This method is used to separate soluble solutions such as vinegar in
water.
e. Chromatography: - it is a separation method that is used to separate the
mixtures into its components by using filter papers. Such as separation of ink
dyes.
Distillation
2. Justify why the process of filtration cannot be used for separating soluble
solids?
Ans. Filtration cannot be used for separating soluble solids because,
a. Soluble solids dissolved in the liquid completely.
b. Soluble solution can pass through the filter easily.
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Unit 8 Energy
Section A. MCQs
1. Which of the following is a non renewable resource?
a. Wind b. Water c. Wild life d. Natural Gas
2. Rida lit a matchstick, what form of energy did she use?
a. Electrical b. chemical c. elastic d. light
3. Kamran is sitting motionless on a chair, his kinetic energy is,
a. maximum b. minimum c. Zero d. twice
4. When ice-cream is melting down, what type of energy is melting it?
a. electrical b. thermal c. chemical d. light
5. The energy used to cook food in a microwave oven is a form of
a. Electrical b. thermal c. elastic d. light
6. Which of the following energy conversion take place in battery operated flashlight?
a. Electrical --- > mechanical----> light b. Chemical ---> mechanical ---> light
c. Chemical ---> Electrical ---> light d. Thermal ---> Electrical ----> light
7. Fossil fuel is regarded as an energy resource which is,
a. renewable b. non renewable c. generating d. producing
8. If you are using biomass as a source of energy you might be heating with,
a. coal b. gas c. petroleum d. wood
9. Of the following choices, which best describes or defines electrical energy?
a. moving charges b. flowing water c. electric meter d. light
10. Which of the following has nothing to do with hydropower?
a. burning b. gravity c. sun d. water cycle
Section B. True or false (correct if it is false)
1. Moving car is an example of potential energy.
False kinetic
2. In thunder bolt the light energy is converted into sound energy and electricity.
True
3. We get energy from petrol to move a car.
True
4. Coal is renewable energy source.
False non-renewable
5. A lose spring possesses elastic potential energy.
True
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Section C. Short Questions.
1. How is potential energy stored in an object? Give one example.
Ans. Potential energy is stored in an object due to its position or arrangement. For
example, a stretched rubber band stores potential energy.
2. Suppose you drop a ball. It bounces a few times and then stops. Does the energy
disappear? Explain your answer.
Ans. No, the energy doesn't disappear! When the ball bounces, the energy is transferred
from one form to another:
Potential energy (stored energy) → Kinetic energy (energy of motion)
Kinetic energy → Thermal energy (heat) and Sound energy (the "bouncing" noise)
As the ball stops, the energy is converted into thermal energy, making the ball (and the
ground) slightly warmer. So, the energy is still there, just in a different form!
3. How are renewable energy resources environmental friendly?
Ans. Renewable energy sources are environmentally friendly because they:
a) Don't pollute the air (no greenhouse gases or toxic fumes)
b) Don't harm animals or their habitats
c) Help reduce waste and conserve natural resources
d) Decrease our reliance on fossil fuels (like coal, oil, and gas)
4. Can a body possess energy even when it is not in motion? Explain your answer with
an example.
Ans. Yes, a body can possess energy even when it is not in motion. This type of energy is
called potential energy.
Example: A ball at the top of a hill has potential energy due to its height. Even though
it's not moving, it has energy stored in it. As soon as it rolls down the hill, the potential
energy converts into kinetic energy (the energy of motion).
5. Why does most of the energy we use come from non renewable energy resources?
Ans. Most of the energy we use comes from non-renewable energy resources like fossil
fuels (coal, oil, and gas) because:
They are easier to extract and use.
They have been used for a long time, so the technology is well-developed.
Many power plants and vehicles are designed to use fossil fuels.
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Section D. Long Questions.
1. What do you understand by the term energy? Also write the names of different
forms of energy.
Energy:-
Energy is the ability or power to do work, like moving an object, heating something, or
lighting up a room.
