Solution:

(a) Lenticels

(b) Guttation

(c) Potometer

(d) Nerium

(e) Ganong's photometer

(f) Stomata and cuticle

(g) Hydathodes

(h) Guttation

2. Fill in the blanks:

(a) Transpiration is the loss of water as water ............ from the ............

parts of the plant.

(b) Closing of ............ and shedding of leaves reduce .............

(c) Transpiration helps in creating ............. force and in eliminating

excess.............

Solution:

(a) vapour, aerial

(b) stomata, transpiration

(c) suction, water (heat)

C. SHORT ANSWER TYPE

1. Given below is an example of a certain structure and its special

functional activity:

Chloroplasts and photosynthesis

In a similar way, write the functional activity against each of the

following:

(a) Hydathodes and ....................................

Solution:

Hydathodes and guttation

(b) Leaf spines and....................................

Solution:

Leaf spines and protection and reduced transpiration

(c) Lenticels and........................................

Solution:

Lenticels and transpiration

(d) Xylem and...................................

Solution:

Xylem and conduction of water and mineral salts.

2. (a) State whether the following statements are True (T) or False

(F)?

(b) Rewrite the false statements in (a) above, in the correct form by

changing either the first or the last word only.

(i) Most transpiration occurs at midnight.

(ii) Transpiration creates a pull for the upward movement of the sap.

(iii) Wind velocity has an effect on transpiration.

(iv) Voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring the rate of

transpiration in green plants.

(b) Rewrite the false statements in (a) above, in the correct form by

changing either the first or the last word only.

Solution:

(i) False. Most transpiration occurs at mid-day.

(ii) True

(iii) True

(iv) False. Potometer is an instrument used for measuring the rate of

transpiration in green plants

3. Give a suitable explanation for the following:

(a) A higher rate of transpiration is recorded on a windy day rather

than on a calm day.

(b) Excessive transpiration results in the wilting of the leaves.

(c) Water transpired is the water absorbed.

(d) More transpiration occurs from the lower surface of a

dorsiventral leaf.

(e) Cork and bark of trees help in preventing loss of water.

(f) Perspiration and transpiration help to cool the body temperature

of the organism.

(g) On a bright sunny day, the leaves of certain plants roll up.
Solution:

(a) Transpiration increases with the velocity of wind. If the wind blows

faster, the water vapours released during transpiration are removed

faster and the area surrounding the transpiring leaf does not get

saturated with water vapour.

(b) When the rate of transpiration far exceeds the rate of absorption

of water by roots, the cells lose their turgidity. Hence, excessive

transpiration results in wilting of the leaves.

(c) Plants absorb water continuously through their roots, which is then

conducted upwards to all the aerial parts of the plant, including the

leaves. Only a small quantity of this water i.e. about 0.02% is used for

the photosynthesis and other activities. The rest of the water is

transpired as water vapour. Hence water transpired is the water

absorbed.

are for [Link] students 7

(d) There are more stomatal openings on the lower surface of a

dorsiventral leaf. More the number of stomata, higher is the rate of

transpiration. Hence more transpiration occurs from the lower

surface.

(e) Cork and Bark of trees are tissues of old woody stems. Bark is thick

with outermost layer made of dead cells and the cork is hydrophobic

in nature. These properties make them water-proof and hence they

prevent transpiration.

(f) In both perspiration and transpiration, water is lost by

evapouration from the body of the organism as water vapour. This

evaporation reduces the temperature of the body surface and brings

about cooling in the body of the organism.

(g) On a bright sunny day, the rate of transpiration is much higher than

any other days. The leaves of certain plants roll up on a bright sunny

day to reduce the exposed surface and thus reduce the rate of

transpiration.

4. Which of the following statements are true and which ones are

false? Give reason in support of your answer.

(a) Potometer is an instrument used for demonstration of

transpiration occurring from the lower surface of a leaf.

(b) Hydathodes are similar to stomata in plant physiology.

(d) Some desert plants have sunken stomata on their leaves.

(e) Most transpiration occurs during mid-day.

Solution:

(a) False

Reason: Potometer is used to measure the rate of transpiration in a

plant. Demonstration of transpiration occurring from the lower

surface of a leaf is done by analyzing the changes in colour of pieces

of dry cobalt chloride paper attached (and held in place) to the two

surfaces of a leaf.

(b) False

Reason: Hydathodes are special pores present on the ends of leaf

veins through which guttation occurs and water droplets are given

out. Their openings cannot be regulated. Stomata on the other hand

are minute openings in the epidermal layer of leaves through which

exchange of gases as well as transpiration occurs. Water is given out

as water vapour. Stomatal opening is regulated by guard cells.

(C) False

Reason: Transpiration is reduced during high atmospheric humidity.

High humidity in the air reduces the rate of outward diffusion of the

internal water vapour across stomata, thereby reducing the rate of

transpiration.

(d) True

Reason: Desert plants need to reduce transpiration as much as

possible so as to survive in the hot and dry environment. Hence

some of them have sunken stomata as an adaptation to curtail

transpiration.

(e) True

Reason: During the day, the stomata are open to facilitate the inward

diffusion of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. During mid-day, the

outside temperature is higher, due to which there is more

evaporation of water from the leaves. Therefore more transpiration

occurs during mid-day.

5. Differentiate between guttation and bleeding in plants.

Solution:

Guttation Bleeding

The leaves of certain plants

exhibit droplets of water along

their margins in the morning.

This particular happens in plants

growing in warm humid

conditions.

Water escapes from specialized

structures called hydathodes.

This happens only due to

injury. The plant sap escapes

from the ruptured or cuts

surfaces of a plant. The root

pressure generated by a plant

assists in bleeding.

D. LONG ANSWER TYPE

1. What is wilting? Some plants show wilting of their leaves at noon

even when the soil is well watered. Why is it so?

Solution:

Wilting refers to the loss of cellular turgidity in plants which results in

the drooping of leaves or plant as a whole because of lack of water.

During noon the rate of transpiration exceeds the rate of absorption

of water by roots. Due to the excessive transpiration, the cells of

leaves lose their turgidity and wilt.

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2. Why are the stomata in most plants more numerous on the lower

surface of a leaf instead of being on the upper surface?

Solution:

The lower surface of leaf is sheltered from direct sunlight. If more

stomata are on the upper surface of a leaf, then excessive

transpiration would occur, resulting in quick wilting of the plant.

Hence most plants have more numerous stomata on the lower surface

of a leaf to control the rate of transpiration.

3. Suppose you have a small rose plant growing in a pot. How would

you demonstrate transpiration in it?

Solution:

Take the small potted rose plant and cover it with a transparent
polythene bag. Tie its mouth around the base of the stem. Leave the

plant in sunlight for an hour or two.

Drops of water will soon appear on the inner side of the bag due to

the saturation of water vapour given out by the leaves. A similar

empty polythene bag with its mouth tied and kept in sunlight will show

no drops of water. This is the control to show that plants transpire

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water in the form of water. If tested with dry cobalt chloride paper,

the drops will be confirmed as water only.

4. What is a potometer?

Solution:

Potometer is a device that measures the rate of water intake by a

plant. This water intake is almost equal to the water lost through

transpiration. Potometers do not measure the water lost due to

transpiration but measure the water uptake by the shoot.

5. What is lenticular transpiration? Mention one major difference

between lenticular transpiration and stomatal transpiration.

Solution:

Transpiration occurring through lenticels i.e. minute openings on the

surface of old stems is called lenticular transpiration.

Stomatal transpiration is controlled by the plant by altering the size

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of the stoma, where as this does not happen in case of lenticular

transpiration. This is because the lenticels never close, but remain

open all the time.

The amount of stomatal transpiration is much more than the amount

of lenticular transpiration.

6. List any three major factors that accelerate the rate of

transpiration.

Solution:

The factors that accelerate the rate of transpiration are,

1. Intensity of sunlight

2. Temperature

3. Velocity of wind

4. Humidity

7. There is a general belief that forests tend to bring more frequent

rains. Can you explain this scientifically?

Solution:

Forests have large number of plants especially trees. Each plant loses

water in the form of water vapour everyday into the atmosphere

through transpiration. A large apple tree loses as much as 30 litres of

water per day. So huge amount of water is escaped into the

atmosphere by forests. This increases the moisture in the atmosphere

and brings more frequent rains.

8. Droplets of water may sometimes be seen along the margins of

the leaves of a banana plant, growing in wet soil in the mornings. Are

these dew drops? Comment upon your answer.

13

Solution:

No, they are not dew drops.

This is water given out by the plant body through guttation. Since the

banana plant is growing in humid environment, transpiration is

hampered. But the roots continue to absorb water from the soil. This

builds up a huge hydrostatic pressure within the plant and forces out

the excess water from the hydathodes, which are pores present at the

tips of veins in the leaf. This is observed especially during the

mornings.

9. Briefly explain how the rate of transpiration is affected by:

(a) Intensity of light

(b) Humidity of the atmosphere

Solution:

(a) The intensity of light:- During the day, the stomata are open to
facilitate the inward diffusion of CO2 for photosynthesis. At night they

are closed. Therefore, more transpiration occurs during the day.

When it is cloudy during the day, the stomata are partially closed and

transpiration is reduced.

(b) The humidity of the atmosphere:- Transpiration is reduced if the

air outside is humid. High humidity in the air reduces the rate of

outward diffusion of the internal water vapour across stomata,

thereby reducing the rate of transpiration.

E. STRUCTURED/APPLICATION/SKILL TYPE

1. In an experiment, four freshly plucked leaves (A-D) of a plant, such

as those of China Rose, was treated as follows:

(A) coated with Vaseline on its upper surface

(B) coated on the lower surface

(C) coated on both surfaces

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(D) left uncoated.

All the four leaves A, B, C and D were left in a room for about 24

hours.

(i) Which leaf would become most limp? Why?

(ii) Which leaf would show least limping? Why?

Solution:

(i) The leaf D would become most limp. This is because water would

be lost through transpiration from upper as well as the lower surface

of leaf D since it is uncoated.

(ii) The least limping would be shown by leaf C since its upper and

lower surfaces have been coated with vaseline. So no water is lost

from the leaf through transpiration since the stomatal openings get

blocked by vaseline.

2. Given alongside is the diagram of an experimental set-up to

demonstrate a certain phenomenon in plants.

(a) Name the phenomenon being demonstrated.

(b) What is the purpose of putting oil in the test tube?

(c) What is the purpose of the spring balance in the set-up?

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(d) Would it make a difference if the experimental set-up is kept in

bright sunshine?

Solution:

(a) Transpiration

(b) Oil is put on the surface of water to prevent loss of water by

evaporation.

(c) Yes, the transpiration rate will increase. Transpiration would

occur faster. The observable changes will occur in less time.

(d) The spring balance progressively measures the change in weight

of the set-up. This because as the plant transpires, it creates the

suction force in plant which allows roots to absorb more water from
the test tube. Hence, the water in the test will get reduced. Thus, the

weight of the entire set will decrease.

3. Given below is the diagram of an apparatus used to study a

particular phenomenon in plants:

16

(a) Name the apparatus.

(b) What is it used for?

(c) What is the role played by the air-bubble in this experiment?

(d) What is the use of the reservoir?

(e) What happens to the movement of the air-bubble if the

apparatus is kept:

(i) In the dark

(ii) In sunlight

(iii) In front of a fan

Give a reason in each case.

Solution:

(a) Ganong’s potometer

(b) Ganong’s potometer is used to measure the water intake of a plant

which is almost equal to the water lost through transpiration.

(c) The movement of the air bubble and its position in the capillary

tube indicates the volume of water lost through transpiration in a

given time.

(d) The water in the reservoir can be released into the capillary tube
by opening the stop cock. This allows the air bubble to restore back to

its original position.

(e)

(i) If the apparatus is kept in the dark, there will be no transpiration as

the stomata would be closed. As a result, there would be

no movement of the air bubble and it would remain stable.

(ii) If the apparatus is kept in bright sunlight, the rate of transpiration

will be more. As a result, the movement of the air bubble would be

larger since there would be more loss of water due to transpiration.

(iii) If the apparatus is kept in front of a fan, the rate of transpiration

will be more. As a result, the movement of the air bubble would be

17

larger since there would be more loss of water due to transpiration as

the velocity of wind/air increases.

4. Given ahead is the diagram of an experimental set up to study the

process of transpiration in plants. Study the same and then answer

the questions that follow:

(a) Name the colour of dry cobalt chloride paper.

(b) Is the experimental leaf a monocot or a dicot? Give a reason to

support your answer.

(c) Why are glass slides placed over the dry cobalt chloride papers?

