Tutorial problems

Example 1:
A solid cylindrical aluminum conductor 25 km long has an area of 1.704564cm2. Obtain the
conductor resistance at:
(a) 20° C
(b) 50° (C)
The resistivity of aluminum at 20° is 2.8×10−8 Ωm .
Solution:

a) d2
A= =1.704564cm2
4
l 25*103
R1   2.8 X 108  4.106
A 1.706564*104
(228  50) 278
b) R2  R1  4.106  4.6
(228  20) 248
Example 2:
A three phase transmission line is designed to deliver 190.5 MVA at 220 kV over a distance of
63 km. the total transmission loss is not to exceed 2.5 percent of the rated line MVA. If the
resistivity of the conductor material at 20° is 2.8 × 10−8 Ωm , determine the required conductor
diameter and the conductor size in circular miles.
Solution:
The total transmission loss is
PL=(2.5*190.5)/100=4.7625 MW
S (190.5)103
I   =500A
3VL 3(220)

From Pl=3R I 2, the line resistance per-phase is

S (4.7625)106
I    6.35
3VL 3(500)2

The conductor cross-sectional area is

(2.84*108 )(63*103 )06
A  2.81764*104 m2
6.35
Therefore, d= 1.894cm= 0.7456 in= 556000 cmil
Example 3:
A single-phase transmission line of 35 Km long consists of two solid round conductors, each
having a diameter of 0.9 cm. The conductor spacing is 2.5 m. calculate the equivalent diameter
of a fictitious hollow, thin-walled conductor having the same equivalent inductance as the
original line. What is the value of the inductance per conductor?
0.9
Solution: r’=e-1/4r= e-1/4 ( ) =0.35 cm or
0.2
d=0.7 cm
2.5
L=0.2ln  1.314mH / Km
0.35*10-2

Example 4:
Find the geometric mean radius of a conductor in terms of the radius r of an individual strand for
(a) Three equal strands as shown in Figure 12 (a)
(b) Four equal strands as shown in Figure 12 (b)

Figure 12: figure for this example.

Solution:
a)

b)
Example 5:
A stranded conductor consists of seven identical strands each having a radius r as shown in
Figure 13. Determine the GMR of the conductor in terms of r.

Figure 13: Cross section for stranded conductor

Solution:
From Figure 13, the distance from strand 1 to all other strands is:
𝐷12 = 𝐷16 = 𝐷17 = 2𝑟 𝐷14 = 4𝑟

𝐷13 = 𝐷15 = D214  D2 45

From ( 55) the GMR of the above conductor is
With a large number of strands the calculation of GMR can become very tedious. Usually these
are available in the manufacturer’s data.
Example 6:
Calculate the inductance per phase for the three-phase, double-circuit line whose phase
conductors have a GMR of 0.06 ft, with the horizontal conductor configuration as shown in
Figure 15.

As a result,
As a result,

Example 7:
One circuit of a single-phase transmission line is composed of three solid wires, each 0.1 in. in
radius. The return circuit is composed of two wires, each 0.2 in. in radius. The arrangement of
conductors is shown in Figure 16. Find the inductance due to the current in each side of the line
and the inductance of the complete line in millihenrys per mile.

Figure 16: Arrangement of conductors for this example

Solution
Example 9:
A single-circuit three-phase line operated at 60 Hz is arranged as shown in Figure 18. Each
conductor is No. 2 single-strand hard-drawn copper wire. Find the inductance and inductive
reactance per phase per mile.

Or, from Tables :

Inductive reactance at 1 ft spacing = 0.581
Inductive reactance spacing factor for 5.45 ft = 0.2058
Inductive reactance per phase = 0.7868 ohm/phase/mile
Example 10:
Find the inductive reactance per mile of a two-conductor single-phase line operating at 60 Hz.
The conductors are each No. 1/0 seven-strand hard-drawn copper wire spaced 18 ft bet,veen
centers.
Solution:
The area of stranded conductor is A=105500 circular mils (from Tables)

Which is the value listed in Tables for 𝐷𝑠 at 60 Hz. Arrangement of calculated and tabulated
values indicates that skin effect is negligible for this case.