Here are different forms of energy:
Kinetic Energy (Movement Energy): Energy of motion, like a rolling ball or a
running cat.
Potential Energy (Stored Energy): Energy due to position or state, like a ball at
the top of a hill or a stretched rubber band.
Thermal Energy (Heat Energy): Energy of warmth or heat, like a cup of hot
chocolate or a cozy fire.
Electrical Energy: Energy from electricity, like powering a light bulb or a
computer.
Chemical Energy: Energy stored in chemicals, like batteries or food.
Sound Energy: Energy from vibrations, like music or a bell ringing.
Mechanical Energy: Energy from movement and position, like a toy car or a
windmill.
Nuclear Energy: Energy from atomic reactions, like the sun's energy or nuclear
power plants.
2. What is potential energy? Give one example of a body that has potential energy in
each of the following,
a) Due to its position.
b) Due to its state.
Potential energy: -
Potential energy is the energy an object has due to its position or state, rather than its
motion. Potential energy is like stored energy, waiting to be released and converted into
other forms of energy.
Here are some examples:
a) Due to its position:
- A ball at the top of a hill has potential energy due to its height. If it's released, it will
roll down the hill, converting its potential energy into kinetic energy (the energy of
motion).
b) Due to its state:
- A stretched rubber band has potential energy due to its stretched state. When
released, it will snap back into shape, converting its potential energy into kinetic energy.
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3. A Bucket full of water is on the first floor of your house and another identical
bucket with the same quantity of water is kept on the second floor which of the two
has greater potential energy? Justify your answer.
Ans. Even though both buckets have the same amount of water, the one on the second
floor has more potential energy because of its position.
- The bucket on the second floor is at a higher height than the bucket on the first floor.
- Since potential energy is determined by the object's position (in this case, height), the
bucket on the second floor has more potential energy due to its greater height.
4. State and discuss the law of conservation of energy. Give one example to show the
conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy when put in use.
The Law of Conservation of Energy:
"Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another."
Energy can change forms, but the total amount of energy remains the same.
Example: A ball at the top of a hill
When the ball is at the top of the hill, it has only potential energy. As it rolls down, the
potential energy converts into kinetic energy. The total energy remains the same, but
the form of energy changes.
- Initial State: PE (potential energy) = maximum, KE (kinetic energy) = 0
- Final State: PE = 0, KE = maximum (all potential energy converted to kinetic energy)
Section E. Structured Questions.
1. Wind is blowing across the wind mill. The windmill is converting energy in wind to
electrical energy. After passing through the windmill, will there be any change in the
speed of the wind? Why?
Ans. Yes, there will be a change in the speed of the wind after passing through the
windmill. In the process of energy conversion, the wind's kinetic energy is reduced,
resulting in a slowdown of the wind speed.
2. the diagram shows water flowing from a tank through a faucet and rotating wheel,
a. what kind of energy does the water have when it is in the tank?
b. what kind of energy does the water have just before it hits the wheel?
c. suggest one change to the system that will make the wheel rotate faster?
a. The water in the tank has potential energy (specifically, gravitational potential energy)
due to its height.
b. Just before hitting the wheel, the water has kinetic energy (the energy of motion) and
potential energy (due to its height).
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c. To make the wheel rotate faster, one change could be to increase the flow rate of
water by opening the faucet more or using a larger pipe. This would increase the kinetic
energy of the water, which would transfer more energy to the wheel, making it rotate
faster.
3. a biker is going from rest at position 1. The diagram shows the biker in four
positions as he moves along a track from left to right.
a. in which position does the biker have minimum kinetic energy and maximum
gravitational potential energy? Why?
b. in which position does the biker have minimum gravitational potential energy and
maximum kinetic energy? Why?
a. Position 1 is where the biker has minimum kinetic energy (zero, since they're at rest)
and maximum gravitational potential energy (due to their height at the top of the hill).
b. Position 3 is where the biker has minimum gravitational potential energy (since
they're at the bottom of the hill) and maximum kinetic energy (due to their increased
speed after descending the hill).
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