EXAMPLES: a  = p   v 

1. (a) (i) What are the basic rules of

( )
2
dimensional analysis. = ML−1T −2 L3
(ii) What is the importance of
a  = ML5 T −2
dimensional analysis inspite of its
drawn backs? Also b is subtracted form v , thus have
(b) The Van der Waals equation for real the same dimension with volume , v
b′ = v  = L3
gases is given by
 a 
(
 p + 2  v − b = RT
v 
) 2. (a) (i) Define the terms fundamental

units and derived units , giving
where p is the pressure , R is gas constant ,
v is the volume and T represent absolute one example for each.
temperature what are the dimensions of the (ii) Why the units of mass length and
constants ‘a’ and ‘‘b’’? time are called fundamental
Solution units?
(a) (i) Dimensional analysis is based on (b) The wavelength λ of wave associated
two simple rules:- with momentum of the particle is
• We can add or subtract given by
quantities only if they have the λ= h
same dimensions. For example p
we cannot add an area to a Where h is the constant and p
force to obtain a meaningful represent momentum.
sum. (i) Determine the dimensions of h.
• An equation is correct if each (ii) Suggest the two possible units of
and every term on the two sides the constant , h.
of an equal sign has the same Solution
dimension eg. A = B + C (a) (i) Refer to your notes.
i.e [ A ] = [ B ] = [ C ] (ii) The units of these quantities
(ii) In many physical situations it is can be defined itself without
very difficult to obtain the formula depends on any other unit(s) of
of a physical quantity it is because the quantities.
the mathematical analysis involved (b) (i) Given that
is too difficult in such situations , λ = h
p
dimensional analysis can be
h = λp
powerful tool.
(b) Given that Dimensionally
 λ  = L P = MLT −1
a 
v 
(
 p + 2  v − b = RT )  h  = λ  p  = L ⋅ MLT −1

Dimensionally
 p  = ML−1T −2 ,  V  = L3  h  = ML2 T −1
Since a is added on the sides of (ii) Possible units of h
v2
pressure than have the same dimension h = kgm2s−1 = kgms−2 = Nms
with pressure.
a  = Js
2
= p Two possible units of h are
v  kgm2s-1 or Js.
3. (a) Define the terms:-
(i) Measurement
(ii) Physical quantity
(iii) Dimensional analysis.
 2
Measurement of physical quantity

What are the dimensions of ‘a’ , ‘b’

(b) (i) State the main features or and ‘c’?
characteristics of units. (b) (i) What is meant by the statement than
(ii) The position X of a particle depend ‘an equation is homogeneous with
upon time t according to the respect to its units?
equation (ii) The stress , s required to fracture a
x = at + bt2. solid can be expressed as
Determine the dimensions and λE
units of ‘a’ and ‘b’. What are the s = k
d
physical quantities denoted by Where k is dimensionless constant , E
them. is the young’s modulus and d is the
Solution distance between the planes of atoms
(a) Refer to your notes separated by the fracture. If the
(b) (i) Refer to your notes. equation is dimensionally consistent ,
(ii) Given that : x = at + bt2 find the dimensions of the physical
Dimensionally quantity λ and suggest the meaning of
this quantity.
 x  = L  t = T Solution
b
(a) Since v = at +
Apply principle of dimensional homogeneity. t + c
Dimensionally
a   t =  x 
 v  = LT −1 ,  t = T
x  Apply principle of dimensions
a  =   =
L
= LT−1 homogeneity.
 t T
a   t =  v 
a  = LT−1 v LT−1
a  =   = = LT−2
 t T
Unit of a is m/s and a represent velocity
Again ,
a  = LT −2
2
b   t =  x  Since C is added on the time , ten C have
dimension of time.
x  L c  =  t = T
b = 2
= = LT−2
t T2 Also
b
=  v 
 t + c 
 b  = LT −2

Unit of b is m/s2 and b represent

 b  =  v   t + c  = LT −1T
acceleration.

4. (a) The velocity v of the particle b  = L

depends upon time according to the
(b) (ii) The statement means that each and
relation.
every term of the expression or
b
v = at + equation has been expressed in the
t + c same unit.

Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)

 3
Measurement of physical quantity

(ii) Given that n for the formula to dimensionally and

consistent?
λE
s = k
d
(b) The number of particles of crossing unit
λE
s 2
= k2 area perpendicular to x – axis in a unit
d time is given by
λ =
s2 d
k2 E n =
(
−D n2 − n1 )
Dimensionally (x 2
− x1 )
s  = ML−1T −2 d  = L Where n1 and n2 are the number of
particles per unit volume for the value of
E  = ML−1T −2 x1 and x2 respecticely. What are the
dimensions of diffusion constant D?
Now,
2
Solution
s  d (a) Given that
λ  =  
E v n = 2ax
Dimensionally
2
ML−1T−2  ⋅ L  v  = LT −1 , a  = LT −2
=  
−1 −2
ML T  x  = L
−2 −2
λ  = ML T

= MT n
Now ,  v  = a   x 
The quantity λ is an elastic constant of the n
LT−1  = LT−2 ⋅ L
solid.  
n 2
LT−1  = LT−1 
5. (a) State two advantages of dimensional    
analysis. n = 2
(b) The force F is given in terms of time (b) Given that
‘t’ and displacement by the equation
F = A cos BX + C sin Dt n = −D
(n 2 )
− n1

What are the dimensions of D ? (x 2

−x ) 1

(x −x )
B
Solution D = −n
2 1

(a) Refer to your notes (n 2

−n ) 1
(b) Since BX and Dt are angles and hence are Dimensionally
dimensionless quantities.
number of particles
B   X  = D   t = 1 n =
Area × time
D  X  L 1 1
= LT−1 n  = = 2 = L−2 T −1
  = =  A   t L T
B  t T
D −1
  = LT number of particles
B
  n 2 − n1 =
volume
1
6. (a) The variables displacement X velocity  n 2 − n1  = 3
= L−3
V and acceleration are related by an L
equation x 2 − x1 = distance ,  x 2 − x1  = L
v n = 2ax Now
Where n is an integer constant without
dimension. What must be the value of
Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)
 4
Measurement of physical quantity

n   x − x1  (b) Find the dimensions of a in the

D =    2 b
n2 − n1  equation
L−2 T−1 ⋅ L a − t2
= p =
L3 bx
Where p is the pressure and x is
 D  = L2 T −1
distance , t is the time.
Solution
7. NECTA 2006/P1/1(b) (a) Refer to your notes
(i) Distinguish between fundamental of
physical quantities and derived of
physical quantities giving one example a − t2
for each. (b) Given that p =
bx
(ii) An equation showing a body that is
a t2
accelerating vertically upwards is given p = −
bx bx
by s = at2 – bt3 where s and t are
Dimensionally
measured in meter and seconds
[ p ] = ML-1T-2 , [ X ] = L , [ t ]
respectively. Determine the dimensions
=T
and units of ‘a’ and ‘b’
Apply principle of dimensional analysis
Solution
a 
(i) Refer to your notes = p 
(ii) Given that s = at2 – bt3 b   x 
Dimensionally a  −1 −2
[s]=L,[t]=T   =  p   x  = ML T L
b
 
Assume that the given equation is the
dimensionally correct.
a  −2
  = MT = ML
T −2
2
a   t  =  s 
b
 

s  L 9. (a) The velocity of a body moving in

a  = = = LT−2
 t
2
T2 viscous medius is given by
A −t

V = 1− e B
B 
a  = LT −2
Where t is a time , A and B constants .
Unit of a is m/s2 Find dimensions of A.
Also (b) The equation relating the current I
3
 b   t  =  s  through a semiconductor diode to the
applied potential v at temperature T
is given by
s L − qv
b = 3
= = LT−3 I = I
e KT

t T3
Where the exponential function, q is
the electronic charge, and k is the
 b  = LT −3 Boltzmann’s constant. Find the units
of k.
Unit of b is m/s3
Solution
(a) Given that
8. (a) What is the basis of principle
homogeneity of dimensions? A −t
B
V = 1 − e 
B 
Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)
 5
Measurement of physical quantity

A A −tB ω  x 
V = − e = 1
B B  v 
Dimensionally
 V  = LT −1 ,  t = T v  LT−1
 x  =   =
t ω T−1
The term is a dimensionless
B  x  = L
 t
= 1 ,  t = B Also  k  ω = 1
B
1 1
 t = B  = T  k  = = = T
 ω T −1
Assume that the equation is the
k  = T
dimensionally correct
A EXERCISE – 1
=  V  1. (a) A force is given by F = at + bt2 where t
B is a time. What are dimensions of ‘a’
A  =  V   B  = LT −1T and ‘b’?
(b) What is the dimension of a/b in the
 A  = M
LT
= L
expression? F = a x + bt2 Where F is
− qv the force , x is the displacement and t is
I = Ie KT
the time.
qv Answer : (a) [ a ] = MLT-3 , [ b ] =
Also = dimensionless
KT MLT-4
q   v  a 
(b)   = M
L− 2 T2 
1

= 1  
k  b

q   v 
k  =     =
CV 2. The displacement of a particle moving
T Kelvin along the x – axis is given by x = at + bt2 –
ct3 where t is the time. Find the dimensions
 k  = J Kelv of a , b and c
∴ SI unit of K is JK–1 Answer : [ a ] = LT-1 [ b ] = LT-2 [ c ] = LT-3

αz
10. The equation of a wave is given by α − kθ
3. In the relation p = e where p is the
β
y = r sin ω  x − kπ 
 v  pressure , z is distance , k is the Boltzmann
Where the symbols have their usual constant , θ is the temperature state the
meanings. What are the dimension of x and dimensional formula of β.
k? Answer : [ MoL2To ]
Solution
Given that : 4. (a) Why do we use square bracket round
y = r sin ω  x − kπ  M , L and T?
 v  (b) Turpentine oil is flowing through a
 ωx  tube of length L and radius r. The
y = r sin  − kωπ 
 v  pressure difference between two ends
The dimension of argument or angle is of the tube is p. the viscocity of
MoLoTo or 1 the oil given by.

Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)

 6
Measurement of physical quantity

n = p
(r 2
− x2 ) used to determine n? account for your
answer.
4VL
Hints:
Hints:
Where v is the velocity of the oil at a
(a) Yes , it is possible for example the
distance x from the axis of the tube.
dimensions of torque and work both
What is the dimension of n? Answer :
are ML2T-2 . However, torque has a unit
(b) ML-1T-1
of Nm and work has a unit joule (J).
(b) No , dimensional analysis cannot used
5. Given the relation
to determine the value of the exponent
c n. this is because c is a dimensionless
v = at +
t+d constant.
Where v is the velocity and t is time 9. The equation relating current I through a
(i) What are the dimensions of a , c and d? semiconductor diode to the applied
(ii) What does d represents potential difference v at temperature T is
ev
−
Answer: (i) [ a ] = LT-2 [ c ] = L [ d ] = T I = I
e kT

(ii) Time
Where e is the electron charge and k is the
constant known as Boltzmann constant.
What is the dimension of k? Answer:
6. (a) (i) What is a dimensional equations? ML2T-2K-1
(ii) Give two uses of dimensional EXAMPLES
equations. 11. (a) Differentiate between the physical
(b) The speed v of an object is given by the equation and dimension equation .
equation (b) Use the method of dimensional analysis
v = αt3 − βt to find the expression for drag force F
Where t is a time. What are the given that F is a function of radius R ,
dimensions of α and β. density ρ and velocity , v
Solution
7. The number of particles n acrossing a unit
(a) Physical equation is a mathematical
area perpendicular to x – axis in a unit time
expression with physical
is given as
parameters with some unknown
( )
2
 D n2 − n2  which are supposed to be found.
n =  
2 1

 (
 x2 − x 2 
2 1  ) While dimensional equation is the
equation obtained by equating the
Where n1 and n2 are the number of physical quantity with its
particles per unit volume for the values of dimensional formula
x1 and x2 respectively. What are the (b) F α Rxρy Vz
dimensions of diffusion constant , D ?
F = KRx ρy Vz
8. (a) Is it possible for two quantities to have Where k is the dimensionless
the same dimensions but different constant x , y and z are
units? Support your answer with an any real numbers
example and an explanation. Dimensionally
(b) A student wish to determine integer [ F ] = MLT-2 [R]=L
value of the exponent in the equation y [ ρ ] = ML -3 [ V ] = LT-1
= cnat2. Dimensions of y , a and t Now
known. It is known that c no [ F ] = [ R ]x [ ρ ]y [ V ]z
dimensions can dimension analysis be MLT-2 = Lx (ML-3)y (LT-1)z

Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)