The latter method is preferred if tables are available giving inductive reactances a 1ft (or 1meter)
spacing and the inductive reactances spacing factor, for then it is necessary only to add these two
values found in tables.
Since the conductors composing the two sides of the line are identical, the inductive reactance of
the line is
𝑋𝐿 = 2 × 0.897 = 1.794 ohms/mile
Example 11:
One circuit of a single-phase transmission line is composed of three solid 0.5cm radius wires.
The return circuit is composed of two solid 2.5-cm radius wires.
The arrangement of conductors is as shown in Figure 35. Applying the concept of the GMD and
GMR, find the inductance of the complete line in millihenry per kilometer.

Figure 20: Conductor layout for this example.

Solution:
Example 12:
A three-phase transposed line is composed of one ACSR 159,000 cmil, 54/19 Lapwing
conductor per phase with flat horizontal spacing of 8 meters as shown in Figure 13. The GMR of
each conductor is 1.515 cm.
(a) Determine the inductance per phase per kilometer of the line.
(b) This line is to be replaced by a two-conductor bundle with 8-m spacing measured from the
center of the bundles as shown in Figure 14. The spacing between the conductors in the bundle is
40 cm. If the line inductance per phase is to be 77 percent of the inductance in part (a), what
would be the GMR of each new conductor in the bundle?

Solution
a)
 b)

Now

Example 15:
A completely transposed 60H-z three phase line has flat horizontal phase spacing with 10 m
between adjacent conductors. The conductors are 1,590,000 cmil ACSR with 54/3 stranding.
Line length is 200 Km. Determine the inductance in H and inductive reactance in ohms.
Solution:
Form tables 𝐷𝑠 = 0.0159 m
Then 𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 12.6 m
Then, 𝐿𝑎 = 0.267 H
Thus, 𝑋𝑎 = 101 Ω
Example 16:
A completely transposed 60H-z three phase line has flat horizontal phase spacing with 10 m
between adjacent conductors. The conductors are 1,590,000 cmil ACSR with 54/3 stranding.
Line length is 200 Km. Determine the inductance in H and inductive reactance in ohms.
Now, each of the 1,590,000 cmil conductors is replaced by two 795,000 cmil ACSR 26/2
conductors as shown in Figure 21. Bundle spacing is 0.40m. flat horizontal spacing is retained,
with 10 m between adjacent bundle centers. Calculate the inductive reactance of the line and
compare it with the previous question.
Solution:
1) Form tables 𝐷𝑠=0.0159 m
Then 𝐷𝑒𝑞=12.6 m
Then, 𝐿𝑎=0.267 𝐻
Thus, 𝑋𝑎=101 𝛺
2)
From tables 𝐷𝑠=0.0114 m
The two conductor bundle GMR is 𝐷𝑆𝐿=0.0676 m
Since 𝐷𝑒𝑞=12.6 m from the first question:
Then, 𝐿𝑎=0.209 𝐻
Thus, 𝑋𝑎=78.8 𝛺
The reactance of the bundled line 78.7 ohms, is 22% less than of the first question, even though
the two conductor buddle has the same amount of conductor material (that is, the same cmil per
phase). One advantage of reduced series reactance is smaller line voltage drops. Also, the
loadability of medium and long EHV lines is increased.
Example 17:
If a single phase line haz as parameters D=5ft, r=0.023 ft, and a flat horizontal spacing H=18ft
average line height, determine the effect of the earth on capacitance. Assume a perfectly
conducting earth plane.
Solution:
The earth plane is replaced by a separate image for each overhead conductor, and the conductors
are charged as shown in Figure 29. The voltages between conductors x and y is:
The line to line capacitance is

Compared with 5.169 × 10−12 F/m (without the earth effect). The earth effect plane is to slightly
increase the capacitance. Note that as the line height H increases, the ratio 𝐻𝑥𝑦 𝐻𝑥𝑥 → 0, and
the effect of the earth becomes negligible.
Example 18:
A 500kV three phase transposed line is composed of one ACSR 1,272,000 cmil, 45/7 Bittern
conductor per phase with horizontal conductor configuration as shown in Figure 30. The
conductors have a diameter of 1.345 in and a GMR of 0.5328 in. find the inductance and
capacitance per phase per kilometer of the line.

Solution:
Conductor radius is 𝑟 = 1.345/( 2 × 12) = 0.056 ft
And 𝐺𝑀𝑅𝐿=0.5328/12=0.0444 ft

And 𝐺𝑀𝐷= 3
35*35*70 =44.097 ft
44.097
The inductance per phase is 𝐿=0.2 ln =1.38 mH/km
0.0444
0.0556
And the capacitance per phase is 𝐶= =0.0083 μF/km
44.097
ln
0.056
Example 19: