JAMES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
“DARE TO DREAM, DREAM TO DIFFER, DIFFER TO WIN”
BRIDGE COURSE STUDY MATERIAL
SYLLABUS
UNIT I SEMICONDUCTOR THEORY 5
Active and Passive elements, Resistor colour coding, Ohm’s Law,Semiconductors- doping,
types-intrinsic, extrinsic- P-type, N-type.
UNIT II SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES AND TRANSISTORS 5
Diodes-PN diode, Zener diode, Applications of diodes-Rectifiers, Voltage regulators. Transistor,
terminals of diodes and transistors, Photodiode, LED, LCD.
UNIT III DIGITAL ELECTRONICS 5
Number system- Conversion of number systems, Arithmetic operations using number system,
Study of basic Logic Gates: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, Exclusive–OR and Exclusive–
NOR, Boolean algebra- Demorgan’s Theorem, Half adder, Full adder.
UNIT IV FUNDAMNTALS OF COMMUNICATION 5
Definition, Telecommunication system, Types of signals, Modulation- Need for modulation,
Classification of modulation, Advantages and Applications of modulation.
UNIT V COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 5
Radio communication, Microwave Communication, Satellite communication, Optical
Communication, Wireless Communication.
Total : 25 Hours
TEXT BOOKS
1. M. Morris Mano, Digital Design, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., 2003 /
Pearson Education (Singapore) Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2003.
2. S. Salivahanan and S. Arivazhagan, Electronic Devices and Circuits, 3rd Edition., Vikas
Publishing House Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 2006
3. Simon Haykin, Communication Systems, John Wiley & sons, NY, 4th Edition,
2001.
UNIT IV
FUNDAMNTALS OF COMMUNICATION
DEFINITION:
Communication is the process of establishing connection or link between two points for
information exchange. The science of communication involving long distance is called
telecommunication. Example – Radiotelephony, broadcasting, point-to-point, mobile
communications, computer communications, radar and satellite systems.
NEED FOR COMMUNICATION:
Interaction purposes – enables people to interact in a timely fashion on a global level in
social, political, economic and scientific areas, through telephones, electronic-mail and
video conference.
Transfer Information – Transmitter in the form of audio, video, texts, computer data and
picture through facsimile, telegraph or telex and internet.
Broadcasting – Broadcast information to masses, through radio, television or teletext.
TYPES:
The two types of communication systems are wire-line and wireless
communication systems. In wire-line, we make use of physical cable for carrying signal. In
wireless system, free space or air is used as the medium.
TYPES OF SIGNAL:
The signals are classified in to two types:
1. Analog Signal: The amplitude of the signal varies continuously with time. E.g. voltage,
current etc…
2. Digital Signal: A signal defined at discrete instant of time is called discrete time signal.
These signals are represented by a sequence of samples. Each samples of this signal is
quantized resulting in the digital signal.
TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM:
The basic elements are: Source, Transmitter, Channel, Receiver and Destination.
Information Source – the communication system exists to send messages. Messages come
from voice, data, video and other types of information.
Transmitter – Transmit the input message into electrical signals such as voltage or current
into electromagnetic waves such as radio waves, microwaves that is suitable for
transmission and compatible with the channel. Besides, the transmitter also does the
modulation and encoding (for digital signal).
Channel/Medium – is the link or path over which information flows from the source to
destination. Many links combined will establish a communication networks.
Receiver – Receives the electrical signals or electromagnetic waves that are sent by the
transmitter through the channel. It is also separate the information from the received
signal and sent the information to the destination.
Destination – is where the user receives the information, such as loud speaker, visual
display, computer monitor, plotter and printer.
BASEBAND TRANSMISSION:
Baseband signal is the information either in a digital or analog form.
Transmission of original information whether analog or digital, directly into
transmission medium is called baseband transmission.
Example: intercom
Drawbacks:
Excessively large antenna height
Signals get mixed up
Short range of communication
Multiplexing is not possible
Poor quality of reception
The above drawbacks can be overcome by means of modulation techniques.
MODULATION:
Modulation may be defined as the process by which some parameter of a high frequency
signal termed as carrier, is varied in accordance with the information signal. The process of
extracting the modulating or base band signal from the modulated signal is called as
demodulation or detection.
NEED FOR MODULATION (ADVANTAGES):
Easy of radiation
Adjustment of bandwidth
Reduction of antenna height
Avoids mixing of signals
Increases the range of communication
Multiplexing
Improves quality of reception.
CLASSIFICATION OF MODULATION:
MODULATION
Analog Digital
Modulation Modulation
PCM DM ADM DPCM
Continuous Pulse Analog
Modulation Modulation
Amplitude Angle
PAM PWM PPM
Modulation Modulation
Phase Frequency
modulation Modulation
APPLICATIONS:
Commercial broadcasting such as radio and TV
Two way mobile radio communication
Aircraft communication
Satellite communication
Police wireless
Taxicabs
Point to point communication etc…
UNIT V
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Microwave Transmitter and Receiver
Fig. below shows block diagram of microwave link transmitter and receiver section
The voice, video, or data channels are combined by a technique known as multiplexing to
produce a BB signal. This signal is frequency modulated to an IF and then up converted
(heterodyned) to the RF for transmission through the atmosphere. The reverse process
occurs at the receiver. The microwave transmission frequencies are within the
approximate range 2 to 24 GHz.