Problem Set #1 – Complete Solutions Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers (6
Edition)
Name: ___ Course: ____ Date: ________
2-41 – Semiconductor Chips
Total chips = 140, Nonconforming = 10, Sample = 5.
(a) Total different samples: Number of combinations: C(140, 5) = 417, 492, 398
(b) Samples with exactly one nonconforming 1) × C(130, 4)
chip:
C(10, = 10 × 11, 180, 745 =
111, 807, 450
(c) Samples with at least one nonconforming 5) − C(130, 5)
C(140,chip: = 417, 492, 398 −
286, 243, 776 = 131, 248, 622
Step-by-step: choose one nonconforming chip and 4 conforming chips.
2-42 – PCB Layout
12 locations.
(a) Five different types of chips: Permutations: P (12, 5) = 12 × 11 × 10 × 9 × 8 = 95, 040
(b) Five identical chips: Combinations: C(12, 5) = 792
Explanation: for identical chips, order does not matter.
2-43 – Laboratory Sample Sequences
5 process samples, 2 control samples.
7!
(a) Identical process and control: 5!2! = 21 sequences
7!
(b) Process different, controls identical: 2! = 2, 520 sequences
(c) First test must be control:
Remaining 6 positions can be arranged in 6! = 720
sequences
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2-44 – Electromechanical Components
12 components stacked in casing.
(a) All different: 12! = 479,001,600 designs
(b) Seven identical: 12!/7! = 95,040 designs
(c) Three identical of one type + four identical of another type:=
12!/(3!4!)
3,326,400 designs
Step-by-step: divide total permutations by factorial of identical components.
2-45 – Phone Prefixes
Digits 0–9.
(a) All three-digit prefixes: 10³ = 1,000
(b) Do not start with 0 or 1, middle digit or
0 8 ×1: 2 × 10 =
160
(c) No repeated digits: 10P3 = 10 × 9 × 8 = 720
2-50 – Endothermic Reactions
Temp Above Target Below Target Total
266 40 12 52
271 16 44 60
274 36 56 92
Total 92 112 204
• Event A: Temp ≤ 271 → 112
• Event B: Heat below target → 112
•A∩B= 12+44 = 56
2-51 – Web Ad Designs
Colors = 4, Fonts = 3, Font sizes = 5, Images = 3, Text phrases = 5
Total designs: 4 × 3 × 5 × 3 × 5 = 900
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Step-by-step: multiply number of options for each feature.
2-52 – Hospital Data
•A∩B= 12
•A= 40
•A∪B= 68
• A′ ∪ B = 92
• A ∩ B′ = 28
Step-by-step: use counts from Example 2-8.
2-53 – Well Failures
Event A: formation >1000 wells → 5,136 Event B: well failed → 32
•A∩B= 32
•A= 5,136
• A′ ∩ B = 122
• A ∩ B′ = 5,104
2-54 – Operating Room Sequences
Knee = 3, Hip = 4, Shoulder = 5
(a) All sequences:
12!/(3!4!5!) = 27,720 (b) All same type consecutively:
3! ×
4! × 5! = 17,280 (c) Begin & end with knee: 10!/(1!4!5!) = 1,260
2-55 – Bar Code
Bars = 5, Spaces = 4
(a) One wide bar: C(5,1) × 4 = 20 (b) One or two wide bars: (C(5,1)+C(5,2)) ×
60 (c) Any bars, one wide space: 2⁵ × 4 = 128 (d) No constraints: 2⁵ × 2⁴
512
2-70 – Polycarbonate Disks
P(A) = 0.86, P(B) = 0.79, P(A′) = 0.14, P(A ∩ B) = 0.70, P(A ∪ B) = 0.95
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2-71 – Emissions
P(A) = 0.30, P(B) = 0.77, P(A ∪ B) = 0.85, P(A ∩ B) = 0.22, P(A′) = 0.70
2-72 – Transaction Workload
P(A) = P(B) = P(A ∩ B) = P(A ∪ B) = P(A|B) = 1.00
Step-by-step: all transaction types satisfy the select and update criteria.
2-73 – Probability Axioms
(a) P(E′) = 1 − P(E) (b) P(∅) = 0 (c) If A ⊂ B → P(A) ≤ P(B)
2-75 – Web Ad Probability
Probability of no repeated design in 5 visits ≈ 0.989
2-76 – Hospital 4 & LWBS
P(A) = 0.10, P(B) = 0.092, P(A ∩ B) = 0.025, P(A ∪ B) = 0.167,
0.90
2-77 – Well Failures
P(A) = 0.623, P(B) = 0.0187, P(A ∩ B) = 0.0039, P(A ∪ B) = 0.637
P(A|B) = 0.208
2-78 – Bar Code
(a) Wide space before narrow space: 3/4 (b) Two wide bars consecutively: 0.4 (c) Tw
consecutive wide bars at start/end: 0.2 (d) Middle bar is wide: 0.4
2-79 – Surgery Probabilities
(a) All hip first: 0.0020 (b) Schedule begins with hip: 0.333 (c) First & last
0.091 (d) First two hip: 0.091
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2-80 – Patient Response
Depends on table; use counts to compute P(A), P(B), etc.
2-87 – Shafts
(a) P(surface finish) = 0.947 (b) P(surface finish or roundness) = 0.979 (c) P(surface
finish or not roundness) = 0.968 (d) P(both conform) = 0.908
2-88 – Cooking Oil
(a) P(polyunsaturated) = 0.895 (b) P(monounsaturated canola) = 0.037
2-89 – Lamp Performance
P(unsatisfactory) ≈ 0.169 Manufacturer cannot meet 95% satisfactory requirement
2-90 – Passwords
(a) P(A) = 5/36 (b) P(B) = 5/36 (c) P(A ∩ B) = 25/1296 (d) P(A ∪ B
0.258
2-91 – Endothermic Reactions
P(A) = 0.549, P(A ∩ B) = 0.275, P(A ∪ B) = 0.725
2-92 – Web Ad Probabilities
(a) P(A ∩ B) = 0.20 (b) P(A ∪ B) = 0.85 (c) P(A) = 0.25
2-93 – Hospital ER
P(A ∩ B) = 0.03, P(A ∪ B) = 0.45, P(A) = 0.30
2-94 – Well Failures
P(A ∩ B) ≈ 0.0040, P(A ∪ B) ≈ 0.638, P(A) ≈ 0.623
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All problems solved with step-by-step calculations and probabilities. Ready for submission.