 7
Measurement of physical quantity

On equating indices / powers Dimensionally

M : 1 = y …………………...…(i) [ M ] = [ V ]x [ ρ ]y [ g ]z
L : 1 = x – 3y + z ……………(ii) M1L0T0 = (LT-1)x(ML-3)y (LT-2)z
T : -2 = -z …………………....(iii) ML0T0 = MyLx – 3y + z T-x – 2z
On solving z = 2 , y = 1 On equating indices
1=x–3+2 M : 1 = y…………….…..(i)
x=2 L : 0 = x – 3y + z……....(ii)
F = KR2ρV2 T : 0 = -x – 2z…………(iii)
On solving simultaneously
12. (a) The frequency f of a note produced by a X = 6 , y = 1 , z = -3
wire stretched between two supports M = KV6g-3ρ
depends on the distance L between the KV 6ρ V 6ρ
supports , mass per unit length of wire M = or M α
g3 g3
µ and the tension (T) in the wire. Use
dimensional analysis to find how f is 13. The velocity of transverse waves along a
related to l , µ and T. string can be expressed in terms of the
(b) The mass (M) of the tangent stone that tension in the string (T) and mass per unit
can be moved by a flowing river length (µ ) in the string. Use the method of
depends on the velocity (V) of the river dimensional analysis to derive the
, the density (ρ) of the water and the expression of V in terms T and µ.
acceleration due to gravity , g . Find Solution
how M is related to V , g and ρ. V α Tx µy , V = KTx µy
Solution Where x , y and k are dimensionless
(a) f α Lxµy Tz constant.
f = kLxµy Tz Dimensionally
K is the dimensionless constant , x [ V ] = LT-1 [ T ] = MLT-2
and z are any real numbers. [ µ ] = ML-1
Dimensionally Now
[ F ] = T-1 [L]=L [ V ] = [ T ]x [ µ ]y
[ µ ] = ML-1 [ T ] = MLT-2 M0LT-1 = (MLT-2)x (ML-1)y
Now M0LT-1 = Mx + y Lx – y T-2X
[ F ] = [ L ]x [ µ ]y [ T ]z On equating indices
M L0T-1 = Lx (ML-1)y (MLT-2)z
0 M : 0 = x + y………………(i)
M0L0T-1 = My+z Lx-y+z T-2z L : 1 = x – y ……………...(ii)
On equating indices/ power T : -1 = -2x………………..(iii)
M : 0 = y + z…………..(i) On solving : x = ½ , y = -½
L : 0 = x – y + z………(ii) V = KT ½ µ-½
T : -1 = -2z……………(iii) T
V=K
On solving simultaneously µ
x = -1 y = -½ z=½
f = KL-1µ-½ T½ 14. (a) (i) With the help of example
1
KT 2
K T distinguish between dimensions
f =   = and unit.
Lµ L µ
(ii) What is the basic requirement for a
(b) M α Vxρygz
physical relation to be correct?
M = KVxρygz
Where k is dimensionless constant
(b) The rate flow of volume v/t of the fluid
x , y and z are any real numbers
in the pipe of length L found to
Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)
 8
Measurement of physical quantity

depend on the pressure gradient (p/L) Solution

coefficient of viscosity (n) and the (i) Refer to your notes
radius (r) of the pipe. Using (ii) V α rxρynz
dimensional analysis obtain a relation V = krxρynz
between v/t and the given quantities. Where k , x , y and z are
Solution dimensionless constants.
(a) (i) Refer to your notes Dimensionally
(ii) Dimensional consistency is the [ V ] = LT-1 , [r ] = L [ ρ ] =
basic requirement for a physical ML -3

relation to be correct , it of the [ n ] = ML-1T-1

course not sufficient. Now
v p
x [ V ] = [ r ]x [ ρ ] y [ n ]z
(b) α   n y rz M0LT-1 = Lx(ML-3)y(ML-1T-1)z
t L
M0LT-1 = My + z Lx – 3y – z T-z
x
v p On equating indices/powers
= k   n y rz
t L M : 0 = y + z……..……(i)
Where k is the dimensionless constant , L : 1 = x – 3y – z…….(ii)
x , y and z are any real numbers T : -1 = -z…………....(iii)
Dimensionally On solving x = -1 , y = -1 , z = 1
[ v/t ] = L3T-1 [ A/L ] = ML-2T-2 kn
V = kr-1ρ-1n =
[ n ] = ML T
-1 -1 [r]=L ρr
Now
x
v p y z 16. NECTA 2002 /P1/1(b)
  =    n   r  (i) What are dimensional equation?
t L 
(ii) State any two uses of dimensional
M0L3T-1 = (ML-2T-2)x (ML-1T-1)yLz
equation?
M0L3T-1 = Mx + y L-2x – y + ZT-2x – y
(iii) A gas bubble from an explosion under
water is found to oscillate with period
On equating indices
T , which is proportional to Pa db and Ec
M : 0 = x + y…………...…(i)
where p is pressure , d is the density
L : 3 = -2x – y + z……….(ii)
and E is the energy of the explosion.
T : -1 = -2x – y…………..(iii)
Find the values of the a , b and c .
On solving simultaneous
Hence determine the units of the
X = 1 , y = -1 , z = 4
proportionality.
( )
1
v
= K P n −1 r 4 Solution
t L
(i) and (ii) Refer to your
v kpr 4
= notes
t nL (iii) T α Pa db EC
T = KPa db EC
15. NECTA 2001/P1/1(b)
Dimensionally
(i) Mention any two uses of dimension
[ T ] = [ P ]a [ d ]b [ E ]c
analysis
M0LT = (ML-1T-2)a(ML-3)b (ML2T-2)c
(ii) The velocity (v) of a liquid beyond
M0L0T1 = Ma +b + cL-a-3b_2cT-2a-2c
which streamline flows ceases and
On equating indices / powers
turbulence begins depends on the
M : 0 = a + b + c…………...….(i)
radius (r) of the tube density (ρ) and
L : 0 = -a – 3b + 2c…………..(ii)
viscosity (n) of the liquid. Using
T : 1 = -2a – 2c………………(iii)
dimensions , obtain an expression of v
On solving simultaneously
in terms of r , ρ and n.
Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)
 9
Measurement of physical quantity

−5 1 1 L : -1 = y + z.………(ii)
a= , b= , c=
6 2 3 T : -1 = -z………….(iii)
Since k is constant of proportionality i.e On solving : x = 1 , y = -1 , z = 1
dimensionless constant , therefore k has no n = kmd-2v
unit. kmv
n= 2
d
17. NECTA 2003 /P1/1(a) Mass of helium (molar mass) M1 = 4
(i) State the universal law and gravitation Mass of methane (molar mas) M2 =
and find the dimension of G. 16
(ii) The viscosity n of the gas depend on
kmv
the mass M, the effective diameter d d =
n
and the mean speed of the molecules v ,
use dimensional analysis to find and km 2 v
Methane : d2 =
expression for n. hence estimates the n2
diameter of methane (CH4) molecule km 2 v
given that n = 2 × 10-5kgm-1s-1 for Helium : d1 =
n1
helium and n = 1.1 ×
10 kgm s for methane and that the
-5 -1 -1 d2 km 2 v km1 v
=
diameter of the helium is 2.1 × 10-10m. d1 n2 n1
Solution
 m  n 
(i) The law state that ‘‘The magnitude d2 = d1  2   1 
 m  n 
of gravitational force of attraction  1  2 
between two heavy bodies in the
 16   2 × 10 −5 
inverses is directly proportional to = 2.1 × 10 −10    −5 
the product of masses and  4   1.1 × 10 
inverselly proportional to the
square of their distance apart’’. d2 = 5.6633 × 10−10 m
GM1M2
F = 18. NECTA 2004/P1/1(a)
r2
Dimension of G (i) What is meant by the term dimensions
of physical quantity?
Fr 2
G = (ii) Give two uses of dimensions analysis.
M 1M 2
(iii) Use the method of dimension to obtain
2
F   r  the relationship between the lift force
G =     per unit wing span on an aircraft wing
M1  M2 
of width L moving with velocity v
MLT −2 ⋅ L through air of density , ρ on the
=
MM parameter L , V and ρ
−1 3 −2
G  = M L T Solution
(ii) n = kmxdyvz (iii) Let φ = lift force per width of wing
Where k , x , y and z are span
dimensionless constants. φ α lxvyρz
Dimensionally φ = kLxvyρz
[ n ] = [ m ]x [ d ]y [ z ] z K, x, y and z are any real numbers.
MLT-1 = MxLy(LT-1)z Dimensionally
M-1T-1 = Mx Ly+z T-z  F  MLT −2
 Φ  =   = = ML0 T −2
On equating indices L  L
M : 1 = x…….….…..(i) [ L ] = L [ V ] = LT-1
Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)
 10
Measurement of physical quantity

[ ρ ] = ML-3 (ii) If v = 14m/s when p = 1 × 105Pa and

Now, ρ = 1000kgm-3. Deduce C.
x y z
 Φ  =  L   V  ρ 
(b) After being deformed , a spherical drop
( ) ( ML )
y z
−2 −1 −3
ML T0
= L LT
x
of liquid will execute periodic
vibrations about its sphere . the
ML0 T −2 = M z Lx + y − 3z T − y frequency f of vibrations of the drop
On equating indices/powers
will depend on the surface tension γ of
M : 1 = z………………..(i)
the drop , its density ρ and on the
L : 0 = x + y – 3z….…..(ii)
radius r of the drop . Using the method
T : -2 = -y………….…..(iii)
of dimensions obtain an expression for
On solving simultaneously
the frequency of these vibrations in
x=1,y=2,z=1
terms of the related physical quantities.
Φ = KLρV2
Solution
(a) V = cpxρy
19. Viscosity force (F) on the sphere moving in
Dimensionally
a fluid is found to depend on radius of the
[ v ] = LT-1 [ P ] = ML-1T-2
sphere (r) coefficient of viscosity (n) of the
[ ρ ] = ML-3 [ V ] = [ P ]x [ ρ ]
fluid and the speed (v) of the speed. Find an y
expression of force (f) that relates the given
M0LT-1 = (ML-1T-2)x(ML-3)y
quantities.
M0LT-1 = Mx + y L-x – 3y T-2x
Solution
On equating indices or powers
F α rxnyvz
M : 0 = x + y………..…..(i)
F = krxnyvz
L : 1 = -x – 3y…………(ii)
Where k , x , y and z are dimensionless
T : -1 = -2x…………….(iii)
quantities.
On solving : x = ½ , y = -½
Dimensionally
[ f ] = MLT-2 [r] =L (ii) V = C p
[ n ] = ML T-1 -1 [ V ] = LT-1 ρ
Now 105
14 = C
[ F] = [ r ]x [ n ]y [ v ] z 1000
MLT-2 = Lx (ML-1T-1)y (LT-1)z C = 1.4
MLT-2 = MyLx – y + z T-y – z (b) F α r ρ γ x y z

On equating indices / powers F = krxρyγz

M : 1 = y ………….………(i) K , x , y and z dimensionless
L : 1 = x – y + z.…………(ii) quantities
T : -2 = -y – z …………..(iii) Dimensionally
On solving : x = y = z = 1 [ f ] = T-1 [r]=L
∴ F = krnv [ ρ ] = ML -3 [ γ ] =
MT-2
20. (a) A liquid having small depth but large Now
volume is forced by an applied pressure [ f ] = [ r ]x [ ρ ] y [ γ ]z
p above it to escape with velocity , v M L T-1 = Lx (ML-3)y (MT-2)z
0 0

through a small hole below if v , is M0L0T-1 = My + z Lx – 3y T-2z

given by On equating indices / powers
V = cpxρy M : 0 = y + z……………....(i)
Where ρ is the liquid density c , x and y L : 0 = x – 3y……….……(ii)
are dimensionless constant. T : -1 = -2x………………(iii)
(i) Determine x and y On solving x = 3 2 , y = -½ , z = ½
Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)
 11
Measurement of physical quantity

−3 −1 1
f = kr ρ γ 1
= × 1% + × 2%
2 2 2

2
γ ∆f
f = k × 100% =
3
%
ρr3 f 2
Df
= 0.015
21. NECTA 2007/P1/1(b) f
(ii) The frequency f of a note given by an ∆f = 0.015f = 0.015 × 256
organ pipe depends on the length L the ∆f = 3.84Hz
air pressure p and the air density D . New frequency f' = f + ∆f
use the method of dimensions to find a f' = 256 + 3.84
formula for the frequency. f' = 259.84Hz
(iii) What will be new frequency of a pipe
whose original frequency was 256Hz if 22. NECTA 2010/P1/1
the air density fall by 2% and the (a) Mention two uses of dimensional
pressure increases by 1%. analysis
Solution (b) The critical velocity of a liquid in a
(ii) F α Lxpydz certain pipe is 3m/s. Assuming that the
F = KLxpydz critical velocity v depends on the
K = constant of proportionality. density (ρ) of the liquid, its
x , y and z are any real numbers. viscosity , n and the diameter of the
Dimensionally pipe , d.
[ f ] = T-1 [L]=L (i) Use the method of dimensional
[ p ] = ML-1T-2 [ D ] = ML-3 analysis to derive the equation of
the critical velocity of the liquid in
Now
a pipe of half the diameter.
[ f ] = [ L ]x [ p ]y [ D ] z (ii) A freely body acquire a velocity gxhy after
M0L0T-1 = Lx (ML-1T-2)y (ML-3)z falling through height , h . using
M0L0T-1 = My+ z Lx – y – 3z T-2y dimensions to find the value of x and y
On equating indices / powers Solution
M : 0 = y + z………….….….(i) (a) Refer to your notes
L : 0 = x – y – 3z……...……(ii) (b) (i) v α ρxnydz
V = kρxnydz
T : -1 = -2y…………………(iii)
K , x , y and z are any real numbers
On solving x = -1 , y = ½ , z = -½ Dimensionally
F = KL-1P½ D-½ [ v ] = [ ρ ]x [ n ] y [ d ] z
K P = (ML-3)x(ML-1T-1)y(L)z
F =
L D M LT = Mx + y L-3x – y + zT-y
0 -1

K P On equating indices or powers

(iii) F = M : 0 = x + y …………(i)
L D
L : 1 = -3x – y + z……..(ii)
Since K and L re constant
T : -1 = -Y……………….(iii)
The maximum fractional error on f
y = 1 , x = -y = 1
Df 1  ∆p ∆D 
=  +  1 = -3(-1) -1 + z
f 2 p D 
1 = 3 -1 + z = 2 + z
Percentage error z = -1
Df 1  ∆p  1  ∆D  v = kρ-1n1d-1
× 100% =  × 100%  +  × 100% 
f 2 p  2 D  kn
v=
ρd

Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)

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Measurement of physical quantity

(ii) v1 = 3m/s , d1 = d Dimensionally

v2 = ? d2 = d/2 [ VT ] = [mg ]a [ n ]b [ r ]c
kn kn M0L1T-1 = (MLT-2)a (ML-1T-1)b Lc
v1 = , v2 =
ρ d1 ρd 2 M0L1T-1 = Ma + b La – b + c T-2a – b
On equating indices
v2 kn kn d1
= = M : 0 = a + b………………......(i)
v1 ρd2 ρd1 d2 L : 1 = a – b + c…………..….(ii)
  T : -1 = -2a – b………………(iii)
d  d
v2 = v1  1  = 3m / s   On solving : a = 1 , b = c = -1
d  d 
 2   2  mg
VT = k
v2 = 6m/s nr
(c) Student assignment
x =y=½ EXAMPLES
24. (a) Can dimensional analysis tell you that a
23. (a) If force (F) , area (A) and density (D) are physical relation is completely right?
taken as fundamental units , find the (b) The frequency of vibration of stretched
dimensional formula for M , L and T in string is a function of tension (T) ,
terms of F , A and D. length (L) and mass per unit length (µ) .
(b) A steel ball of radius r is allowed to fall using dimensional analysis to prove
under gravity through a column of a that
viscous liquid of coefficient of viscosity K T
f =
n after some time the velocity of the L µ
ball attains a constant volume VT. The Where k is the dimensionless constant
terminal velocity depends upon
(i) The weight of the ball mg Solution
(ii) Coefficient of viscosity n (a) Even if a physical relation is
(iii) Radius of the ball by the method of dimensionally correct , it does not
dimensions derives the relation for prove that the relation is
terminal velocity. completely correct it is because the
Solution
Solution numerical factor in the relation can
(a) Dimensionally be wrong. Thus a dimensional
[ F ] = [ M1L1T-2 ] [ A ] = [ L2 ] check can tell you when a relation
[D]=[ML ] 1 -3
is wrong , it cannot tell you that it
Now is completely right.
M = [ DL3 ] L = [ A½
K T
] (b) f =
L µ
[ M ] = [ DA3/2 ]
Dimensionally
Now [ F ] = T-1 [ T ] = MLT-2
F = [ M1L1T-2 ] [ µ ] = ML-1
F = [ DA3/2A½ T-2 ] [ L.H.S ] = [ F ] = T-1
T2 = DA2F-1 1  T  1 MLT −2
 R.H.S = =
T = [ D½ A1F-½ ]  L  µ  L ML−1
(b) VT α ( mg ) n b r c
a

( ) 1
a
VT = k mg nbrc = ⋅ LT −1 = T −1
L
Where k is a dimensionless R.H.S = T −1
constant
Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)
 13
Measurement of physical quantity

Since [L.H.S] = [ R.H.S] = T-1 , [ L.H.S ] = [ F ] = MLT-2

Therefore the given equation is [ R.H.S ] = [ n ] [ v ] [ r ]
dimensionally correct. = ML-1T-1LT-1L
[ R.H.S ] = MLT-2
25. (a) Check the correctness of the following Since [ R.H.S ] = [ L.H.S ] =
equation. MLT-2
2T cos θ Thus, the equation is
h = dimensionally correct.
rdg
Where θ is the angle of contact , d is
the density of the liquid , r is the radius 26. NECTA 2005 /P1/(b)
of the tube , g is the acceleration due (i) Distinguish between derive and
to gravity , h is the height of the liquid fundamental quantities
and T is the surface tension. (ii) A small liquid drop is distributed its
(b) Using dimensional analysis , check the spherical shape and thus set oscillation ,
correctness of the following relations:- the frequency of oscillation is given by
f2ρr3 = kγ where ρ is the density of the
L liquid drop r is its radius , γ is the
(i) T = 2π
g surface tension of the liquid. Show by
(ii) F = 6πnvr the dimensional analysis that k is
Each symbol have usual meaning dimensionless constant.
Solution Solution
2T cos θ (i) Refer to your notes
(a) Given that h =
rdg (ii) Given that f2ρr3 = kγ
Dimensionally f 2 ρr 3
k=
[h]=L [ T ] = MT-2 γ
[r]=L [ d ] = ML-3
[ g ] = LT-2 Dimensionally
Now 2 3
f  ρ r 
[ L.H.S ] = [ h ] = L k  =      
T   γ 
MT−2
R.H.S = =
r  d  g  LML−3 ⋅ LT2 (T )
2
−1
ML−3 L3
=
MT−2
[ R.H.S ] = L k  = M0 L0 T0 = 1
Since [ L.H.S ] = [ R.H.S ] = L
K is the dimensionless constant .
Therefore the equation is the
dimensionally correct.
27. Using the method of dimensions indicate
L
(b) (i) T = 2π which the equation are dimensionally
g correct and which are not given that f =
[ L.H.S ] = [ T ] = T frequency , γ = surface tension , ρ =
 L  l density , r = radius , k =
 R.H.S  = = dimensionless constant.
 g  LT −2
r3 f
[ R.H.S ] = T (i) ρ2 = k
Since [ L.H.S ] = [ R.H.S ] = T γ
Therefore the given equation is kr3 γ
(ii) f =
the dimensionally correct. 1
ρ 2
(ii) F = 6πnvr

Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)

 14
Measurement of physical quantity

kγ
1
2 Since [ L.H.S ] = [ R.H.S ] = T-1 , thus
(iii) f = 3 the given equation is the dimensionally
ρr 2
correct.
Solution
Dimensionally 28. (a) Show that the equation relating the
[ f ] = T-1 [ γ ] = MT -2
current density (J) in the wire to the
[ ρ ] = ML-3 [r]=L drift velocity v of the electron is J = nve
r3 f where e is the charge of an electron and
(i) ρ2 = k n is the electron density.
γ
(b) It is suggested that the pressure p at
[ L.H.S ] = [ ρ ]2 = (ML-3)2
depth h in a liquid of the density ρ is p
[ L.H.S ] = M2L-6
= chρg , where g is the acceleration due
Also
to gravity. Show that this equation is
3
r  f  L3 T−1 dimensionally correct.
R.H.S =  γ 
=
MT−2
Solution
(a) J = nve
[ R.H.S ] = M½ L3/2 T½ J = I/A
Since [ L.H.S ] ≠ [ R.H.S ] , thus the Unit on L.H.S. = Am-2
given equation is the dimensionally Unit on R.H.S = m-3ms-1c = Am-2
incorrect Since unit of L.H.S and R.H.S of
kr3 γ equation is the same. Thus the
(ii) f = 1 equation is the dimensionally
ρ 2
correct.
[ L.H.S ] = [ F ] = T-1
3 1
r  ⋅  γ  2

R.H.S =   1 
ρ 
2
(b) Given that
P = chxρygz
( )
1
L3 ⋅ MT −2 2 1
L3 ⋅ M 2 T −1
= = Dimensionally
( ML )
1 1 −3
−3 2
M 2L 2 [ P ] = ML-1T-2 [ h ] = L
[ g ] = LT-2 [ ρ ] = ML-3
9
Now
 R.H.S = M 0 L 2 T −1 [ P ] = [ h ]x [ ρ ]y [ g ] z
Since [ R.H.S ] ≠ [ L.H.S ] , then the ML-1T-2 = MyLx -3y + z -2z
equation is the dimensionally incorrect. On equating indices
1 M : 1 = y…………..……….(i)
kγ 2
(iii) f = 3
L : -1 = x – 3y + z ………..(ii)
ρr 2 T : -1 = - 2z……………….(iii)
On solving : x = y = z = 1
[ L.H.S ] = T-1 P = chρg.

( MT )
1
−2
1 Therefore the equation is the dimensionally
 γ 
2
2

R.H.S = = correct.
(M ) ⋅ L
1 3 1

ρ   r 
2 2 −3 2 3
2

29. Check the correctness of the following

M 2 T−1
1

= =T −1 results
−3
M 2L 2 ⋅ L 2
1 3
(i) Time period of the satellite is given by
[ R.H.S ] = T-1 3π
T =
ρG

Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)

 15
Measurement of physical quantity

G = gravitational constant ρ  λ  ML−3 ⋅ L

ρ = density R.H.S =     =
 T  MT−2
(ii) The density of the earth is given by
3g [ R.H.S ] = L-2T2
ρ =
4 πGR Since [ L.H.S ] ≠ [ R.H.S ] ,
G = gravitational constant. therefore the equation is
R = radius of Earth
dimensionally incorrect.
(iii) Time period of the tensional oscillation
kT
is (ii) v2 =
λρ
I
T = 2π [ L.H.S ] = [ V ]2 = (LT-1)2
C
Where I = moment of inertia , c = [ L.H.S ] = L2T-2
couple per unit twist [ ans. All are Again
correct ] T  MT−2
R.H.S =   =
30. (a) Distinguish between fundamental and λ  ρ  L ⋅ MT−3
derived quantities. Give two examples [ R.H.S ] = L2T-2
of each
(b) The velocity of propagation on v ripples
Since [ L.H.S ] = [ R.H.S] = L2T-2
on surface of a liquid is given by one of
the following equations. Therefore the given equation is the
dimensionally correct.
k ρλ kT
(i) v 2 = (ii) v2 =
T λρ
kρT (iii) v = kρλT2
(iii) v = kρλT2 (iv) v =
λ [ L.H.S ] = [ V ] = LT-1
Where k is the a constant , T is the surface [ R.H.S ] = [ ρ ] [ λ ] [ T ]2
tension of the liquid , ρ its density and λ is
= ML-3.L(MT-2)2
the wavelength of the ripples. Using the
[ R.H.S ] = M3L-2T-4
dimensional analysis to determine which is
equation is correct. [ L.H.S ] ≠ [ R.H.S ] , thus the equation is
(c) By graphical method or otherwise use the dimensionally incorrect
following data for water to confirm your
choice and determine the value of k kρT
Density of water = 1000kgm-1 (iv) v=
λ
Surface tension of water = 72 ×10-2Nm-1
[ L.H.S ] = [ V ] = LT-1
Determine the value of k
ρ T ML−3 ⋅ MT−2
V(m/s) 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 R.H.S =     =
λ ×10- 0.092 0.125 0.178 0.280 0.50  V  LT−1
2m
[ R.H.S ] = M2L-4T-1
Solution Since [ L.H.S ] ≠ [ R.H.S ] , then the
(a) Refer to your notes equation is incorrect.
(b) Dimensionally (c) Correct equation
[ V ] = LT-1 [ ρ ] = ML-3 kT  kT  1
[λ]=L [ T ] = MT-2 v2 = = 
λρ  ρ  λ
k ρλ  kT  1
(i) v2 = v2 = 
T ⋅ + 0
 ρ  λ
[ L.H.S ] = [ V ]2 = (LT-1)2 = L2T-2
Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)
 16
Measurement of physical quantity

y = m x +c a = 1 , b =2 , T = -2

EXAMPLES System 1 (MKS) System 2 (Cgs)