(d) After about half an hour what change, if any, would you expect

to find in the cobalt chloride paper placed on the dorsal and ventral
sides of the leaf? Give a reason to support your answer.

Solution:

(a) Blue.

(b) The experimental leaf is a dicot leaf as it shows reticulate venation

and there are more number of stomatal openings on the undersurface

of a dicot leaf. Hence, transpiration is more and can be easily

observed.

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(c) Glass slides are placed over the dry cobalt chloride papers so as to

retain the strips in their position.

(d) The cobalt chloride paper on the dorsal side will turn less pink or

turns pink in a much longer time; while the one on the ventral side will

turn more pink. This occurs because the ventral surface has more

number of stomata as compared to the dorsal surface. As a result, the

rate of transpiration is more on the ventral side than on the dorsal side

of a dicot leaf.

5. The apparatus shown in the following diagram is Garreau’s

potometer designed to demonstrate unequal transpiration from the

two surfaces of a dorsiventral leaf. Before keeping the leaf in

between the cups, anhydrous calcium chloride (CaCl2) contained in

two small vials were weighed and placed in both the cups. The ends

of the cups were closed with corks through which two mercury

manometers were connected. After few hours, CaCl2 vials were

taken out and weighed again.

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(a) What is the purpose of keeping CaCl2 vials inside the cup?

(b) After few hours CaCl2 vials were taken out and weighed again.

Will you expect any difference in weight? If so, give reason.

(c) What is the purpose of using a manometer?

(d) What do you mean by transpiration?

Solution:

(a) CaCl2 is a hygroscopic compound that absorbs moisture/water

without changing its state. CaCl2 vials inside the cup to absorb water.

(b) Yes, after few hours the weight of the CaCl2 vials will increase

because they will absorb water lost by the leaf of the plant due to

transpiration.

(c) Manometer is used to measure the pressure. In order to measure

the pressure exerted by the fluid, the fluid is allowed to exert pressure

on one of the closed ends of the tube. Under the effect of the

pressure, the liquid inside the manometer tube gets displaced and the

amount of displaced liquid is measured.

(d) Transpiration is the loss of water in the form of water vapour from

the aerial parts (leaves and stem) of the plant.

6. The figure given below represents an experimental setup with a

weighing machine to demonstrate a particular process in plants. The

experimental setup was placed in bright sunlight. Study the diagram

and answer the following questions.

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(a) Name the process intended for study.

(b) Define the above mentioned process.

(c) When the weight of the test tubes A and B is taken before and

after the experiment, what change is observed? Justify.

(d) What is the purpose of keeping the test tube B in the

experimental setup?

Solution:

(a) Transpiration

(b) Transpiration is a process by which water is lost in the form of

water vapour from aerial parts of the plant.

(c) Weight of test tube A before the experiment was more than its

weight after the experiment. This is because water from test tube A

has evaporated due to transpiration.

Weight of test tube B remains the same before and after the

experiment, because no loss of water occurs in test tube B.

(d) Test tube B is used here as a control. This makes the observation

of the change in test tube A easy.

7. An apparatus as shown below was set up to investigate a

physiological process in plants. The setup was kept in sunlight for

two hours. Droplets of water were then seen inside the bell jar.

Answer the questions that follow:

21

(a) Name the process being studied.

Solution:

Transpiration is the process being studied.

(b) Explain the process named above in (a).

Solution:

Transpiration is the loss of water in the form of water vapour from the

leaves and other aerial parts of the plant.

(c) Why was the pot covered with a plastic sheet?

Solution:

The pot is covered with a plastic sheet to prevent evaporation of water

from the soil.

(d) Suggest a suitable control for this experiment.

Solution:

A suitable control for this experiment is an empty polythene bag.

(e) Mention two ways in which this process is beneficial to plants.

Solution:

Transpiration is the process is beneficial to plants.

1. Water is lost in the form of vapour

2. It occurs in the presence of sunlight

3. It cools the plant body

4. It occurs during dry conditions.

(f) List three adaptations in plants to reduce the above mentioned

process.

22

Solution:

The three adaptations in plants to reduce the transpiration are,

1. Sunken stomata: – The stomata may be sunken or covered by hairs

2. Fewer stomata:- The number of stomata may be reduced.

3. Narrow leaves:-The leaves may become narrower to reduce surface

area.