Digital Logic Design II
Lecture 8
Dr. Shimaa Ibrahim
The course includes:
1. Introduction to Sequential Circuit Design.
2. Latches and Flipflops.
3. Counters and Shift Registers.
4. Finite State Machine FSM.
5. Sequence detector
6. Memory
7. Programmable Logic Devices PLD
8. PAL, PLA and FPGA
Memory
Memory
• Memory refers to physical devices used to store programs or data on a temporary
or permanent basis for use in a computer or other digital electronic.
• Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of non-volatile memory used
in computers and other electronic devices. Data stored in ROM cannot be
electronically modified after the manufacture of the memory device.
• The types of ROM are MROM (masked read-only memory), PROM (programmable
read-only memory), EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory) and
EEPROM (electronically erasable programmable read-only memory).
• Random Access Memory (RAM) used to read/write and it is normally associated
with volatile types of memory where stored information is lost if power is
removed. The two main types of volatile random-access semiconductor
memory are static random-access memory (SRAM) and dynamic random-access
memory (DRAM).
Memory
ROM
• Masked ROM ‘MROM’
The binary information is permanently stored in the ROM at the time of
manufacture by process called masking, but since masking is expensive, masked
ROM are economically only for large quantities.
• Programmable Read-Only Memory ‘PROM’
They are manufactured with all fusible links present and can be programmed by
user using a special device called PROM programmer.
• Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory ‘EPROM’
Reprogrammable and enables the user to modify the stored data, chips allow you
to write and rewrite them many times.
• Electronically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory ‘EEPROM’
To modify an EEPROM chip, apply localized electrical fields to erase and rewrite
the data. EEPROMs have several advantages over other types of ROM. Unlike the
earlier forms, you can rewrite EEPROM without dedicated equipment, without
removing it from the hardware, and in specifically designated increments. You
don’t have to erase and rewrite everything to make a single edit.
ROM
• ROM chip containing nx2n decoder connected to an array of m OR gates.
• Capacity of ROM = 2nxm (2n the address ,m is the word length)
ROM
• ROM controlled using enable line.
• Using ROM chips cascade in order to increase the storage capacity.
Example 2:
Using two 16x4 ROM to form 32x4 ROM
( Increase addresses )
ROM
• Example 3:
Use two 16x4 ROM to form 16x8 ROM
(Increase the word length)
Data Lines
RAM
• RAM Capacity : 2nxm ( n address line, m data line)
• CS: ‘Chip Select’ or ‘enable’ Active High
• R/W : Read /Write control
• 1K =1024 = 210
• 1M = 210K= 220
• 1G = 210M= 230
• RAM:
1- Address Expansion
2- Word Expansion
3- Address Word Expansion
Address Expansion
RAM Address Expansion
• Example 1:
Show the connection of memory 8K x 8 using RAM chips of size 2Kx8
Solution:
The overall address memory = 8K = 8x1024 = 23x 210 = 213
No. of address lines =13 “Ao→A12”
RAM chip address = 2K = 2X 210 = 211
No. of address lines =11 , we need two more address lines.
No. of RAM chips = 8K/2K = 4 chips
Data lines =8 “D0→D7”
RAM Address Expansion
RAM Address Expansion
• Example 2:
Show the connection of memory 64K x 8 using RAM chips of size 8Kx8
Solution:
The overall address memory = 64K = 64x1024 = 26x 210 = 216
No. of address lines =16 “Ao→A15”
RAM chip address = 8K = 23X 210 = 213
No. of address lines =13 , we need 3 more address lines.
No. of RAM chips = 64K/8K = 8 chips
Data lines =8 “D0→D7”
RAM Address Expansion
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.
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Word Length Expansion
RAM Word Length Expansion
• Example 3:
Show the connection of memory 8Kx16 using RAM chips of size 8Kx4
Solution:
The overall address memory =8K = 8x1024 = 23x 210 = 213
No. of address lines =13 “Ao→A12”
RAM chip address = 8K = 23X 210 = 213
No. of address lines =13.
No. of RAM chips = 16/4 = 4 chips
Data lines =16 “D0→D15”
RAM Word Length Expansion
Do : D15
Ao : A12
RAM Word Length Expansion
• Example 4:
Show the connection of memory 64K x 32 using RAM chips of size 64Kx8
Solution:
The overall address memory =64K = 64x1024 = 26x 210 = 216
No. of address lines =16 “Ao→A15”
RAM chip address = 64K = 26X 210 = 216
No. of address lines =16
No. of RAM chips = 32/8 = 4 chips
Data lines =32 “D0→D31”
RAM Word Length Expansion
Do : D31
Ao : A15
Address Word Expansion
RAM Address Word Expansion
• Example 5:
Design a memory system of 16Kx16 from RAM chips 4Kx8.
Solution:
Overall address bus = 16K = 24x 210 = 214
No. of address lines =14 “Ao→A13”
RAM chip address = 4K = 22X 210 = 212
No. of address lines =12, we need 2 more address lines.
No. of RAM chips for Address Bus = 16K/4K = 4 chips ”4 Rows”
Overall Data Bus = 16 lines (D0→D15)
RAM chips Data bus= 8 lines (D0→ D7)
No. of RAM chips for Data bus = 16/8 = 2 chips “ 2 columns”
RAM Address Word Expansion