31. If the density of mercury is 13.6g/cm3 n1 = 5 n2 = ?
converts it value into kgm-3 by using M1= 1Kg M2 = 1g
dimensional equation L1 = 1m L2 = 1cm
Solution T1 = 1sec T2 = 1sec
Dimensional formula of density a b c
[ ρ ] = [M1L-3 T0 ] m  L  T 
n2 = n1  1   1   1 
a = 1 , b = -3 , c = 0  m2   L2   T2 
Cgs unit S.I Unit L 2 −2
 1000   100   1 
n1 = 13.6 n2 = ? = 5     
M1= 1gm M2 = 1kg  1   1  1 
L1 = 1cm L2 = 1m n2 = 5 × 107
T1 = 1sec T2 = 1sec ∴ 5J = 5 × 107 erg
a b c
m  L  T 
n2 = n1  1   1   1 
 m2   L2   T2  34. The density of a material in c.g.s system is
1 −3 o
 1   1  1  8g/cm3. In a system of units in which unit
= 13.6      
 1000   100  1  of length is 5cm, unit of mass is 20g and
unit of time 1sec , what is density?
= 13.6 × 103 kgm−3
Solution
13.6g / cm3 = 13600kgm−3 The dimensional formula for density
is [M1 L-3T0]
32. Convert an acceleration of 9.8m/s2into a = 1 , b = -3 , c = 0
km/h2 System 1 System 2
Solution M1 = 1g M2 = 20g
The physical quantity is acceleration L1= 1cm L2 = 5cm
having dimensional formula as M0L1T-2 T1 = 1cm T2 = 1sec
a = 0 , b = 1 , c = -2 n1 = 8 n2 = ?
System 1 System 2
n1 = 98 n2 = ? a b c
m  L  T 
M1= 1kg M2 = 1kg n2 = n1  1   1   1 
L1 = 1m L2 = 1km  m2   L2   T2 
 1 ′  1   1 
T1 = 1s T2 = 1hr −3 o

Applying = 8     
a b c
 20   5   1 
m   L1   T1  = 50 units
n2 = n1  1     
 m2   L2   T2  8g/cm = 50 units
3

o 1 −2
1   1   1 
= 9.8       35. Find the value of 20J on system which has
 1   1000   3600  10cm , 1kg and ½ minute as the
= 127008kmh −2 fundamental units of length , mass and time
9.8m / s2 = 1270008kmh−2 respectively.
Solution
33. Convert kinetic energy of 5J into erg. Dimensional formula of energy is [ M1L2T-2
Solution ]
Dimensional formula of k.e is M1L2T-2 a = 1 , b = 2 c = -2

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Measurement of physical quantity

System 1 System 2 1 2
x = ut + at
n1 = 20 n2 = ? 2
M1= 1kg M2 = 1kg is homogeneous with respect to its
L1 = 1m L2 = 10cm units.
T1 = 1sec T2 = 30sec (c) Explain why an equation may be
Applying homogeneous with respect to its unit
a b c but still be incorrect.
m   L1   T1 
n2 = n1  1     
 m2   L2   T2 
38. (a) Derive the following terms:-
(i) Dimensional constant
1 2 −2
 1kg   10cm   1s  (ii) Dimensional variable
= 20      
 1kg   10cm   60s  (b) (i) Mention six (6) limitations of
dimension analysis.
(ii) According to Svedberg, the
20 J = 18 × 105 Units maximum safe angular velocity, ω
at which a solid disc can spin
depends only on the radius r of the
disc breaking stress s and to density
ρ of the material. Find the relation
between these quantities.
REVISION QUESTIONS.
36. (a) Why in mechanics the dimensional k s
Answer (b) (ii) ω =
analysis method cannot be used to r ρ
determine the relationship of more
than three equations?
39. (a) While moving through a liquid to
(b) The acceleration due to gravity g r at a
speed v , a spherical body experience a
point outside of the earth’s surface at a retarding force F given by
distance r from the centre of the earth
is given by F = kR n v
x y z
where k is the
2 dimensionless constant , n is the
R 
gr = g   viscosity of the liquid and R is the
r
radius of the body. Determine the
Where g is the acceleration due to
gravity at the earth’s surface R is the numerical values of x , y and z by
earth radius. A satellite of mass M is in means of the method of dimensions.
circular orbit of radius r , it (b) After being deformed, a spherical drop
is thought that the orbital time of liquid will execute periodic
T = KM r g a b c
r vibrations about its sphere. The
Where a , b and c are dimensionless frequency f of vibrations of the drop
constant use dimensional analysis to will depend on the surface tension of
find the values of a , b and c hence the drop its density (ρ) and on the
show that
3
radius (r) of the drop. Using the method
Tαr 2 of dimensions obtain an expression for
Answer (b) a = o , b = ½ , c = - ½
the frequency of these vibrations in
37. (a) State what is meant by an equation is
terms of the related physical quantities.
homogenous with respect to its unit.
(b) Show that the equation Answer (a) x = y = z = 1

Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)

 18
Measurement of physical quantity

γ Each symbol have usual meaning.

(b) f = k
ρr3
42. Check the correctness of the following
equations by the method of dimensions:-
40. NECTA 1996/P2/1(C)
The period of vibration T of a turning fork ρ r3
(i) t = where t = time of oscillations
may be expected to depend on the density s
D and Young’s modulus Y of the material ρ = density , r = radius ,s = surface
of which it is made and the length ‘a’ of its tension.
prongs. Which of the following equation 1
(ii) mv 2 = mgh , m = mass
represent the relation between T and the 2
other quantities? v = velocity, h = height , g =
BD2 acceleration due to gravity.
(i) T =
( )
1
Y ga 3 2 1 1
(iii) mgh = mv 2 + Iω2 where I is the
2 2
1
D 2 moment of inertial of the flywheel
(ii) T = Ba   which acquires an angular velocity ω
Y
1
when the mass m tied to a string
a 2 descends through a height h and
(iii) T = BY  
g acquires a linear velocity , v.
B is dimensionless constant and g is the
acceleration due to gravity 43. Test the correctness of the following
relations:-
ρ
(i) t = kL Where t is the time
Y
period of a turning fork , L is the length
(iv) The following value (table below) were
of prongs ρ is the density of the
obtained for a set of geometrically
material whose Young’s modulus of
similar turning fork.
elasticity is Y and K is the constant of
Frequency(H 256 288 32 38 48
z) 0 4 0 proportionality.
Length of 12. 10. 9.6 8.0 6.4 k2 + t2
prong (cm) 0 6 (ii) t = 2π where t is the time
Lg
Use these value (or otherwise) to confirm
period of a compound pendulum , k the
the choice of equations
radius of gyration , L the length and g
41. Check the correctness of the following the acceleration due to gravity.
equations:-
(i) F = 6πnvr (ii) 44. (a) The velocity of sound waves v, in
1
 2GR  2 medium may be assumed to depend
v =   upon density (d) of the medium and its
 M 
modulus of elasticity (E). Deduce by
E kn
(iii) v = k (iv) v = method of dimensions an expression for
ρ ρr
V.
(v) T2 = 4π2a3 , a = radius (b) wavelength λ of matter wave associated
4 π2 a 3 with particle depends upon its mass M ,
(vi) T2 =
GM velocity V and plank’s constant , h.
Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)
 19
Measurement of physical quantity

obtain dimensionally an expression for Where an is the radius of the nth orbit
λ. of an electron in the hydrogen atom
E εo , the absolute permittivity
Answer (a) v=k , (b) Me , the mass of electron
d
h e , the charge on an electron
λ=k
mv MV 2
answer: (a) F = K
r
45. Reynold number (NR) a dimensionless
quantity determines the conditions of flow 48. (a) A body moving through air at a speed
V experiences a retarding force F given
of a viscous liquid through a pipe. NR is a
by
function of the density of the liquid , ρ its
F = KAρVx
average speed v and coefficient of viscosity
Where A is the surface area of the body
of liquid n given that NR is also directly , ρ is the density of air and k is
proportional to diameter d of the pipe. dimensionless constant. Deduce the
Show from dimensional consideration value of x.
dρ v
(b) It has been suggested that for liquids
NR = s3β4 = k
n
46. (a) The tension T in a rotating hoops a constant , s being the surface tension
depends on liner mass density (µ) , and β the compressibility show that k is
radius (r) and angular velocity (ω) of not a dimensionless constant.
answer : (a) x = 2
the hoop rotating about an axis through
its centre use the method of dimensions
49. (a) Explain the principle of homogeneity of
to drive the relations between T , µ , r dimensions.
and ω. (b) The power output P of a wind – mill
(b) The energy per second p conveyed by a depends on the area A, swept by the
travelling wave in string depends on windmill blades, the density ρ of air
the frequency f , amplitude a , and the and the speed v of wind. Use the
method of dimension to derive the
product of linear density , µ and speed v
formula of p in term of A , ρ and V
of the wave. Use dimensional analysis [P = KAρV2].
to derive the formula of p.
Answer (a) T = µr2ω2 (b) p = kf 2a2µ
50. (a) If p represent radiation pressure , c
represents the speed of light and E
47. (a) The force acting on a body , moving
represent radiation energy striking a
along a circular path depends upon
unit area per second. Find the non –
(i) Mass zero integer x , y and z such the PxEyCz
(ii) Velocity is dimensionless.
(iii) Radius of the circle. Derive an (b) In the equation vn = kabx . What must n
expression for the force. and b to make the equation
(b) Check the dimensional homogeneity dimensionally correct? Where v is the
velocity a is the acceleration and x is
of equation.
the displacement.
n2 h2
an =
πεo Me2 51. (a) (i) what is a physical quantity ?
Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)
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Measurement of physical quantity

(ii) In physics why do we use seven (i) Which the thermometer is more accurately
fundamental quantity? for the temperature measurement of hot
(iii) In defining units of physical we water.
define standard physical quantity. Thermometer Thermometer
What a characteristics used in A B
define a standard of a physical 99.85oC 101.10 oC
quantity. 99.80oC 101.15 oC
(iv) If dimensions are given physical 99.85oC 101.05 oC
quantity may not be unique. 100.00oC 101.15 oC
Explain. 100.15 C
o 101.05oC
(b) The velocity v of the wave of
wavelength λ on the surface of a pool of (ii) Which thermometer is more precisely for
liquid surface tension and density are δ the measurement?.
and ρ respectively is given. Solution
(i) Accuracy can be obtained by finding
gλ 2πδ
v2 = + the average of reading corresponding to
2π ρλ
each the thermometer.
Where g is the acceleration due to θ + θ2 + θ3 + ⋯⋯ + θn
gravity , state whether or not the given θ= 1
n
equation is dimensionally correct? For thermometer A
99.85 + 99.80 + 99.85 + 100 + 100.15
θA =
52. (a) The maximum safe angular velocity ω 5
of which a solid disc can be spin θA = 99.93
C
depends on the radius of the disc(R) ,
breaking force per unit area(s) acting For thermometer B
on the disc and density ρ of the 101.10 + 101.15 + 101.5 + 101.15 + 101.05
θB =
material of the disc. By dimensional 5

argument find an expression for ω in θB = 101.10
C

term of R , S and ρ. Therefore , thermometer A is more
(b) Explain briefly two types of accurate as it is close to the actual (true)
dimensions. value of temperature of hot water.
(c) The depth to which a bullet penetrates
(ii) Precision of measurement can be
a human body depends upon kinetic
obtained by finding the difference
energy , E and modulus of elasticity , n
between the maximum and lowest
prove by the method of dimensional reading.
analysis that for double penetration , ∆θA = 100.15 − 98.80 = 0.35
C
kinetic energy of the bullet must be
∆θB = 101.15 − 101.05 = 0.10
C
increased to 8 times.
Therefore thermometer B has greater
precision since have small difference in
Example – 01
temperature.
Consider two thermometers , A and B needed
to measure the temperature of hot water of Example – 02
about 99.9oC (true value). The reading on each The mass of the body as measured by the
thermometer are taken in five times. students given as 9.2kg and 9.23kg which
measurement more accurate? Why?

Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)

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Measurement of physical quantity

Solution MV 2
F=
9.23kg is more accurate because it has more r
significant figures (3sgf) meaning that more If the measurement are recorded as
accurate. M = (3.5 ± 0.1)kg;
V = (20 ± 1) m/s
Quiz 1 r = (12.5 ± 0.5)m ; find the maximum
Three students A , B and C conducted an possible.
experiment measuring the diameter of small (c) Show how you will record the reading
marble , each student performed two of force ‘F’ in part (6)
experiments and their result are shown below. Solution
Experiment Experiment (a) Refer to your notes
1 2 MV 2
(b) (i) Given that F =
Student A 2.4 2.3 r
Student B 3.0 5.5 The maximum fractional error
Student C 2.7 3.2 on F
If all the above values are in mm and that the ∆f ∆M 2 ∆V ∆r
= + +
best answer for the diameter of the marble is f M V r
3.0mm. 0.1 2 × 1 0.5
= + +
(i) Whom among the above students is more 3.5 20 12.5
precise? Why? ∆f
= 0.17
(ii) Whom among the above students is not f
precise and not accurate ? why? (ii) Percentage error
(iii) By using results of (iii) Above which ∆f
student is more accurate? × 100% = 0.17 × 100%
f
∆f
× 100% = 17%
f
(c) The value F without error.
( )
2
MV 2 3.5 20
F = =
r 12.5
F = 112N
∆f
Since = 0.17
f
∆f = 0.17F

∆f = 0.17 × 112N = 19N

The numerical value of F can be

recorded as F = (112 ± 19N).

NUMERICAL EXAMPLES
1. (a) Give the meaning of the following 2. (a) Give the meaning of the following
terms as used in error analysis:- terms as used in error analysis.
(i) Absolute error (i) Accuracy of measurement
(ii) Relative error (ii) Precision of measurement
(b) The force F acting on an object of mass (iii) Discrepancy
‘M’ travelling at velocity V in a circle (iv) Permissible error
of radius ‘r’ is given by

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Measurement of physical quantity

(b) The side of cube is measured as (ii) The frequency , f of a vibrating

(7.5 ± 0.1)cm. Find the volume of the string depends upon the force
cube. applied , F the length L of the string
Solution and the mass per unit length , µ
(a) See your notes using dimension show how f is
(b) Let x be the side of the cube related to F , L and µ
x (c) (i) What is meant by least count of
measurement?
x (ii) The period of oscillation of a simple
x
pendulum is given by
L
T = 2π
g
where by 100 vibrations were taken
to measure 200 second. If the least
count for the time and length of a
Volume of the cube v = x3
pendulum of 1m are 0.1sec and
The maximum fractional error on v
1mm respectively. Calculate the
∆v 3 ∆x 3 × 0.1
= = maximum percentage error in the
v x 7.5 measurement of g.
∆v
= 0.04
v 4. The specific resistance ρ of a thin circular
Volume of the cube without error wire of radius r cm , resistance , R ohm and
( 7.5 )
3
v = x3 = = 422cm 3 length Lcm is given by
Error on v πr2 R
ρ =
∆v = 0.04v = 0.04 × 422 L
If r = (0.26 ± 0.02 ) cm
∆v = 17cm 3
Volume of the cube v = (422 ± R = (32 ± 1) Ω
17)cm3 L = (78 ± 0.01) cm. find the percentage
error in ρ
3. (a) (i) Define the term dimension of a Solution
physical quantity. r = (0.26 ± 0.02 ) cm
(ii) The number of particles n crossing L = (78 ± 0.01) cm
πr2 R
a unit area perpendicular to x – axis Since ρ = , π =
in a unit time is given as L

n=
(
−D n2 − n1 ) constant
The maximum fractional error on ρ
(x 2
− x1 ) ∆ρ 2∆r ∆R ∆L
= + +
Where n1 and n2 are the number of ρ r R L
particles per unit volume for the ∆ρ  2 ∆r ∆R ∆L 
values of x1 and x2 respectively. × 100% =  + +  × 100%
ρ  r R L 
What are the dimensions of
diffusion constant , D
 2 × 0.02 1 0.01 
=  + +  × 100%
 0.26 32 78 

(b) (i) Give two basic rules of dimensional ∆ρ

× 100% = 18%
analysis ρ

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Measurement of physical quantity

5. Your given two resistance tension ‘F’ , the length ‘L’ and the
R1 = (4.0 ± 0.1)Ω and R2 = (9.1 ± 0.2)Ω. mass per unit length µ of the string.
Calculate their effectively resistance when Derive the formula relating the
they are connected in physical quantities by the method
(i) Series connection of dimensions.
(ii) Parallel connection (ii) Use dimensional analysis to prove
Also the percentage error in each case. the correctness of the relation ,
Solution 3g
ρ =
(i) In series connection 4 πRG
Rs = R1 + R2 = (4.0 + 9.1)Ω Where ρ = density of the earth,
Rs = 13.1Ω g = acceleration due to gravity
Error on Rs , ∆Rs = ∆R1 + ∆R2 R = radius of the earth and
∆Rs = 0.1 + 0.2 = 0.3Ω G = gravitational constant
Effectively value of resistance
Rs = (13.1 ± 0.3)Ω 7. The viscosity n of a liquid , flowing
Percentage error on Rs through a capillary tube of length L and
∆Rs 0.3 radius r is given by the
× 100% = × 100%
Rs 13.1 v
=
(
π p1 − p2 r4 )
∆Rs
× 100% = 2.3% t 8nL
Rs Where p1 and p2 are pressure existing at the
(ii) The maximum fractional error on Rp
end of the tube , t is the time taken by
∆Rp ∆R1 ∆R ∆R1 + ∆R2 liquid of the volume , v to pass through the
= + +
Rp R1 R R1 + R 2 tube.
0.1 0.2 0.1 + 0.2 (i) Find an expression for the fractional
= + + error in n.
4 9 13.1
 0.1 0.2 0.3 
∆Rp = Rp  + +  (ii) Calculate the percentage error in n using
 4 9.1 13.1 
the following experimental result:-
 0.1 0.2 0.3 
= 2.779  + +  Length L = (26.0 ± 0.10)cm
 4 9.1 13.1  Radius r = (0.65 ± 0.01) × 10-3m
∆Rp = 0.1942Ω Pressure P1 = (8.10 ± 0.05) ×103Nm-2
Percentage error on Rp Pressure P2 = (5.40 ± 0.05) × 103Nm-2
∆Rp 0.1942 Volume v = (3.23 ± 0.02)cm3
× 100% = × 100% Time t = (60.00 ± 0.20) sec
Rp 2.779
∆Rp
× 100% (iii) Write the experimental value of n
Rp (including the order of accuracy).
Solution
6. (a) (i) Define the term dimensions of a Let : p1 – p2 = p
physical quantity
v πpr4 πpr 4 t
(ii) Identify two uses of dimensional (i) = , η =
t 8 ηL 8vL
equations
(b) (i) What is the basic requirement for a Apply natural logarithm both side
physical relation to be correct? π 
log ne = log e  ⋅ pr 4 tv −1L−1 
(ii) List two quantities whose 8 
dimensions is [ML T-1]
2

(c) (i) The frequency ‘f’ of vibration of a

stretched string depends on the

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Measurement of physical quantity

 π −1 −1 8. (a) (i) It necessary for a precise

logne = log   + logpe + 4 logre + loget + logev + logLe
8 experiment to be accurate?

( 8 ) + log + 4 log + log ∓ log ∓ log

(ii) The diameter of a steel rod is given
log ne = log e π p r t v L
e e e e e as (56.47 ± 0.02)mm. What does it
mean?

On differentiating (b) Calculate fractional error of the

∆η ∆p ∆r ∆t ∆v ∆L quantity
= +4 + + + p = ab – c2
η p r t v L
where a = (4.00 ± 0.15) cm
∆p ∆p1 + ∆p2
But = b = (5.00 ± 0.17) cm
p p1 − p2 c = (3.00 ± 0.13) cm
The maximum fractional error on n Solution
∆η ∆p1 + ∆p2 4 ∆r ∆t ∆v ∆L (a) (i) Yes , a precise experiment must
= + + + +
η p1 − p2 r t v L also be accurately because
precision only measures
effectiveness in doing the
(ii) Percentage error on n
experiment while accuracy
∆η  ∆p + ∆p2 4∆r ∆t ∆v 
× 100% =  1 + + +  × 100% measures effectiveness in
η  p1 − p2 r t v  getting the value.

 0.05 + 0.05 0.02 4 × 0.1 0.1 0.2  (i) It means that true value of
= + + + +  × 100%
 8.10 − 5.40 3.23 0.65 26 60  diameter is unlikely to be less
than 56.45mm or greater than
56.49mm
∆η
× 100% = 11.19%
η
(b) Given that
(iii) Experimental value of n P = ab – c2
The value of n without error Let : z = ab

η =
( )
π p1 − p2 r4 t Fractional error on z
8VL ∆z ∆a ∆b
= +
( ) ( ) z a b
4
3.14 8.10 − 5.4 × 103 0.65 × 10−3 × 60
=  ∆a ∆b   ∆a ∆b 
8 × 3.23 × 10−6 × 26 × 10−2 ∆z =  + z =  +  ab
 a b   a b 
η = 13.52 × 10−3 kgm−1s−1 ∆z = b∆a + a∆b
Let : w = c2
Error in viscosity ∆w 2∆c 2∆c
= , ∆w = ⋅w
∆η 11.19 w c c
=
η 100 ∆w = 2c∆c
11.19 11.19 Now : p = z – w
∆η = η = × 13.52 × 10 −3
100 100
= (1.512) × 10 −3
kgm −1s−1
∆p
p
=
∆z + ∆w b∆a + a∆b + 2c∆c
z−w
=
ab − c2
Numerical value of ∆p 5 × 0.15 + 4 × 0.17 + 2 × 3 × 0.13
η = (13.52 ± 1.512) × 10-3kgm-1s-1 =
p 4 × 5 − 32

∆p
= 0.2
p

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Measurement of physical quantity

correct. A vibration of frequency (480 ±

9. (i) What is the meaning of the term 1)Hz produces on the surface of water wave
‘precision’ and ‘accuracy’ as used in whose wavelength is (0.125 ± 0.00)cm.
experimental physics. Assuming that for this wave length the
(ii) In experiment t determine the volume first term on the right hand side of the
of glass in a length of glass tubing the equation is negligible. Calculate the value
following reading were recorded:- which these result give for the surface
Length L = (40 ± 1)mm tension of water. Given that ρ=
External diameter 0 = (12.0 ± 0.2)mm 1000kgm and δ = 7.16 × 10 Nm .
-3 -2 -1

Internal diameter d = (10.0 ± 0.2)mm Solution

If the volume of the glass is calculated Case I
by using the relation λg 2πδ
Given that : V2 = +
πL 2
v =
4
(
D − d2 ) 2π λρ
Dimensionally
Determine the numerical value of [ V ] = LT-1 [λ]=L [ g ] =
volume , v. LT -2

Solution [ δ ] = MT-2 [ ρ ] = ML-3

(i) Refer to your notes Now
(ii) Given that [ L.H.S ] = [ V ]2 = (LT-1)2 = L2T-2
πL  2 [ L.H.S ] = L2T2
v = D − d2 
4  Since 2π is a constant.
πL 
v =
4 
( )(
D−d D+d 
 ) [ R.H.S ] = [ λ ] [ g ] +
δ 
λ  ρ
Since π is a constant
4
MT −2
The maximum fractional error on v. = LT −2 ⋅ L +
L ⋅ L−3 M
∆v ∆L ∆D + ∆d ∆D + ∆d
= + + = L2 T −2 + L2 T −2
v L D−d D+d
 R.H.S = L2 T2
∆V 1 0.2 + 0.2 0.2 + 0.2
= + +
V 4 12 − 10 12 + 10 Since [ L.H.S ] = [ R.H.S ] = L2T-2
The value of V without error Therefore the equation is dimensional
3.14 × 40  2 correct.
V = 
12 − 10 
2

4 Case II
V = 1382.3mm 3 According to the consumption above
Error on v neglect the first term on R.H.S of the
 1 0.4 0.4  equation.
∆V =  + +  × 1382.3
4 2 22  2πδ
V2 =
∆V = 336.15mm3 λρ
Numerical value of v = (1382.3 ± 336.15)mm3 v 2 λρ
δ = but v = fλ
2π
10. The velocity V of the wave of wavelength λ f 2 λ 3ρ
δ =
on the surface of pool of liquid whose 2π
surface tension and density are δ and ρ Since ρ and 2π are constants.
respectively is given by The maximum fractional errors on δ.
λg 2πδ ∆δ 2 ∆f 3 ∆λ
V2 = + = +
2π λρ ε f λ
Where g is the acceleration due to gravity. Error on δ.
Show that the equation is dimensionally
Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)
 26
Measurement of physical quantity

 2∆f 3∆λ  Since 4 is a constant.

∆δ = δ  +  The maximum fractional error on Y
 f λ 
∆Y ∆ G ∆b 3 ∆L 3 ∆t
= + + +
 2 × 1 3 × 0.001  Y G b L t
= 7.16 × 10−2  +  The maximum percentage error.
 f 0.125 
∆Y  ∆G ∆b 3∆L 3∆t 
× 100% =  + + +  × 100%
Y G b L t 
∆δ = 0.21 × 10−2
Numerical value of surface tension
 0.001 0.03 3 × 0.05 3 × 0.03 
δ = (7.16 ± 0.21) × 10-2Nm-1 = + + +  × 100%
 0.035 28.65 80 6.40 
11. (a) (i) What is the difference between
degree of accuracy and precision. ∆Y
× 100% = 4.56%
(ii) In an experiment to determine Y
Young’s modulus of a wooden (b) Refer to the example 27
material the following
measurements were recorded:- 12. (a) The time period of oscillation of a
Length L = (80.0 ± 0.05)cm simple pendulum in an experiment is
Breath b = (28.65 ± 0.03)mm recorded as 2.63, 2.56 , 2.71 and 2.80sec
Thickness t = (6.40 ± 0.03)mm respectively, find the
and (i) Time period
Slope G = (0.035 ± (ii) Absolute and percentage error.
0.001)cmgm-1 (b) The time period of oscillation of a
Given that the Young’s modulus Y simple pendulum is given by
is given by. L
3
T = 2π
L 4 g
Y =  
tGb The length L of the pendulum is about
10cm and is known to 1mm accuracy.
Calculate the maximum percentage
The period of oscillation is about
error in the value of Y.
0.5sec. The time of 100 oscillations is
measured with a watch of 1sec
(b) Using the method of dimensions indicate
resolution. What is the accuracy in the
which of the following equations are
determination of g?
dimensionally correct and which are not
given that f = frequency , γ = surface Solution
(i) Time period
tension , ρ = density, r = radius and k =
T1 + T2 + T3 + ⋯⋯ + Tn
dimensionless constant. T=
n
r3 f 2.63 + 2.56 + 2.42 + 2.71 + 2.80
(i) ρ 2
= k T=
γ 5
kr3 γ T = 2.62 sec
(ii) f =
ρ
1
2 (ii) Absolute error in each observation
2.62 – 2.63 = -0.01 sec
kγ
1
2

(iii) f = 2.62 – 2.42 = 0.20 sec

ρr
3
2
2.62 – 2.80 = -0.18 sec
Solution 2.62 – 2.56 = 0.06 sec
(a) (i) see your notes 2.62 – 2.71 = 0.09 sec
3
4 L  Mean absolute error.
Given that Y =  
Gb t
Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)
 27
Measurement of physical quantity

−0.01 + 10.2 + −0.18 + 0.06 + −0.09 oscillation of the pendulum using a stop
∆T = watch with an accuracy of 0.1 second
5
and ∆L = 0.05cm. for L = 0.5m , the
∆T = 0.11 sec
Percentage error student obtain T=
42.6second and goes on to calculate g
∆T 0.11
× 100% = × 100% using the equation
T 2.62
L
∆T T = 2π
× 100% = 4.2% g
T
Find the maximum percentage error
L
(b) Given that : T = 2π introduced into the value g worked out
g
by the student in accuracy of the stop
4π2 L
T =2
watch as well as the metre rule.
g
Solution
4 π2 L
g= (a) Given that
T2
Since 4π2 is a constant. F = KRxρyvz
The maximum fractional error on g K = dimensionally constant
∆g ∆L 2∆T x , y and z are any real number
= +
g L T Dimensionally
Percentage error [ F ] = MLT-2 [R]=L
∆g  ∆L 2 ∆T  [ ρ ] = ML -3 [ V ] = LT-1
× 100% =  +  × 100%
g  L T 
Now
∆L = 1mm = 0.1cm , L = 10cm
[ F ] = [ R ]x [ ρ ] y [ V ] Z
T=? ∆T = 1sec
MLT-2 = Lx(ML-3)y (LT-1)z
1 oscillation → 0.5sec
100 oscillation → T M1L1T-2 = MyLx – 3y + z T-z
T = 0.5 × 100 On equating indices or powers
T = 50sec M : 1 = y………………….(i)
∆g  0.1 2 × 1  L : 1 = x – 3y + z………..(ii)
× 100% =  +  × 100%
g  10 50 
T : -2 = -z……………….(iii)
∆g On solving x = 6 , y = 1 , z = 2
× 100% = 5%
g

L
13. (a) While moving through a liquid at speed (b) T = 2π
V a sphere experiences a retarding g
force F is given by F = KRxρyvz where k 4π2 L 4π2 L
T2 = , g =
is a constant , ρ is the density of liquid g T2
and R is the radius of the body. Since 4π2 is a constant
Determine the numerical values of x , y
The maximum fractional error on g
and z by means of the method of
∆g ∆L 2∆T
dimensions. = +
(b) In an attempt to determine the g L T
acceleration due to gravity a student ∆g  ∆L 2∆T 
× 100% =  +  × 100%
measures the length L of the simple g  L T 
pendulum using normal laboratory
metre rule and time T for one complete
Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)
 28
Measurement of physical quantity

 0.05 2 × 0.1  the liquid into a u – tube glass , the limbs

=  +  × 100%of which have radii r1 and r2.
 0.5 × 100 42.6 
The difference in height of the liquid in the
two limbs can be measured and the surface
∆g
× 100% = 0.57% tension (n) can be calculate from the
g formula
1 1 gDh
14. An experiment was done to find the η  −  =
r r  2
acceleration due to gravity , g by using the  1 2 

formula Where g is the acceleration due to gravity.

Estimate the fractional error in n. If
L
T = 2π h = (1.06 ± 0.005)cm , r1 = (0.07 ± 0.05) cm
g
and
Where T = 2.22 second and L = 121.6cm. r2 = (0.14 ± 0.005)cm.
Given that error due to the stop watch is Solution
0.1sec and if the clock loses 3sec in 3 Given that :
minutes. Calculate error in measuring value 1 1 gDh
of g. η −  =
r r  2
Solution  1 2 

L gDh  r1r2 
T = 2π η =  
g 2  r2 − r1 

4π2 L 4π2 L Since gD is a constant

T2 = , g = 2
g T2
The maximum fractional error on n .
Since 4π2 is a constant
∆n ∆h ∆r1 ∆r2 ∆r1 + ∆r2
The maximum fraction error on g = + + +
n h r1 r2 r2 − r1
∆g ∆L 2∆T
= + 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 + 0.005
g L T = + + +
∆t1 = 0.1sec , ∆t2 = ? 1.06 0.07 0.14 0.14 + 0.07
3 sec → 3 × 60sec ∆η
= 0.255
∆t2 → 2.22 sec η
3 × 2.22
∆ t2 =
180 16. (a) Explain the term limit of precision of a
∆t2 = 0.37sec measuring device.
Total error on the stop watch (b) The heat generated in a circuit depends
∆t = ∆t1 + ∆t2 = 0.1 + 0.037 upon the current resistance and time
Now , the value of g without error for which current flows. If the errors in
( ) measuring the above are 2% , 1% and
2
4π2 L 4 × 3.14 × 1.216
g = = 1% respectively. Find the maximum
T2 ( )
2
2.22 error in measuring heat.
g = 9.73m/s2 (c) The smallest division for the voltmeter
error on the value of g and ammeter are 0.1v and 0.01A
respectively. If v = IR , find
 ∆L 2∆T 
∆g = g  +  the relative error in the resistance , R
 L T 
when v = 2Volt and I = 0.1A
∆g = ± 1.21m/s2 Solution
(a) Refer to your notes
15. The surface tension (n) of a liquid of (b) Electrical power produced P = I2R
density (D) can be found by introducing Heat energy produced in time ,t

Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)

 29
Measurement of physical quantity

H = pt = I2Rt (a) Quantity which need to be more

The maximum fractional error on accurate.
H ∆L 0.12
= = 0.02
∆H 2 ∆I ∆R ∆t L 6
= + +
H I R t ∆W 0.1
= = 0.025
Percentage error. W 4
∆H  ∆I  ∆R ∆h 0.06
× 100% = 2  × 100%  + × 100% = = 0.03
H  I  R h 2
Therefore the height needs to be
∆t
+ × 100% more accurately.
t
= 2 × 2% + 1% + 1% (b) Experimental value of density
∆H m m 14
× 100% = 6% ρ= = =
H v o Lωh 6 × 4 × 2
ρ = 0.292gcm-3
(c) V = IR Error on ρ
V The maximum fractional error on
R=
I ρ.
Maximum fractional error on R. ∆ρ ∆L ∆W ∆h
= + +
∆R ∆ V ∆I ρ L W h
= +
R V I ∆ρ
Error on voltmeter , = 0.2 + 0.025 + 0.03
ρ
0.1
∆V = = ± 0.05V = [ 0.02 + 0.025 + 0.03 ] ρ
2
= [ 0.02 + 0.025 + 0.03] × 0.292
Error on Ammeter,
∆ρ = 0.022gm-3
0.01
∆I = = ± 0.005A Numerical value of the density
2 ρ = [0.292 ± 0.022] gcm-3
∆R  0.05 0.005 
= ± + 
R  2 0.1  18. (a) Differentiate between:-
∆R (i) Error and mistake
= ± 0.0275
R (ii) Precision and accuracy
(b) The coefficient of viscosity of liquid is
17. In an experiment to determine density of a found by using strokes law is given by
block of mass 14g it was found that length
η =
(
2gr2 δ1 − δ2 )
of the block was (6.0 ± 0.12) cm, width was qv
(4.0 ± 0.1) cm and height was (2.0 ±
In the experiment the following results
0.06)cm.
were obtained.
(a) Which quantity need to be more
Density of steel ball δ1 = (7800 ±
decorate?
1.00)kgm-3
(b) Calculate the experimental value of
Density of oil δ2 = (126 ± 1.00) kgm-3
density of the block.
Terminal velocity of steel ball
Solution
V = (1.00 ± 0.01) m/s
Hint:
Hint: Radius of steel ball r = (6.35 ± 0.05)mm
The most accurate quantity is the one
Determine the numerical value of the
with least fractional error while
viscosity n and maximum percentage
quantity that needs to be more accurate
error.
is the one with the greatest fractional
error.

Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)

 30
Measurement of physical quantity

(c) (i) What is the advantage of expressing gravity g was found to be related to T,
physical quantities in terms of A and K by the equation
dimensional equations? gA A2 + K2
=
(ii) Write the dimensions of a in the 4 π2 T2
b
Find the :-
relation F = a x + bt2 where F (i) Numerical value of g in four
is force , x is distance and t is the decimal places
time. (ii) Percentage error in g
(c) (i) state the law of dimension analysis
19. (a) (i) Distinguish between Random error (ii) The largest mass , m of a stone that
from systematic error. can be moved by the flowing river
(ii) Give a practical example of each depends on the velocity v , the
term in 1(a)(i) and briefly explain density , ρ of water , and the
how they can be reduced or acceleration due to gravity , g. show
eliminated. that the mass m varies to the sixth
(b) (i) Define the term error and mistake power of the velocity of flow.
(ii) An experiment was done to find
acceleration due to gravity by using 21. (a) Define the following :-
the formula (i) Dimensional constants
L (ii) Dimensionless quantities
T = 2π
g (b) (i) define the principle of ‘dimensions
Where all symbols carry the usual uniformity’ on what principle is
meaning if the clock loses 3 second based?
in 5 minutes , determine the error (ii) A progressive wave equation is
in measuring ‘g’ given that T = written as y = asin(ωt – kx)
2.22sec , L = 121.6cm , ∆T1 where t and x stand
= 0.1sec , ∆L = for time and distance respectively.
±0.05cm. Determine the dimensional formula
for ω and k
(c) (i) What is the important of (c) (i) How do random errors differ
dimensional analysis in spite of its from systematic errors.
drawn backs. (any three differences).
(ii) The following measurement were (ii) The experimental data for x and y
taken by a student for the length of were plotted and the following
a piece of rod : 20.92 , 21.11 , 21.02 linear graph and its accuracy.
, 20.99 and 20.69cm. basing on
error analysis. find the value of the y- axis
Max line
length of piece of rod and its
associated error. Best line

20. (a) (i) What is meant by random error?

(ii) Briefly explain for causes of random
Min line
errors in measurements.
(b) The period T of oscillation of body is
said to be 1.5 ± 0.002s while its
amplitude A is 0.3 ± 0.005m and the
radius of gyration k is 0.28 ± x- axis
0.005m. If the acceleration due to

Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)

 31
Measurement of physical quantity

If the values of slopes and Min line 0.81 5.20

y – intercepts in these lines are as Solution
follows:- Given that y = a + bx
Let : b = slope of best fit
Line Slop Differ y- Differen b1 = slope of max. line
e ence intercept ce b2 = slope of min line
Best fit 2.00 - 3.0 - Now
[Link] 2.16 0.16 -0.8 -3.8 ∆b1 = b1 − b = 1.16 − 1.0
Min. line 1.81 -0.19 3.1 0.1
∆b1 = 0.16
Determine the values of the ∆b2 = b2 − b = 0.81 − 1.0
constants β and α with ∆b2 = 0.19
their corresponding maximum
Error on b
errors. If the data were expected to
∆b1 + ∆b2 0.16 + 0.19
fit the equation y = β + xα ∆b = =
Solution 2 2
(a) (b) (c) (i) refer to your notes ∆b = 0.175
(c) (ii) The value of α is the slope Numerical value of b = 1 ± 0.175
of the best line α = 2.00 a = y – intercept of best fit
Error on slope , α a 1 = y – intercept of max line

a2 = y – intercept of min line

Difference of max line and min line
Dα = ∆a1 = | a1 – a | = | -1.5 – 2 |
2
∆a1 = 3.5
Also
0.16 + −0.19
= = 0.175 ∆a2 = | a2 – a | = | 5.20 – 2.00 |
2 = 3.20
The value of α = 2 ± 0.175 Error on a
The value of β is the y – intercept of the ∆a 1 + ∆a 2
best fit line β = 3.0. ∆a =
2
Error on β
3.5 + 320
Difference of y -intercept max and min ∆a = = 3.35
∆β = 2
2
∴ Numerical value of a = 2 ± 3.35
−3.8 + 0.1
= = 1.95
2 23. (a) The experimental data of x and y were
The value of β = (3.0 ± 1.95) plotted and the following linear graph
and its accuracy was obtained.
22. In determination of uncertainties of ‘a’ and
‘b’ in the equation y = a + bx , three
y- axis Max line
straight lines were plotted one of which is
the best line and other two are maximum Best line
and minimum line. The values of gradients
and y – intercepts for the lines are
tabulated below. Find the values of ‘a’ and Min line
‘b’ including their uncertainties.
Gradient Y-
intercept
Best fit 1.0 2.00 x- axis
Max line 1.16 -1.50

Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)

 32
Measurement of physical quantity

If the values of slopes and y – intercepts 3.76 − 2.4 1.36

s = =
in these three lines are as follows. 1.0 − 0.6 0.4
s = 3.4s2 m −1
Line Slo Differe y- Differe
pe nce interc nce Slope of maximum line
ept 3.2 − 2 1.2
Best 1.0 - 2.0 - s1 = =
0.7 − 0.45 0.25
fit 0 s1 = 4.8s2 m −1
Max.l 1.1 0.16 -1.5 -35
ine 6
Slope of minimum line
Min. 0.8 -0.19 5.2 3.2
3.6 − 2.8
line 1 s2 = = 4
0.9 − 0.7
s2 = 4.0s2 m −1
And if data were expected to fit the
equation SPACE
y = a + bx.
Determine the values of the constants a
and b with the corresponding THE GRADE OF T2(S2) AGAINST L(cm)
maximum error in each.
(b) A rectangular board is measured with a
scale having accuracy of 0.2cm. the
length and breadth are measured as
33.4cm and 18.4cm respectively find
(i) The relative error of the area
(ii) The percentage error of the area
(iii) The area and its accuracy.

24. Consider the following measurements

made in simple pendulum experiment to
determine the value of acceleration due to
gravity , g
Length L(mm) Periodic time (sec)
200 0.9
400 1.28
600 1.56
800 1.76
1000 2.02
Determine the numerical value of 25. The data below describe the stretching of
acceleration due to gravity , g. spring. Plot a graph of the applied force
Solution against extension.
L(m) T(sec) T2(sec2) Force (N) External (mm)
0.2 0.90 0.81 2.0 6
0.4 1.28 1.64 3.0 9
0.6 1.56 2.43 4.0 12
0.8 1.76 -3.10 5.0 16
1.0 2.02 4.08 6.0 19
Slope of best line 7.0 20
8.0 24
Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)
 33
Measurement of physical quantity

9.0 28 28. (i) Define error.

10.0 31 (ii) In an experiment to determine the
11.00 33 acceleration due to gravity g, a small
ball bearing is timed while falling from
Obtain the number value of the force
rest through a measured vertical height.
constant.
The following data were obtained
Time taken t = (350 ± 1)ms. Calculate
26. (a) (i) Explain what ±a units , following
the numerical value of g from the
the value of a parameter , signify in
experimental data, clearly specify the
experimental physics.
error.
(ii) The specific resistance ρ of a thin
circular wire of radius r cm on
29. (a) Differentiate between error and
resistance R ohms and length L cm
mistake.
is given by
(b) In determining the resistivity ρ of a
πr2 R
ρ = certain wire , the following
L measurement were taken.
(
r = 0.026 ± 0.02 cm ) Resistance R of the wire = (2.06 ± 0.01)
L = ( 78 ± 0.01) cm Ω
Diameter d of the wire = (0.57 ± 0.01)
ρ = ( 0.087 ± 0.016 ) Ωcm mm
Calculate the percentage error in R. Length of the wire = (105.6 ± 0.1) mm
(c) If the error in x is denoted δx Use the formula
determine the formula for δ (x2y3) and πd 2 R
ρ=
hence find the error in (x2y3) when x = 4L
(5 ± 0.05)cm and y Find the relative error in resistivity.
= (10 ± 0.1)cm. (c) (i) Given three (3) limitation of
(d) A liquid having small depth but large dimensional analysis.
volume is forced it to escape with (ii) After being deformed , a spherical
velocity V through a small . if v is given drop of liquid will execute periodic
v = cpxρy where ρ is liquid density and vibration about its sphere. The
c, x and y are dimensionally constants frequency about (f) of vibration of
(i) Determine x and y the drop will depend on the surface
(ii) If v = 14m/s when p = 1.0 × 105Pa tension (γ) of the drop , its density
and ρ and the radius r of the drop.
ρ = 1000kgm-3 deduce c. Using the method of dimensions ,
obtain an expression for the
27. NECTA 2010/P1/1(c) frequency of these vibrations in
(i) Define error terms of the related physical
(ii) In an experiment to determine the quantities.
acceleration due to gravity g, a small
ball bearing is timed while falling from 30. Compute the numerical value of
rest trough a measured vertical height.  I2 R  T
The following data were obtained J =  
W + M θ
vertical height h = (600 ± 1)mm. Time
Given that:-
taken t = (350 ±1)ms.
I = 2.5 ± 0.05 , R = 11.36 ± 0.01
Calculate the numerical value of g from
W = 21 ± 1 , M = 155 ± 1
the experimental data, clearly specify
θ = 28 ± 0.5 , T = 298 ± 0.5
the errors.

Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)

 34
Measurement of physical quantity

31. EZEB 2011/P1/1 (b) The rate of heat flow p in a cable of

(a) (i) State the basic rule of dimensional resistivity ρ , length L and with a
analysis. diameter d , carrying an electric
(ii) Find the dimensions of a/b in the current I is given by the expression
a − bt2 4ρI2 L
equation p = p =
bx πd2
x is distance and t is the time. If ρ = 3 × 10-7Ωm
(iii) The depth x to which a bullet L = (100 ± 0.1)cm
penetrates in a human body d = (1.0 ± 0.1)mm and
depends upon the coefficient of the I = (5 ± 0.1)A
viscosity η and kinetic energy (E). Find an error in measurement of p?
Establish the relation among these
quantities by method of 34. (a) The mass of the body as measured by
dimensions. two students is given as 9.2kg and
(b) (i) Define an error 9.23kg which measured is more
(ii) The focal length of a lens is related accurate? Why?
to the object distance u and image (b) In the formula y = a2x + b , which
distance v by the formula quantity should be measured most
1 1 1 accurately ? why?
= +
f v u Solution
A students records the value of (a) 9.23kg because it has more
U = (15.0 ± 0.5) cm and significant figures (3sgf) meaning
f = (10.0 ± 0.05) cm calculate the that instrument used is more
value of v. accurate.

32. (a) The pressure p is calculated from the (b) ‘a’ because its error will be
relation. multiplied by the power 2 which is
F the highest.
p =
πR 2
Where F is the force and R is the radius 35. (a) Which quantity in a given formula
if the percentage errors is ±2% for F should be measured most accurately?
and ±1% for R, calculate the percentage (b) Three lengths are given 3.7cm ,
error on p. 48.78cm and 6.71cm. What do you
(b) In experiment to determine the inter from these reading?
Young’s modulus for the student (c) A physical quantity p is given by
recorded the following measurements. a 2b3
p =
Length , L of the wire = 3.25 ± 0.005m c d
Diameter d of the wire = 0.63 ± 0.02mm If the percentage errors of
Force F on the wire = 26.5 ± 0.1N measurement in a , b, c and
Extension, produced = 1.40 ± 0.05mm d are 4% , 2% , 3% and 1% respectively
Calculate the Young’s modulus of the , find the percentage error in p.
wire from these measurement and its Solution
corresponding error. (a) It clear from these readings that
measurement have been made by
33. (a) (i) why is it important to do error using instrument of different least
analysis whenever taking count.
measurement? (b) The quantity in the formula which
(ii) Is it possible to avoid error why? has maximum power (n) should be
Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)
 35
Measurement of physical quantity

measured most accurately . It is vibrations when the length of the

because any error in the pendulum was taken as 100cm.
measurement of this quantity is (i) If the least count of the stop watch is
multiplied n time in the final result. 0.1s and that of the metre scale is 0.1cm
a 2b3 , calculate the maximum permissible
(c) Given that p =
c d error in the measurement of g.
The maximum fractional error on p (ii) If the actual value of g at DSM is
9.79m/s2, calculate the percentage
error.
∆p 2∆a 3∆b ∆c 1 ∆d
= + + + Solution
p a b c 2 d
L
Percentage error on p (i) T = 2π
g
∆p  ∆a   ∆b 
× 100% = 2  × 100%  + 3  × 100%  4π2L
p  a   b  T 2
=
g
∆c 1  ∆d 
+ × 100% +  × 100%  4 π2 L
c 2 d  g =
T2
1
= 2 × 4% + 3 × 2% + 3% + × 1% On differentiating
2
∆g ∆L ∆T
∆p +2
× 100% = 17.5% g L T
p
Maximum missible error.
∆g  ∆L ∆T 
36. (a) What do you understand by absolute × 100% =  +2  × 100%
g  L T 
error?
(b) If all measurement in an experiment
are taken up to same number of  0.1 0.1 
=  +2×  × 100%
significant figures then which  100 40 
measurement is responsible for
maximum error? = 0.60%
(c) Discus how error propagate in sum , ∴ Maximum permissible error =
difference , product and division of 0.60%
quantities.
Solution 4 π2 L
(a) The difference in the magnitude of (ii) g = , L = 100cm = 1m
T2
true value and he measured value
4 π2 × 1
of a physical quantity is called g = 2
= 9.856m / s2
2
Absolute (actual) error.
(b) The quantity in the formula which
g = 9.859m/s2
has maximum power responsible
9.8596 − 9.7915
for maximum error if all quantities %error = × 100%
in the formula have the same 9.7915
powers , then the quantity which is
least in magnitude is responsible for %error = 0.6955%
maximum error.
(c) Refer to your notes. 38. In experiment to determine the value of
Young’s modulus of elasticity of steel , a
37. In an experiment with simple pendulum , a wire of length 325cm (measured by a metre
time period measured was 40s for 20 scale of least count 0.1cm) is leaded by a
mass of 2kg and it is found that it stretches
Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)
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Measurement of physical quantity

by 0.227cm (measured by a micrometer (ii) Experimenter also can subject himself

having least count 0.001cm) the diameter or herself into error or blunders
of the wire as measured by a screw gauge (mistake) due to carelessness or other
(least count = 0.001cm) is found to be factors.
0.043cm. calculate the maximum per (iii) Fluctuation of weather condition such
missible error. as temperature , wind blow and
Solution humidity can subject errors in
Young’s modulus , E experiments.
stress FL 4MgL
E = = =
strain Ae πd2 e 41. The critical magnetic field supplied by
passing a current I through a solenoid of
The maximum fractionaly error on E diameter D and length L is given by
∆E ∆L ∆d ∆e µ 0 nIL
= +2 + β =
E L d e L2 + D2
% error Where n is the number of turns per unit
∆E  ∆L ∆d ∆e  length and µ is absolute permeability of
× 100% =  +2 +  × 100%
E  L d e  free space. Determine the magnitude of the
 0.1 0.001 0.001  field β and error in the quantity from the
=  + ×2+  × 100% following values;
 325 0.043 0.227 
n = 3920m-1
∆E I = 1.92 ± 0.02A
× 100% = 5.123%
E D = 3.5 ± 0.1cm
L = 12 ± 0.1cm
39. NECTA 1976 µo = 4π × 10-2Hm-1
A strip of silver of mass (10.01 ± 0.1) gm is
(50±0.5)mm long ?(30±0.2)mm wide and 42. (a) Can a dimensional analysis show that a
(2.0±0.1)mm thick. physical quantity is completely right. If
(a) Determine the percentage error in the NO or YES explain.
value of the density of silver from the (b) Calculate the value of Y in the
data. following relation.
(b) Which of the above measurement need
4MgL sin θ
to made most accurately why? Y =
4πd2 e
(c) Obtain the density of the silver?
Where M = (1000 ± 0.1)gm
L = (200 ± 0.02)cm
40. In physics the discovery of a new law or
d = (0.75 ± 0.05) mm
principle is acceptable only when
e = (0.325 ± 0.001) cm
experiment approve it in order to get as
g = (9.81 ± 0.005) m/s2
close to the truth as possible , physicists
have not only trying to design more and
43. (i) State the two common type of error
more perfect instruments but also
encountered in the experimental
developed a theory of errors which help in
physics.
eliminating possible errors in the
(ii) What is the causes of the error stated in
observations. State two assumptions in
(i) above the how can they be
which theory of errors originates.
minimized?
Solution
(iii) The density of a uniform cylinder was
(i) Instrument used in experiment have
determined by measuring its mass M,
some defects or imperfection hence
length L and diameter , d. calculate the
errors are inevitable.

Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)

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Measurement of physical quantity

density in (kgm-3) and its error (ii) What does this statement mean the
from the following values. density of water is (1000 ± 0.5)kgm-
m = (47.36 ± 0.01) gm 3?

L = (15.28 ± 0.05) mm (b) The time for simple pendulum

d = (21.37 ± 0.04) mm oscillation are recorded as follows;-
0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 sec
e 8v (i) Determine the mean value of the
44. Given that = and that
m B2 r 2 measure quantities.
µ o nI (ii) Estimate arithmetic mean of the
B = 1 absolute value.
  D 2  2 (iii) The frequency ‘f’ of a note produce
1 +   
 L  by a taut wire stretched between
  two support depends on the
Where n = 3920m -1
distance L between the supports the
D = (0.35 ± 0.001)m mass per unit length of the wire M
L = (0.120 ± 0.001)m and the tension T. Using
I = (1.92 ± 0.02)A dimensional analysis to derive the
V = (20 ± 1)Volt equation of F in terms of L, M, T
µo = 4π × 10-7Hm-1 and K where K is dimensionless
Estimate (i) The value of B and its error constant.
(ii) The value of c/m and it
error. 47. A capacitance c = (2.0 ± 0.1)µF is charged to
a voltage , v = (20 ± 0.2) volt. What will be
45. In an experiment to determine the the charge Q on the capacitor?
apparent cubical expansivity of a liquid by
Achimede’s principle the following results 48. Find out the maximum percentage error
were obtained:- while the following observations were
Mass of sinker in air M1 = (230.2 ± 0.1)g taken in the determination of the value of
Mass of sinker in cold water M2 =(59.1 ± acceleration due to gravity.
0.1)g Length of thread = 100.2cm
Mass of sinker in warm water Radius of bob = 2.43cm
M3 =(59.6 ± 0.1)g Time of one oscillation = 2.2sec. Which
Temperature of cold water t1 =(15 ± quantity will be measured more accurately?
0.5)oC
Temperature of warm water t2 =(25 ± 0.5)oC 49. (a) Differentiate between error and
If the cubical expansivity of liquid is given mistake.
by (b) The value of v is to be calculated from
γ =
(M3
− M2 ) 1 1 1
the formula = − and
(M 1
− M3 )( t
2
− t1 ) v f u
f = (20 ± 0.001)cm and u = (32 ± 0.5)
(i) Determine an expression for the
cm. calculate:-
percentage error in v.
(i) The possible % error in f and u
(ii) Determine the numerical value of γ and
(ii) The possible % error in 1/f , 1/u,
its error.
1/v and v
(iii) The actual possible error in the
46. (a) (i) ‘Dimension can be treated as
calculated the value of v.
algebraic quantities’ explain this
statement.
50. In experiment to measure the acceleration
of free fall , a steel ball took 807ms to fall a
Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)
 38
Measurement of physical quantity

distance 3.20m from rest. Calculate the Length of mercury thread in capillary,
value of acceleration of free fall. The L = 7.52 ± 0.02cm.
uncertainty in the time of fall was ±5ms. Given that the surface tension of water in
What is the percentage uncertainty in the given by.
value of the acceleration you have just hρ ω g m
calculated? γ =
2 πLρHg
Determine:-
51. The following observation were actually
(a) Relative error in measured value of
made during an experiment to find the
surface tension , γ
radius of curvature of a concave mirror R
(b) The numerical value of γ
using spherometer L = 4.4cm, h = 0.085cm
the distance L between the legs of the
55. In a current balanced method of realizing
spherometer was measured with a meter
the Ampere , the force between two wires
rod and the least count of the spherometer
are arranged to give couple between the
was 0.001cm. calculate the maximum
coil of radii r1 and r2 which is balanced by
possible error in the radius of curvature
couple produced by force F at a distance x
given the
apart. The formula of calculating the
L2 h
R = + current I from the observation is
6h 2
kr1Fx
I =
52. Period of a body execute S.H.M given by r2
a 2 + b2 Where k is numerical factor constant
T = 2π which is exactly known. If r1 = 0.5m and
12gh
measured to the nearest 1mm F and X are
a = (4 ± 0.05) cm
each measured to the accuracy of 2%,
b = (6 ± 0.05) cm
estimate the accuracy to which the value of
h = (2 ± 0.05) cm
I can be relied on.
Calculate the actual value of g including its
order of accuracy.
56. A micrometer measures length L1 as
0.80mm and length L2 as 0.5mm. If its has a
53. In an experiment to measure angles,
zero error that causes to read low by
spectrometer reads up to 6 of an arc.
0.1mm. What is % error result in
Estimate percentage error in the refractive
index of material of glass prism which is L
the calculation of the ratio 2 if the zero is
given by L1
 B over looked?
sin  A + 
 2 H−h
µ = 57. Given that T = 2π , estimate the
A g
sin  
2 percentage error in the g if the percentage
Where A is angle of the prism = 0o and error in it is 2% and T is 1.5%.
B – angle of minimum derivation = 48o6'
58. A travelling microscopic can read to
54. In an experiment to determine the 0.1mm. What is the precision of
coefficient of surface tension of water by measurement of a distance of 1cm?
the rise in capillary tube the following
results were obtained:- 59. EZEB 2012/P1/1
Height of water risen, h = 8.99±0.02cm (a) Distinguish between systematic and
Mass of mercury m = 0.088±0.002g random error (give three difference)

Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)

 39
Measurement of physical quantity

(b) (i) What is the relative importance of and inner diameter D and d
errors in the physical world? respectively is given by
(ii) A form six student conducted on 4ρ L
R =
experiment in order to determine
the surface tension of water γω by a
( )
π D2 − d 2
Order the determine the resistivity ρ
rise in capillary tube . She recorded
are
the following data:
R = (25.0 ± 0.2)Ω
Reading of meniscus =
L = (1235 ±0.5)cm
(9.92±0.01)cm
d = (0.46 ± 0.01) cm
Reading of water
D = (0.68 ± 0.01) cm find
surface(0.92±0.01)cm
(i) The maximum possible percentage
Length of mercury thread in
error in ρ.
Capillary = (7.51 ± 0.01)cm
(ii) The maximum possible absolute
Mass of the watch glass = (15.32 ± 0.001)g
error.
Mass of watch glass and mercury
= (15.408 ± 0.001)g
63. The theory of gas flow through small
Using this information determine the
diameter tubes at low pressure is an
surface tension and its accuracy.
important consideration of high vacuum
technique. One equation which occurs in
60. (a) Given the data 3.70 , 3.67 , 3.68 , 3.66,
the theory is given by
and 3.69. If the accurance and precision
limits are ±0.03 and 0.02 respectively
Q = kr 3
( )
p1 − p 2
⋅
M
state (quantitatively) whether the data L RT
is accurate or precise. Where k is a number without unit , r is the
(b) In determination of final speed v for a radius of the tube , p1 and p2 are the
toy car , the following data were pressure at each end of the tube of length L
recorded. , M is the molar mass of the gas (unit
u = 10.20 ± 0.002 m/s kgmol-1) and T is the temperature.
a = 2.0( ± 0.01) m/s2 (i) Use the equation to find the base unit
t = 3.00 ± 0.01s of Q.
Given that v = u + at. Find v and its (ii) In using the equation given above the
uncertainty. value of r is (1.67 ± 0.03) × 10-4m.
61. The period of oscillation of a rod depends What is the percentage uncertainty
on its radius r and velocity V. Determine does this introduce into the value of Q.
the fractional error in calculating the
acceleration due to gravity g if r = 64. In an experiment to determine the
(2I0.1)mm and V = 4 (± coefficient of surface tension γ use a U –
0.1)cm/s. The period of oscillation is tube having stems of radius a and b , γ is
measured to be 10sec using a stop watch of calculated from.
scale 0.1sec. given that 1 1 
h ρg = 2 γ  − 
3rv2 a b 
T =
k + gv If h = (0.86 ± 0.01)cm
Where k is a dimensionless constant. a = 0.07 ± 0.01cm
b = (0.21 ± 0.02) cm
62. (a) give any two advantages The uncertainty in g and ρ is not more than
(b) The resistance R of a hallow cylindrical 0.05m/s2 and 0.5kg/m3 respectively.
wire of resistivity ρ length , L the outer Estimate the order of a accuracy in the
calculated volume of γ. Take the density of

Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)

 40
Measurement of physical quantity

the liquid to be 960kg/m3. Also calculate (15 ± 0.15)g/cm3 and (3 ± 0.5)

the final volume of γ. cm/sec respectively.

65. (a) (i) how can random and systematic 67. (a) (i) explain briefly the meaning of the
errors be minimized term error and mistake
during an experiment? (ii) The resistivity ‘ρ’ of the material of
(ii) Estimate the precision to which the a wire of resistance ‘R’ the length
Young’s modulus , γ of the wire can ‘L’ and diameter ‘d’ is given by
be determined from the formula R πd 2
ρ =
4FL 4L
γ =
πd2 e Show that the percentage error in
Given that the applied tension , resistivity is given by
F = 500N, the length of the loaded  ∆R 2 ∆d ∆L 
ρ =  + +  × 100%
wire L = 3cm , the diameter of the  R d L 
wire , d = 1mm , the (b) (i) What are the dimensional equations,
extension of the wire e = 5mm state any two uses of dimensional
and the error associated with these equation.
quantities are 0.5N , 2mm , 0.01mm (ii) A gas bubble form an explosion
and 0.1mm respectively. under water is found to oscillate
(b) (i) State the law of dimensional with a period T which is
analysis proportional to pa , db , and Ec
(ii) If the speed of the transerve wave where p is the pressure , d is the
along a wire of the tension , T and density and E is the energy of
mass M is given by explosion. Find the value of a , b
T and c and hence determine the
V =
m units of the constants of
Apply the dimensional analysis to proportionality
check whether the given expression
is correct or not.

66. (a) (i) Identify two basic rules of

dimensional analysis
(ii) The frequency n of vibration of a
stretched string is a function of its
tension , F length L and mass per
unit length , m. use the method of
dimensions to derive the formula
relating the stated physical
quantities.
(b) (i) What causes of systematic error in
an experiment? Give four points.
(ii) Estimate the numerical value of
1
drag force D = CρAV 2
2
With its associated error given that
the measurement of the quantities
C , A , ρ and V were recorded as (10
± 0.00) units less , (5 ± 0.2)cm2 ,
Prep: said A. Mgote (0784956894)